Effects of Waxy Wheat Flour and Water on Frozen Dough and Bread Properties

ABSTRACT:  The quality of bread made from frozen dough is diminished by changes that occur during freezing. New cultivars of waxy wheat flour (WWF), containing less than 2% amylose, offer unique properties for the production of baked products. In this study, dough properties and bread quality were investigated at various levels of WWF (0% to 45% flour weight) and water (55% to 65%). Dough stickiness increased with higher levels of WWF and water. During frozen storage, dough with greater WWF and lower water had less change in stickiness. Maximum resistance to extension (MRE) decreased with higher WWF and water. Dough with greater WWF and less water had less change in extensibility after frozen storage. Dough with greater WWF and water was more extensible. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies showed that frozen dough with higher WWF content had lower transverse relaxation ( T ₂) time of 9 to 11ms. After frozen storage, dough with higher WWF still showed lower T ₂. Dough with 15% WWF had higher yeast activity. Bread made from 15% and 30% WWF had higher volume in bread made from unfrozen and frozen dough. Bread firmness decreased with higher amounts of WWF and water. This research demonstrated that specific combinations of WWF and water produced a better quality of frozen dough and bread.     

酵母对青麦油条面团发酵特性及其品质的影响

以无铝油条预混粉及青麦粉制作青麦油条,采用发酵仪和流变仪对不同种类酵母（H-1即发干酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus,耐高糖,简称H-1）、H-2即发高活性干酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-3799,耐高糖,简称H-2）、L-1高活性干酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. willanus,低糖,简称L-1）、L-2即发干酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. bayanus EC-1118,低糖,简称L-2））,不同青麦粉添加量（0%、3%、6%、9%、12%）油条面团的发酵特性和流变特性进行研究,并对此面团制作成油条的比容、感官品质和质构特性进行分析。结果表明：4?种酵母中H-2酵母面团的发酵特性参数（产气量、持气率、面团开始漏气时间）最好,弹性模量与黏性模量较大,黏弹性较好;加入青麦粉后,H-2酵母制作的油条比容较大,感官评分较高,硬度、咀嚼性较小,弹性较大;在青麦粉添加量为6%制作油条时,油条比容和质构指标适中,感官评分与普通油条相差不大,碳水化合物及膳食纤维含量较高。因此,选择H-2即发高活性干酵母发酵、添加6%青麦粉制作的油条品质较好,营养丰富。     

不同储藏条件对小麦流变学特性的影响

为了解小麦籽粒在不同储藏条件下的品质变化,探索实验室小量样品的最适储藏条件,本研究以强筋、中筋和弱筋小麦的籽粒和面粉为研究材料,对其在不同梯度温度(-20、4、35℃)和不同储藏时间(20、40、60d)条件下的品质指标进行分析.结果表明:不同储藏条件对不同类型小麦的湿面筋含量、吸水量和弱化度的影响较小,均在允差内.以...     

全麦冷冻面团研究进展

冷冻面团是全麦食品的一种良好载体,可简化生产操作,降低加工难度,加快全麦食品的工业化生产。综述了全麦食品中的膳食纤维对面团及冷冻面团品质的影响,在冷冻和冷藏过程中全麦冷冻面团的发酵特性和流变学特性的变化,以及食品改良剂对全麦冷冻面团的品质改善等研究。通过分析全麦冷冻面团中面筋蛋白、淀粉、发酵特性、流变学特性等在冷冻和冷藏过程中劣变原因,为改善全麦冷冻面团的品质提供理论基础和实践参考。     

关于面团稠度特性的小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基评分系统研究

针对现有高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)评分系统的局限性,选用100个春小麦品种,测定了其HMW-GS以及面团最大压力、形成时间和稳定时间等3项面团稠度特性,并通过数量化理论及统计学鉴评方法,研究了HMW-GS与面团稠度特性的关系,得到了3个多元回归方程,决定系数均在0.98以上,能准确预测3个面团稠度特性,建立了针对不同面团稠度特性的HMW-GS评分系统。总体来看,7亚基、5 10亚基和10亚基对面团稠度特性有积极意义,属于优质亚基。7亚基对所有面团稠度特性的亚基评分最高,5 10亚基对面团最大压力的评分较高,10亚基对面团形成时间和稳定时间的评分较高。而2 10亚基、2 12亚基、22亚基和17 18亚基对面团稠度特性的评分最小,其中,17 18亚基对所有面团稠度特性的亚基评分最低,2 10亚基、2 12亚基和22亚基对所有面团稠度特性的亚基评分也较低,为劣质亚基。     

