皮肤-纺织品的摩擦特性试验研究

为了定量研究纺织品与人体皮肤之间的摩擦特性,采用微观摩擦试验机对4种织物与20位男女手臂前臂皮肤之间的摩擦因数进行测试。结果表明:皮肤-织物的平均摩擦因数在0.30~0.50之间,其中男性皮肤-织物的平均摩擦因数在0.30~0.36之间,女性皮肤-织物的平均摩擦因数在0.40~0.50之间。织物表面特征,如表面形状、纹理特点、组织结构、平整度、致密度和弹性等,以及纤维本身的表面特征,是织物表面摩擦特性存在差异的根本原因。4种织物的平均摩擦因数由高到低分别为全毛绒面呢、羊皮、真丝绸和本色平纹棉布,其中丝绸和平纹棉布的平均摩擦因数比较接近;在与不同纺织品摩擦时,女性皮肤-织物的平均摩擦因数普遍比男性高。     

受流条件下碳碳复合材料的摩擦学特性研究

以碳碳复合材料和铬青铜作为配副,研究了受流条件下碳碳复合材料的摩擦学特性.结果表明:速度、载荷和电流是影响受流条件下碳碳复合材料摩擦学特性的重要因素.在电流一定的条件下,碳碳复合材料的摩擦因数和磨损率随速度的增大而增大;摩擦因数随载荷的增加而增大,而磨损率随载荷的增加而减小.在载荷一定条件下,随着电流的增加,碳碳复合材料的摩擦因数减小而磨损率增大.与一般条件下的摩擦学特性相比较,碳碳复合材料在受流条件下的摩擦因数明显降低,而磨损率却明显提高.     

UHMWPE与橡胶共混水润滑轴承摩擦磨损性能试验研究

为改善丁腈橡胶水润滑轴承的摩擦学性能，以丁腈橡胶为基体，通过添加不同量的超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）粉末（分别为丁腈橡胶量的12%、50%、100%）制得3种复合材料；分析不同复合材料的结构，研究其在水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损特性，并与纯丁腈橡胶和纯UHMWPE材料进行对比。结果表明：制备的UHMWPE与丁腈橡胶复合材料中，UHMWPE以分散相的形式分布在丁腈橡胶基体中，分布较为均匀；UHMWPE的加入提高了丁腈橡胶材料的自润滑性能，其中UHMWPE的添加量为丁腈橡胶的50%和100%时复合材料在低速时的摩擦因数明显减小；UHMWPE的加入提高了丁腈橡胶基体的硬度，改善了复合材料摩擦表面的挤压变形，使得复合材料的磨损量有所降低。研究表明，一定添加量的UHMWPE添加量可明显改善丁腈橡胶水润滑轴承的摩擦学性能，其最佳添加量为丁腈橡胶的50%。     

半金属摩擦材料在隧道掘进机中的应用

研制了半金属树脂基摩擦材料替代石棉摩擦材料，对其摩擦学等性能进行了研究，并在进口掘进机上进行了试用。结果表明：半金属摩擦片的摩擦因数在0．362～0．392之间，变化平稳，在250℃以上高温热衰退少；耐磨性在200℃以下时略低于石棉摩擦片材料，而在200℃以上时与石棉摩擦片材料相当；强度性能达到了原石棉摩擦片材料的技术性能指标。装机试验表明：所研制的摩擦片磨损总量最小，耐磨性能和使用寿命在正常使用或离合器打滑情况下优于石棉摩擦片。     

不同润湿组合配流副的摩擦磨损试验研究

为调控配流副表面润湿性以提高摩擦学性能，采用低面能修饰法制备具有不同润湿性的上试样超级双相不锈钢SAF2507和下试样碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮(CFRPEEK)组成配流副，利用MMD-5A标准摩擦磨损试验机测试并分析其在蒸馏水、海水、L-HM46抗磨液压油3种润滑条件下的摩擦磨损特性。结果表明：低面能修饰使配流副上试样与下试样由亲水表面转变为疏水表面，上下试样表面虽仍保持亲油性但其油接触角明显增大；同种配流副在油、海水、水介质中摩擦因数依次减小；在水、海水、油介质下双疏水表面配流副较双亲水表面配流副摩擦因数分别减小8.2%、38.2%、24.4%；同种配流副在水、海水、油介质中磨痕深度依次减小。配流副的摩擦主要以犁沟效应和黏着磨损为主，双低表面能组合配流副能有效减小摩擦过程中的黏着磨损，从而表现出较好的摩擦学性能。     

