Simulation of a building and its HVAC system with an equation solver: Application to audit

A series of building energy simulation tools are being developed to help the building energy auditor in establishing his diagnosis (including benchmarking and detailed analysis of actual energy consumption) and in evaluating the selected energy conservation opportunities (ECOs). A first simulation tool, dedicated to benchmarking, has been presented in a previous paper. The present paper focuses on the second simulation tool, dedicated to inspection and evaluation of ECOs. This Building-HVAC System global model includes simplified models of building zones and of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) equipment. Only a limited number of easily identifiable parameters are required. The simplicity of the models and the use of an equation solver to run the simulation ensure good robustness and full transparency. The development, the implementation and the application of these models are discussed. Focus is also given to the calibration of the tools to monthly utility bills.     

浅谈暖通空调系统的节能问题

论述了暖通空调系统的节能问题,明确了在暖通空调领域节能的重要意义,分析了现行暖通空调系统在节能方面存在的主要问题,提出了在暖通空调领域节能的方法与途径,从而实现大幅度节能,产生显著的环境效益和社会效益。     

暖通空调系统与建筑节能浅析

在介绍节能与住宅建筑能耗的基础上,根据供暖建筑的热舒适性及经济性,从合理选择冷热源系统,减少冷(热)媒介输送过程的能耗,合理选择采暖、通风与空调系统,应用废热及可再生能源等方面阐述了暖通系统的节能措施.     

绿色建筑与暧通空调

提出绿色建筑的概念,阐述了绿色对暖通空调的要求,并从设计和运行控制的角度对HVAC系统加以分析,讨论了建筑物其他方面的HVAC系统的影响。用一具实例说明了如何实施绿色方案。     

关于建筑环境与暖通空调节能的思考

本文主要分析了建筑环境对于建筑暖通空调节能设计的影响,并结合自身的思考分析了如何进行空调节能设计。     

Influence of building parameters and HVAC systems coupling on building energy performance

The performance of different HVAC systems varies when coupled with different buildings. This paper examines the relationship between building heating and cooling load and subsequent energy consumption with different HVAC systems. Two common HVAC systems in use throughout the UK office building stock, variable air volume (VAV) system and fan coil (FC) with dedicated outside air system, have been coupled with a typical narrow plan office building with and without daylight control and for both cellular and open plan.The results presented in this paper clearly indicate that it is not possible to form a reliable judgment about building energy performance based only on building heating and cooling loads. For the two investigated systems, variable air volume system and fan coil with dedicated outside air system, the difference between system demand and building demand varied from over −40% to almost +30% for cooling and between −20% and +15% for heating. If a heat recovery unit is used, the difference in heating performance is even greater, rising to −70%.     

建筑暖通空调系统提高能效的措施分析

建筑暖通空调系统提高能效,首先要在工程设计阶段设定能效节约目标,将相关措施纳入到工程方案,节能目标主要包括负荷的计算要科学、能效控制要有效、建筑设计要合理、节能新技术的应用等措施。     

Co-simulation of innovative integrated HVAC systems in buildings

Integrated performance simulation of buildings' heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems can help in reducing energy consumption and increasing occupant comfort. However, no single building performance simulation (BPS) tool offers sufficient capabilities and flexibilities to analyse integrated building systems and to enable rapid prototyping of innovative building and system technologies. One way to alleviate this problem is to use co-simulation, as an integrated approach to simulation.

This article elaborates on issues important for co-simulation realization and discusses multiple possibilities to justify the particular approach implemented in the here described co-simulation prototype. The prototype is validated with the results obtained from the traditional simulation approach. It is further used in a proof-of-concept case study to demonstrate the applicability of the method and to highlight its benefits. Stability and accuracy of different coupling strategies are analysed to give a guideline for the required coupling time step.     

公共建筑暖通空调系统提高能效的措施分析

根据重庆地区公共建筑的能耗调查,分析了目前国内公共建筑暖通空调系统在设计和运行管理方面存在的问题,结合公共建筑暖通空调系统的用能特点,分别从设计、运行管理和政策制度三方面讨论了公共建筑暖通空调系统提高能效的具体措施.     