Effect of Wheat Bran Particle Size on Dough Rheological Properties

Commercial hard red spring, hard red winter, soft white and durum wheat brans were used to investigate the effect of wheat bran particle size on the rheological properties of doughs. Wheat brans were first coarsely ground and passed through a bran finisher to remove additional endosperm and aleurone layers. These processes increased total dietary fibre content and decreased starch content of the wheat bran samples. Three particle size distributions, for each wheat bran class, were obtained by further grinding (not by sifting) of the bran samples by different experimental mills. Coarse bran can retain significantly more water than medium or fine bran as measured by a centrifuge method, but bran particle size had no significant effect on dough water absorption. Addition of wheat bran into bread dough systems increased dough water absorption rate, reduced mixing time and decreased dough mixing tolerance as measured by farinograph. Fine particle size wheat bran decreased dough mixing tolerance and reduced mixing time compared to coarse bran. Dough containing fine particle size bran exhibited more strength than dough containing coarse bran after a 180-min rest period as measured by the extensigraph. © 1997 SCI.     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对全麦面团特性及微观结构的影响

利用混合实验仪、质构仪、动态流变仪、扫描电镜、激光共聚焦显微镜和电泳仪等,研究不同添加量谷氨酰胺转氨酶（glutamine transaminase,TG）对全麦面团的混合特性、拉伸特性、流变特性、微观结构和蛋白质变化的影响。结果表明,随着TG添加量的增加,全麦面团的吸水率下降,面团形成时间和稳定时间先增加后降低,峰值黏度升高,回生值降低;面团拉伸强度先升高后降低;随着TG添加量的增加以及酶反应时间的延长,全麦面团的弹性模量（G’）和黏性模量（G”）上升,损耗角正切值（tanδ）降低,当TG添加量＞2.4 U/g、作用时间＞120 min时,易造成蛋白质过量交联及聚集,全麦面团的综合黏弹性下降。扫描电镜与激光共聚焦显微镜结果显示,TG的添加使得面团微观结构紧密连续,面筋结构得到明显改善;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果显示,TG诱导蛋白质分子交联形成大分子聚集体。     

小麦粉受热对面团流变学特性及馒头品质的影响

小麦粉在加工过程中受到热的影响,其品质及面制品品质发生变化。该研究主要研究小麦粉受热后面团流变学特性及馒头品质变化。采用干热处理方式,在60~90 ℃条件下分别对小麦粉处理10~50 s,测定面团糊化、粉质和拉伸特性及馒头色泽、质构等。结果表明：与原粉相比,受热后小麦粉的峰值黏度降低7.01%、最低黏度降低9.44%、最终黏度降低5.58%、衰减值增加10.25%、回生值增加8.38%、面团拉伸曲线面积降低19.74%、延展性降低12.77%,随着时间的延长,拉伸阻力呈先升高后降低趋势。处理温度和时间对小麦粉的形成时间无显著性影响,随着处理温度的升高,稳定时间降低10.74%、弱化度增加9.90%。受热后馒头的宽高比和比容分别增加17.81%和22.22%、色泽变差、硬度降低62.25%、粘性降低75.64%、咀嚼性降低63.46%。综上所述小麦粉适度受热可以改善馒头的品质。     

添加膳食纤维对面团及面制品品质的影响

越来越多的证据表明,膳食纤维的摄入量与慢性疾病之间有很密切的联系.但是膳食纤维的摄入量通常低于推荐量,因此,研究和开发高膳食纤维食品是很有必要的.本文综述了近几年国内外对高纤维面制品的研究进展,并对不同膳食纤维对面团流变学性质的影响作了总结,以期推动这方面产业的发展.     