热轧润滑剂用基础油的点接触和线接触高温减摩性能研究

用多功能SRV试验机评价了3种热轧润滑剂用基础油在点接触和线接触形式下的高温减摩性能。试验结果表明：在试验负荷范围内，当试验温度不大于300℃时，3种基础油的点接触和线接触摩擦因数都非常小，其摩擦因数在0．10—0．14之间，而且摩擦因数在试验过程中变化非常平稳；除了合成油和矿物油在试验负荷为20N的情况外，3种基础油在400℃时的点接触摩擦因数和线接触摩擦因数之间存在非常大的差异，点接触的摩擦因数非常高，而线接触摩擦因数则非常低；试验温度为500℃时，3种基础油的点接触摩擦因数和线接触摩擦因数都比较高，但线接触摩擦因数要比点接触摩擦因数低。     

含碳量及硫化处理对铁基粉末冶金材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

在HDM-10型端面摩擦磨损试验机上分别进行恒定载荷与变动载荷摩擦磨损试验，考察了含碳量及硫化处理对铁基粉末冶金材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：铁基粉末冶金材料中碳的质量分数选择0．6％～0．8％为宜，其组织为珠光体加少量铁素体。综合摩擦学性能最佳；硫化处理后，材料摩擦学性能获得改善，承载能力明显提高。     

双渐开线齿轮传动摩擦动力学分析

为研究双渐开线齿轮传动摩擦学与动力学之间的耦合作用,根据齿轮动力学、载荷分担及弹流润滑理论,建立双渐开线齿轮传动摩擦动力学模型,研究混合弹流润滑特性与动力学之间的耦合作用。将动力学模型求解的动载荷应用于混合弹流润滑模型,求解摩擦因数等参数;将摩擦因数重新代入动力学模型,研究双渐开线齿轮动力学行为。结果表明,考虑摩擦学与动力学耦合作用对齿轮动力学行为影响较显著;低转速时,动载荷作用下摩擦因数及油膜厚度分布与稳态载荷作用时近似,转速增大时,摩擦因数及油膜厚度分布波动明显。     

改性尼龙水润滑轴承摩擦学性能试验研究

针对舰艇推进系统用水润滑轴承低噪声设计需求,研制改性尼龙（PA）的轴承材料及轴承样机,利用多功能摩擦磨损试验机对改性PA材料样品进行摩擦学性能试验,并与丁腈橡胶和赛龙SXL材料的摩擦学性能进行对比;在水润滑轴承试验台上开展PA轴承样机转速特性试验和载荷特性试验,获取不同比压和转速下摩擦因数和振动特性数据。研究结果表明：与丁腈橡胶和赛龙SXL材料相比,改性PA材料具有摩擦因数小、磨损率低的优点;低转速下,水润滑轴承摩擦因数随转速增大而减小,随比压增大而增大,转速增加至100 r/min后,摩擦因数变化趋势逐渐减缓;在工作转速范围内改性PA材料水润滑轴承无异常摩擦振动和噪声。研究结果为舰艇低噪声水润滑艉轴承设计提供参考。     

不同含量盐水介质中丁腈橡胶水润滑轴承材料摩擦学特性分析

以水润滑轴承用丁腈橡胶(NBR)材料为研究对象,在CBZ-1摩擦磨损试验机上开展其在清水及不同盐分含量水介质中以及不同速度及载荷下的摩擦学试验,对比分析其摩擦因数、磨损量以及磨损表面形貌等摩擦学特性的变化规律。结果表明:盐水质量分数、速度和载荷对丁腈橡胶的摩擦学性能影响显著,其摩擦学特性的变化是盐水质量分数、载荷、速度以及丁腈橡胶的黏弹性等因素共同作用的结果;丁腈橡胶材料与锡青铜配副的摩擦因数随转速的升高而降低,随载荷的增加而降低;随着盐水质量分数的增加,摩擦副的摩擦因数和磨损量先增大而后均有所减小,这是因为盐水质量分数通过影响润滑介质的黏度来改变水润滑的效果,通过对铜盘的腐蚀作用来改变摩擦副的摩擦情况,从而在整体上影响摩擦因数和磨损量的变化。     

Development and validation of a new method for measuring friction between skin and nonwoven materials

A new method for measuring the coefficient of friction between nonwoven materials and the curved surface of the volar forearm has been developed and validated. The method was used to measure the coefficient of static friction for three different nonwoven materials on the normal (dry) and over-hydrated volar forearms of five female volunteers (ages 18-44). The method proved simple to run and had good repeatability: the coefficient of variation (standard deviation expressed as a percentage of the mean) for triplets of repeat measurements was usually (80 per cent of the time) less than 10 per cent. Measurements involving the geometrically simpler configuration of pulling a weighted fabric sample horizontally across a quasi-planar area of volar forearm skin proved experimentally more difficult and had poorer repeatability. However, correlations between values of coefficient of static friction derived using the two methods were good (R = 0.81 for normal (dry) skin, and 0.91 for over-hydrated skin). Measurements of the coefficient of static friction for the three nonwovens for normal (dry) and for over-hydrated skin varied in the ranges of about 0.3-0.5 and 0.9-1.3, respectively. In agreement with Amontons' law, coefficients of friction were invariant with normal pressure over the entire experimental range (0.1-8.2 kPa).     

