烟草低头黑病菌毒素对烟草细胞膜透性的影响

为探讨烟草低头黑病菌与烟草之间的分子互作 ,于 2 0 0 2年进行了烟草低头黑病菌毒素对烟草细胞膜透性和叶绿素含量影响的试验。结果表明 ,烟草低头黑病菌毒素可以引起烟草细胞膜透性增加 ;该毒素对不同抗感烟草品种细胞膜透性的影响有差异 ;该毒素接种后 36～ 6 0h烟叶的叶绿素含量有不同程度的降低     

烟草根系分泌物对黑胫病菌菌丝生长的影响

为了探讨烟草品种对黑胫病的抗性机制,以抗黑胫病品种Florida 301、L8、Beinhart1000-1和革新3号,以及感黑胫病品种中烟100、贵烟13、红花大金元和小黄金1025的盆栽烟苗为试验材料,采用生长速率法测定了抗感黑胫病烟草品种根系分泌物对黑胫病菌菌丝生长的影响。结果表明,抗病品种Florida301、L8、Beinhart1000-1和革新3号的根系分泌物对黑胫病菌菌丝生长具有较明显抑制作用,抑制率为5.93%～20.78%;4个抗病品种根系分泌物处理的菌落直径明显小于对照,且差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。感病品种贵烟13、红花大金元和小黄金1025根系分泌物处理与对照相比对黑胫病菌菌丝生长具有一定的促进作用,菌落直径大于对照,差异达到极显著水平(P0.01),菌丝生长抑制率为-16.47%～-2.15%,但感病品种中烟100没有表现出对黑胫病菌菌丝生长的促进作用。因此,烟草根系分泌物对黑胫病菌菌丝生长的作用与烟草品种的抗性有关。     

毒素胁迫烟草抗黑胫病鉴定及抗性指标分析

为建立一种高效准确的烟草黑胫病抗性鉴定方法,以4种具有不同抗性特性的烟草品种为材料,研究培养基附加不同浓度黑胫病病菌毒素及不同胁迫时间对烟草种子萌发和根系生长的影响。结果表明,烟草黑胫病病菌毒素胁迫对烟草种子的发芽率和根系生长均有抑制作用,抑制效果随胁迫浓度的增加而增强,且不同品种对毒素胁迫的耐受力不同,利用体积浓度为50%的毒素胁迫15 d时,抗病品种G28、中抗品种YN116、中感品种净叶黄、感病品种红花大金元的根系长进培养基中的株数比率分别为79.38%、70.74%、33.55%和13.36%。初步确定鉴别烟草种子抗性特性的最佳粗毒素胁迫浓度为50%（即含蛋白质13.53μg/mL,含糖19.64 mg/mL）、最佳鉴定时间为胁迫15 d,利用该方法可在短期内高效准确地鉴定出不同品种（种质）对烟草黑胫病的抗感水平,加快烟草抗黑胫病育种进程。     

钠盐与AT毒素对烟苗根生长的影响

为确定不同钠盐对烟草赤星病菌AT毒素毒性的影响,作者采用摩擦接种处理、浇根处理、种子根处理3种生物测定方法确定了以烟草种子根处理法作为烟草赤星病菌的毒性测定方法。用10种化合物分别以5种不同浓度与AT毒素混合接种烟苗,分别以单独接种毒素稀释液与无菌水作对照。根长测定数据经DPS软件统计分析,结果表明单独施用AT毒素明显抑制烟苗根的生长,差异极显著;氢氧化钠、硝酸钠、苯甲酸钠、酒石酸钠均不能改变毒素对根长的影响,碳酸钠(200mg/mL)、酒石酸钾钠(200mg/mL)、四硼酸钠(0.02~0.2mg/mL)、氟化钠(0.2~2mg/mL)、柠檬酸钠(0.2mg/mL-200mg/mL)、钼酸钠(0.02~2mg/mL)对烟草赤星病菌毒素有明显钝化作用,以钼酸钠0.02mg/mL浓度处理效果最好,其次为柠檬酸钠0.2mg/mL处理;钼酸钠20~200mg/mL处理可增加AT毒素的毒性,浓度越大效果越显著。      