Konnex技术及HVAC控制应用

在分析现有总线技术应用现状的基础上,介绍了针对楼宇、家居现场控制应用领域开发的总线标准——Konnex,它融合了欧洲三大总线技术（BatiBUS,EIB和EHS）,在HVAC控制领域具有良好的应用前景。通过实例介绍了Konnex在HVAC控制中的应用和配置方式。     

某医院门诊综合大楼暖通设计

本文详细介绍了某医院门诊综合大楼的暖通设计全过程,主要包括了空调冷负荷计算、空调调节系统方案、风机盘管的选择及地下室送风量计算等,可供相关类似工程设计参考。     

高层建筑暖通设计的问题及改进措施分析

对暖通设计的概念作了说明,针对高层建筑暖通设计存在的问题进行了研究,通过对问题的分析提出了相应的改进措施,对完成节能减排任务和提升居民生活质量具有重要的促进作用。     

分层空调系统在高大仿古建筑群项目中的应用

详细介绍了下送风式分层空调系统在一仿古建筑酒吧项目中的应用情况。实际测试数据表明该气流组织形式具有较好的分层效果,能满足酒吧间的空调温湿度及舒适度要求,在高大空间建筑中应用的节能效果非常明显。     

大面积全封闭灵活厂房暖通空调设计

概括介绍了一汽１５万辆轿车工程中某大面积空调厂房的暖通空调设计方案及特点，着重论述了大面积轿车工厂的暖通空调设计，要满足轿车生产工艺对环境的要求，而且空调及公用设备、管路布置及厂房结构形式也必须适应轿车工业高起点、大批量、专业化流水线生产的特点。     

A framework to integrate object-oriented physical modelling with building information modelling for building thermal simulation

This paper presents a framework for integrating building information modelling (BIM) and object-oriented physical modelling-based building energy modelling (BEM) focusing on thermal simulation to support decision-making in the design process. The framework is made of a system interface between BIM and Modelica-based BEM and the visualization of simulation results for building designers. The interface consists of the following two major features: (1) pre-processing BIM models to add required thermal parameters into BIM and generate the building topology and (2) translating BIM to Modelica-based building energy modelling automatically and running the thermal simulation. The visualization component presents the simulation results in BIM for designers to understand the relationship between design decisions and the building performance. For the framework implementation, we have created a ModelicaBIM library and utilized the Modelica Buildings library developed by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. We conducted a case study to demonstrate and validate the framework simulation results.     

Improved thermal building management with the aid of integrated dynamic HVAC simulation

Building simulation is a tool that has only recently been recognised as a possible utility to accomplish enhanced building management (Build. Environ. 37 (8–9) (2002) 891). Thermal management however is often neglected. This is due to the complex nature of problems associated with determining the effect of changes to heating ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system properties (Build. Environ. 32(2) (1997)). Effective thermal management is nevertheless a major concern since energy cost and operation cost of buildings are directly influenced by how well the HVAC systems perform (Occup. Med.—State Art Rev. 4(4) (1989)). The aim of this study was to introduce the process of integrated dynamic HVAC simulation as a viable tool to improve thermal management of buildings. This entails both improved maintenance and energy utilisation. The applicability of the integrated simulations was investigated by means of a case study for which a well-verified simulation model was constructed and discussed in a previous article. To illustrate the process of improved management three different scenarios are investigated. Finally the conclusion is drawn that improved management is indeed possible with the aid of integrated simulation.     

中小型航站楼的暖通设计研究

本文阐述了中小型航站楼的工程概况与设备使用要求,详细分析了航站楼暖通设计的主要内容,包括空调冷热源、空调送风设计、空调水系统、能量自动控制系统等,以供参考之用。     

暖通空调系统的节能问题与对策

本文探讨了建筑暖通空调系统节能中存在的问题,并给出了解决暖通空调节能问题的主要对策与具体措施。     

Application of an energy management and control system to assess the potential of different control strategies in HVAC systems

The significant and continuous increment in the global electricity consumption is asking for energy saving strategies. Efficient control for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems (HVAC) is the most cost-effective way to minimize the use of energy in buildings. In this framework, an energy management and control system (EMCS) has been developed to schedule electricity end-uses in the campus of the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Spain. This paper presents an evaluation performed by using the EMCS of different control strategies for HVAC split systems. It analyzed the effect of different schedules for a common air-conditioning device and demand response strategies are tested in several situations. The economic saving is calculated taking into account the electricity contract clauses. Finally, a test is made for the control of a group of similar devices in order to reduce the maximum peak power in consumption and to obtain a flexible load shape with the HVAC loads. The studies are then extrapolated to a larger system, the whole University campus, for which energy and economic savings are quantified.