Haptic perception of friction—correlating friction measurements of skin against polymer surfaces with subjective evaluations of the surfaces' grip

Measuring the tribological attributes of human skin is of limited value when it comes to haptic perception. Although recent studies discuss coefficients of friction of skin against various materials, no hints are given on how humans perceive these moments of touch. The authors have analysed in how far tribological measurements correlate to the subjective perception of grip and slipperiness by using a particularly designed haptic test device. The results show the poor correlation between the coefficient of dynamic friction and the perceived gliding quality of a surface.     

Evaluation of Nanoscale Friction Depth Distribution in ZDDP and MoDTC Tribochemical Reacted Films Using a Nanoscratch Method

The distributions of local friction coefficients relative to the depth and near the surface of MoDTC/ZDDP and ZDDP tribofilms were successfully evaluated by using a nanoscratch method combined with in situ AFM observation. It was found that both tribofilms were friction-functionally graded materials. The friction coefficients decreased from 0.35 to 0.16 with a decrease in the scratch depth from 60 to 10 nm. It was observed that the MoDTC/ZDDP and ZDDP tribofilms possessed different shear strength levels near the surface as evidenced by the different valley-shaped friction coefficient distributions they exhibited for scratch depths ranging from 2 to 10 nm. Based on our recent nanomechanical measurements, this observation indicated that both tribofilms possessed an ultra-low friction inner skin layer at a depth of about 10 nm below the surface. Most importantly, the inner skin layer of the MoDTC/ZDDP tribofilm possessed a lower friction coefficient than that of the ZDDP tribofilm (0.084 versus 0.104) and was thinner (about 3.2 nm versus 6.4 nm). These results thus revealed that the reduction in friction attributed to the MoDTC additive originates from the different friction behavior of the inner skin layers of the MoDTC/ZDDP and ZDDP tribofilms. These nanoscratch results agree with the findings of our recent work on detecting differences in mechanical properties between these tribofilms by nanoindentation measurements.     

针织物与皮肤摩擦性能的测试方法

为了研究针织物与皮肤的摩擦性能测试条件,用织物与皮肤摩擦特性测试仪对5种不同规格的针织物和皮肤进行摩擦实验,对比平均动摩擦力、动摩擦力的平均差不匀率和变异系数3个指标的差异,根据摩擦曲线的稳定性和实际测试条件,推荐出常规针织物和皮肤的实验条件。实验发现,张力与动摩擦力呈正相关关系,与动摩擦力的平均差不匀率呈负相关关系,60cN的张力条件下平均动摩擦力的变异系数最小。摩擦速度与动摩擦力的关系不大,500mm/min的摩擦速度下,动摩擦力的变异系数及其差不匀率均最小。另外,以此测试条件在95%的置信概率水平下,每对针织物和皮肤配副进行4次摩擦实验即可满足测试需求。     

The influence of different skin types on GSR sampling by tape lifting for SEM analysis

In this study, the change in the amounts the gunshot residues (GSR) collected by the “swab” method from shooter's right hand was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope‐Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS) to test dependency on various conditions (such as skin color of the shooter, various physical properties, hair density of hands, size of the hands, sweaty or creamy (oiliness) hands). As a result of the analysis, there was no significant difference in the amount of GSR according to skin color, however, there was a change in the amount of GSR depending on the physical characteristics of the shooter. These results thought to have practical benefits for the experts performing GSR analysis using the swab technique to assess the incidence.     

Tribology of Skin: Review and Analysis of Experimental Results for the Friction Coefficient of Human Skin

In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the tribology of human skin and present an analysis of the available experimental results for skin friction coefficients. Starting with an overview on the factors influencing the friction behaviour of skin, we discuss the up-to-date existing experimental data and compare the results for different anatomical skin areas and friction measurement techniques. For this purpose, we also estimated and analysed skin contact pressures applied during the various friction measurements. The detailed analyses show that substantial variations are a characteristic feature of friction coefficients measured for skin and that differences in skin hydration are the main cause thereof, followed by the influences of surface and material properties of the contacting materials. When the friction coefficients of skin are plotted as a function of the contact pressure, the majority of the literature data scatter over a wide range that can be explained by the adhesion friction model. The case of dry skin is reflected by relatively low and pressure-independent friction coefficients (greater than 0.2 and typically around 0.5), comparable to the dry friction of solids with rough surfaces. In contrast, the case of moist or wet skin is characterised by significantly higher (typically >1) friction coefficients that increase strongly with decreasing contact pressure and are essentially determined by the mechanical shear properties of wet skin. In several studies, effects of skin deformation mechanisms contributing to the total friction are evident from friction coefficients increasing with contact pressure. However, the corresponding friction coefficients still lie within the range delimited by the adhesion friction model. Further research effort towards the analysis of the microscopic contact area and mechanical properties of the upper skin layers is needed to improve our so far limited understanding of the complex tribological behaviour of human skin.     