大蒜与烤烟轮作对烟草黑胫病的防治效果及作用机理初探

为探讨大蒜和烤烟轮作对烟草黑胫病的防治效果,本试验研究了大蒜根系分泌物及主要成分对烟草黑胫病菌的影响。结果表明,大蒜根系分泌物能显著抑制游动孢子的游动及休止孢的萌发;大蒜根系分泌物中的苯并噻唑和2种含硫化合物二烯丙基二硫醚、烯丙基甲基二硫醚对烟草黑胫病菌菌丝生长均具有较强的抑菌活性,其抑制活性均随着供试浓度增加而增强。从而证实:大蒜和烤烟轮作可以通过大蒜的根系分泌抑菌物降低烟草黑胫病的发生和危害,实现病害的生态防控。     

烟草品种对低头黑病的抗病性鉴定

室内采用孢子悬浮液和病菌毒素滤液浸根法及盆栽烟株幼茎刺伤菌块接种法测定了２７个烟草品种和品系对低头黑病的苗期抗病性。自然重病地鉴定了６个生产推广品种的成株期抗病性。结果表明：烟草品种对低头黑病的抗病性有明显差异，苗期抗病性与田间成株期抗病性反应一致。筛选鉴定出中烟１４和Ｇ－８０两个抗病品种。比较了几种接种方法，证明病菌毒素滤液浸根法测定品种抗病性优于其它方法。苗期抗性测定可用作初筛，选出抗病和中抗     

烟草品种对低头黑病的抗病性鉴定

室内采用孢子悬浮液和病菌毒素滤液浸根法及盆栽烟株幼茎刺伤菌块接种法测定了27个烟草品种和品系对低头黑病的苗期抗病性。自然重病地鉴定了6个生产推广品种的成株期抗病性。结果表明：烟草品种对低头黑病的抗病性有明显差异，苗期抗病性与田间成株期抗病性反应一致。筛选鉴定出中烟14和G─80两个抗病品种。比较了几种接种方法，证明病菌毒素滤液浸根法测定品种抗病性优于其它方法。苗期抗性测定可用作初筛，选出抗病和中抗品种（系），再进一步进行田间成株期抗病性的鉴定。     

棘孢木霉T-6对烟草促生及对黑胫病和根黑腐病的抗病作用

利用生防菌防治土传病害是植物病害防治中的重要措施,在温室盆栽条件下研究了棘孢木霉T-6对烟草促生和抗病效果。结果表明,棘孢木霉T-6对烟草黑胫病菌、烟草根黑腐病菌的菌丝生长抑制率分别达49.62%、59.23%;温室盆栽条件下,棘孢木霉T-6对黑胫病和根黑腐病的防治效果分别达到74.45%和75.14%。棘孢木霉T-6处理后提高了烟草叶片叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量和超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,棘孢木霉T-6处理的烟株生长状况明显好于对照。棘孢木霉T-6能够促进烟株生长和提高烟草对黑胫病和根黑腐病的抗性,具有良好的应用潜力。     

烟草黑胫病菌高效杀菌剂的筛选

为了筛选防治烟草黑胫病的有效药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法分析了22种杀菌剂对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制作用,测定了其中抑菌效果较好的7种杀菌剂对烟草黑胫病菌菌丝生长的EC50值,并以50%（质量分数）烯酰吗啉悬浮剂和25%（质量分数）甲霜灵可湿性粉剂为对照药剂,通过温室盆栽试验考察了23.4%（质量分数）双炔酰菌胺悬浮剂对烟草黑胫病的防效。结果表明,在供试的22种杀菌剂中,氟吗啉、申嗪霉素、甲霜灵、代森锰锌、丁吡吗啉、烯酰吗啉和双炔酰菌胺7种杀菌剂的抑菌效果较好,其对烟草黑胫病菌的EC50值分别为2.023 0、1.923 0、1.808 2、1.758 0、1.400 0、0.783 0和0.018 0 mg/L。23.4%双炔酰菌胺悬浮剂对烟草黑胫病的病指防效为80.11%,显著高于对照药剂50%烯酰吗啉悬浮剂（64.89%）和25%甲霜灵可湿性粉剂（66.05%）,可有效控制烟草黑胫病的危害。     