外源添加面筋蛋白对小麦面团热机械学和动态流变学特性的影响研究

通过向小麦粉中添加面筋蛋白粉,替代比分别为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%,利用混合实验仪(Mixolab),快速粘度仪(RVA)和动态流变仪,研究添加不同比例面筋蛋白粉对小麦面团热机械学及动态流变学特性的影响。结果表明:面筋蛋白的添加使得面团的吸水率显著地从53.3%增加到67%,形成时间从1.41 min增加到9.31 min,而稳定时间随着替代比的增大,呈现先上升后显著下降的趋势,替代比为5%时达到最大值10.02 min。面筋蛋白的添加使小麦面团的峰值扭矩显著地从2.06 Nm降低到1.37Nm,回生值从1.68 Nm降低到1.06 Nm。动态流变学试验表明:面筋蛋白的添加使得小麦面团的粘弹性特性发生明显变化,随着面筋蛋白粉比例的增加,储能模量(G′)与损失模量(G〞)呈先升高后降低的趋势;损耗角正切值tanδ则呈逐渐升高的趋势。只有在面筋蛋白粉比例为5%时的低频扫描范围内,tanδ小于对照,此时混合体系中分子交联聚合程度升高,面筋网络强度增加。     

小麦面团粘度影响因素研究进展

该文介绍国内外对小麦面团粘度影响因素研究进展;粘度是由面团粘结特性和内聚特性所共同决定一种特性,粘度过大会造成生产中断,且最终产品质量也会有所降低;麦谷蛋白及醇溶蛋白比例及结构、戊聚糖、1BL／1RS易位均对面团粘度产生影响。     

麸皮粒径对全麦面团流变特性和馒头品质的影响

研究了麸皮粒径对空白和加酶(葡萄糖氧化酶+戊聚糖酶+纤维素酶)全麦面团流变特性和馒头品质的影响。采用回添法将不同粒径麸皮(D_(50)=285.0、186.7、75.7μm)添加至面粉中制得全麦粉,对其热机械学特性、吹泡特性、发酵流变特性和馒头品质进行分析。结果表明:对于空白全麦体系,随着麸皮粒径的降低,全麦粉吸水率显著增加;全麦面团稳定时间和韧性有所降低,发酵性能变差,但面团延展性显著提高。加酶全麦面团流变特性随麸皮粒径度大小的变化规律与空白全麦面团体系相似。但加酶后,面团的稳定时间进一步降低,而面团的延展性、膨胀能力和发酵性能得到显著改善。酶法改良后的全麦馒头感官品质亦显著提高。对于空白和加酶全麦体系,中麸(D_(50)=186.7μm)全麦馒头感官品质均较佳,麸皮过细对馒头品质产生劣化作用。     

发芽对小麦粉营养品质及面团特性影响的研究进展

发芽能够提高小麦的营养价值,使γ-氨基丁酸、多酚类物质、以及阿拉伯木聚糖等生理活性成分含量增加,同时也会对小麦粉的加工特性产生影响.本文综述了发芽对小麦粉主要营养成分、面团流变特性、发酵特性以及面制品品质的影响.比较了发芽前后蛋白质、淀粉及膳食纤维、多酚、维生素和矿物质等营养组分的变化,分析了发芽使面团流变特性变差、发...     

Microbial Sour Doughs Influence Acidification Properties and Breadmaking Potential of Wheat Dough

Breads from sour doughs were started with Lactobacillis plantarum (L-73, or B-39) or Lactobacillus brevis (L-62)-, and incorporated at 10, 17.5, or 25%. Lactic and acetic acid production depended on bacterial starter and yeast. Started doughs had longer mixing time, stability, more softening with time; lower resistance to extension; shorter fermentation, less stability, and greater oven rise. Breads had greater volume, lower density, softer crumb and higher slice height. Interactive effects between inoculum and microbial composition of starter were reflected in sensory scores. Adequate sour dough inoculum was lower for heterofermentative strains (10%, L-62) than for homofermentative strains (17.5%, B-39; 25%, L-73), due to deleterious effects on rheological properties.     

Viability and Performance of Pure Yeast Strains in Frozen Wheat Dough

Freezing and subsequent storage of wheat doughs containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. fructuum or Candida boidinii after undergoing a bulk fermentation step, reduced the viability of yeasts, depending on the species. Freezing and storage of doughs without bulk fermentation had no effect on viability. Gassing power was affected most by frozen storage, depending on storage time and species. Changes in acidification capability were small, and only significant for total titratable acidity. Changes in sugars and leavening were closely related. Results showed that the use of less active yeast species (S. fructuum), with high freezing tolerance in frozen dough processes would be of practical interest.     