Numerical and analytical modeling of orthogonal cutting: The link between local variables and global contact characteristics

The response of the tool-chip interface is characterized in the orthogonal cutting process by numerical and analytical means and compared to experimental results. We study the link between local parameters (chip temperature, sliding friction coefficient, tool geometry) and overall friction characteristics depicting the global response of the tool-chip interface. Sticking and sliding contact regimes are described.The overall friction characteristics of the tool are represented by two quantities: (i) the mean friction coefficient qualifies the global response of the tool rake face (tool edge excluded) and (ii) the apparent friction coefficient reflects the overall response of the entire tool face, the effect of the edge radius being included. When sticking contact is dominant the mean friction coefficient is shown to be essentially the ratio of the average shear flow stress along the sticking zone by the average normal stress along the contact zone. The dependence of overall friction characteristics is analyzed with respect to tool geometry and cutting conditions. The differences between mean friction and apparent friction are quantified. It is demonstrated that the evolutions of the apparent and of the mean friction coefficients are essentially controlled by thermal effects. Constitutive relationships are proposed which depict the overall friction characteristics as functions of the maximum chip temperature along the rake face. This approach offers a simple way for describing the effect of cutting conditions on the tool-chip interface response. Finally, the contact length and contact forces are analyzed. Throughout the paper, the consistency between numerical, analytical and experimental results is systematically checked.     

Development of a Synthetic Skin Simulant Platform for the Investigation of Dermal Blistering Mechanics

Excessive frictional loading to the skin often results in the formation of blisters, due to the transmission of shear loading to the interfaces between dermal cell strata. The consequences of blistering range from mild discomfort to serious infection. In some patients, such as those disposed to epidermolysis bullosa or neuropathic diabetes, blisters can severely degrade life quality. Investigation of environmental and application parameters that affect blister formation has occurred primarily as a qualitative, observational pursuit on human subjects, which has often led to confounding of data and lack of repeatability. The authors have developed a Synthetic Skin Simulant Platform (3SP) that reproduces the mechanical behavior of human skin when exposed to tribological loading. The platform is an assembled construct of bonded elastomeric layers that act as surrogates for the epidermis, basement membrane, dermis, and subdermal structure. Epidermal (top layer) materials are typically silicone or polyurethane films with a friction coefficient akin to human skin, while sublayers display mechanical properties similar to their anatomical analogs. Blistering is evident optically by examining the separation voids formed after applying shear loads to the epidermal layer. The 3SP has been used in a two-axis pin-on-flat tribometer with a stainless steel indenter to study the normal load and friction coefficients encountered at the onset of frictional blistering. The 3SP allows for modulation of friction coefficient, interfacial adhesion strength, and subdermal stiffness for investigation of blistering damage to various anatomical sites. Experimental results have been compared to human test data and have shown that the 3SP provides the potential to make significant advances with respect to skin tribology research.     

Experimental study on the vortex flow in a concentric annulus with a rotating inner cylinder

This experimental study concerns the characteristics of vortex flow in a concentric annulus with a diameter ratio of 0.52, whose outer cylinder is stationary and inner one is rotating. Pressure losses and skin friction coefficients have been measured for fully developed flows of water and of 0.4% aqueous solution of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), respectively, when the inner cylinder rotates at the speed of 0-600 rpm. Also, the visualization of vortex flows has been performed to observe the unstable waves. The results of present study reveal the relation of the bulk flow Reynolds number Re and Rossby number Ro with respect to the skin friction coefficients. In somehow, they show the existence of flow instability mechanism. The effect of rotation on the skin friction coefficient is significantly dependent on the flow regime. The change of skin friction coefficient corresponding to the variation of rotating speed is large for the laminar flow regime, whereas it becomes smaller as Re increases for the transitional flow regime and, then, it gradually approach to zero for the turbulent flow regime. Consequently, the critical (bulk flow) Reynolds number Re_c decreases as the rotational speed increases. Thus, the rotation of the inner cylinder promotes the onset of transition due to the excitation of Taylor vortices.