不同省份小麦粉面团流变学特性的分析

采用主成分和因子分析的方法对不同省份小麦粉的面团流变学特性进行了分析和评价,分析结果表明面团流变学指标间的相关性都比较大,90%的数据绝对值大于0.30,适宜用主成分分析法来研究变量之间的关系,采用因子分析进行综合评价。通过分析各成分的特征值和方差贡献率,前两个主成分的累计贡献率已达97.487%,第1、2主成分即能充分反映面团流变学的综合信息,从而体现出不同省份小麦粉的加工品质优劣,根据两个主成分的贡献率得出的主成分综合表达式计算得分,排序依次为河北、山西、河南、陕西、安徽、山东、江苏。     

葡萄糖氧化酶对全麦面团及全麦馒头品质改良的影响

将葡萄糖氧化酶(glucose oxidase,GOD)应用于全麦馒头的制作,通过测定面团的流变、热机械、吹泡特性以及全麦馒头品质的相关指标,研究该酶对全麦面团及馒头品质的影响。实验结果表明,随着GOD添加量的增加(小于300 U/kg),全麦面团的稳定时间增加,但对全麦粉吸水率没有显著改变;峰值粘度(C3)、保持粘度(C4)增加,表示面团的糊化稳定性越好,面团稳定性增加;当GOD的添加量为300 U/kg时,全麦面团的弹性模量、粘性模量最大,tanδ 值最低,全麦面团固体特性增强,机械强度增大;面团P值、L值、W值增加,改善了面团的韧劲、延展性和持气性。与空白组对照可知,随着GOD添加量的增大(小于300 U/kg),馒头的比容呈现增加趋势并且硬度、咀嚼性以及黏附显著降低,品质得到改善,但是过量的GOD(500 U/kg)反而对其品质有负面的影响。因此添加GOD 300 U/kg时,可改善面团的网络结构,改良全麦馒头的品质。     

麦麸膳食纤维对面团特性及中式面条品质的影响

利用粉质仪和拉伸仪测定麦麸膳食纤维小麦粉的粉质特性与拉伸特性,结果表明:麦麸膳食纤维的添加使面团的吸水率增大,形成时间与稳定时间显著延长、弱化度下降,粉质特性得到显著改善;面团的抗拉伸阻力和拉力比数增大,而拉伸能量和延伸性变小,对面团的拉伸特性具有正反两方面的作用.按传统工艺技术制备了不同麦麸膳食纤维添加量的中式面条样品,并根据行业标准进行了感官指标的评价,结果表明麦麸膳食纤维添加量不超过5%时的面条,其感官品质指标与空白样面条接近,可以为市场所接受.     

不同酵母对面团发酵特性及馒头品质的影响

就不同酵母对面团发酵特性和馒头品质的影响进行了试验.通过比较不同酵母发酵面团的产气量和面团膨发状态,进而确定相同条件38℃,88%RH,酵母添加量0.8%,不同酵母的最适发酵时间,然后对其发酵的馒头进行感官评价和质构测定,结果显示:不同酵母发酵面团时的产气量和面团膨发状态不同,Y-1、Y-2、Y-3和Y-4的最适发酵时间依次为40、30、25和30 min.由感官评价和质构测定结果还得出结论:不同酵母显著影响馒头产品的感官评价总分,且感官评价和质构测定参数与其面团发酵性能相一致.     

Amino Acid Profiles of Fermenting Wheat Sour Doughs

The free amino acid patterns of unfermented and fermented wheat sour doughs started with Lactobacillus plantarum were related by factor analysis to dough yield, ash content of flour, fermentation temperature and presence/absence of yeast, from data corresponding to a central composite design of samples. Individual levels of hydrophobic, acid and basic amino acids as well as total amino acid content positively correlated with extraction rate of flours. The presence of yeast promoted metabolism of histidine, aspartic acid and asparagine, particularly in samples made with whole and wholemeal flours. Proliferation of predominant amino acids by enzymatic release was more notable at higher fermentation temperatures and wholemeal samples. Sour doughs with maximum levels of hydrophobic and basic amino acids were started with no yeast bacterial cultures, made with whole and wholemeal flours and fermented at 35°C.