芸薹属植物提取液与异硫氰酸酯类制剂对烟草疫霉菌的抑制作用

为寻找有效防治烟草黑胫病的生物材料,采用生长速率法和抑菌圈法测定了3种芸薹属植物提取液和3种异硫氰酸酯类制剂对烟草疫霉菌菌丝的抑制作用。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,不同浓度的芸薹属芜菁、芥菜和油菜提取液均显著抑制烟草疫霉菌菌丝的生长,EC_(50)值分别为11.39、9.18和5.88 mg/mL,油菜提取液对烟草疫霉菌菌丝生长的抑制效应最佳。(2)与对照相比,不同浓度的异硫氰酸烯丙酯(AITC)和甲基异硫氰酸酯(MITC)制剂也均显著抑制烟草疫霉菌菌丝的生长,EC_(50)值分别为2.07和4.44 mg/L,AITC对烟草疫霉菌菌丝生长的抑制效应最佳;而异硫氰酸苯酯(PITC)对烟草疫霉菌菌丝生长无明显的抑制作用。可见,3种芸薹属植物和2种异硫氰酸酯类制剂(AITC和MITC)对烟草疫霉菌具有较好的生防效应。     

调味盐碘离子测定中碱保护剂的选择

目的探索适合调味盐碘含量测定的碱保护剂。方法选取低钠菇盐为样品,在样品前处理过程中分别用NaOH、NaHCO_3、Na_2CO_3作为碱保护剂,采用国家标准氧化还原法,对盐产品的碘含量进行检测。结果最佳碱保护剂为NaHCO_3,溶液最佳pH值为4,相对标准偏差2.3%～4.2%,回收率98.9%～100.5%,能够满足调味盐碘测定精密度和准确度要求。结论 NaOH作为碱保护剂对瓷坩埚造成强烈腐蚀性,降低坩埚使用寿命; Na_2CO_3作为碱保护剂,反应剧烈,结果误差较大; NaHCO_3为碱保护剂时,腐蚀刺激性低,安全环保,故推荐NaHCO_3作为调味盐碘离子测定的碱保护剂。     

基于紫外-可见分光光度法测定食品接触橡胶中高锰酸钾消耗量

建立紫外-可见分光光度法测定食品接触橡胶中KMnO4消耗量的分析方法。对反应时间、加入H2SO4浓度和KMnO4浓度进行优化,以获得建立方法的最佳条件,并进行方法学分析。结果表明,在高锰酸钾消耗量为1 mg/kg的水迁移液中H2SO4和KMnO4的浓度应分别超过0.1 mol/L和0.005 74 mmol/L,以反应时间6 min,吸收波长525 nm,KMnO4标准溶液在0.014～0.280 mmol/L范围内线性良好,相关系数（R2）为0.998 91。检出限和定量限分别为6.8×10－4 mmol/和2.0×10－3 mmol/L。通过F检验和t检验比较,本方法与国标方法无显著差异,相对标准偏差在1.7%～7.8%之间。本方法可用于质量控制中食品接触橡胶的KMnO4消耗分析。     

NaHCO_3对发状念珠蓝细菌光合作用及生长的影响

研究不同浓度的NaHCO3对液体悬浮培养发状念珠蓝细菌（Nostoc flagelliforme）生长,光合作用以及营养盐吸收的影响。在BG-11培养基中培养15d,结果表明,添加NaHCO3浓度为15mmol/L时,对发状念珠蓝细菌细胞生长有明显的促进作用,细胞生物量达到1.03g/L,胞外多糖含量为43.23mg/L,与空白对照（不加NaHCO3）相比分别提高了28%、52%,吸收NO3-和PO34-为0.91g/L、6.30mg/L。对数生长期时,真正的光合速率（净光合速率与呼吸速率之和）为103.84μmo（lO2）（/mg（Chl）.h）,与空白对照相比,提高39%。随着添加NaHCO3浓度升高,反而抑制了发状念珠蓝细菌细胞的光合作用以及生长。由此可知,培养基中加入适量NaHCO3能够促进发状念珠蓝细菌细胞生长。     

Production and Stability Studies of a Neurotoxin Produced by Clostridium sp. RKD

ABSTRACT: A neurotoxigenic Clostridium sp. (RKD) isolated from intestine of decaying fish produced a neurotoxin that was neutralized by botulinum antitoxin (A+B+E) when tested by mouse protection bioassay. An amplicon of expected size (approximately 700 bp) was generated with primers specific for BoNT/B. Toxin was maximally released in the culture supernatant in the late stationary phase and was dependent on media composition. Growth was optimal in trypticase peptone yeast-extract glucose (TPYG) medium in a pH range of 7.5 to 8.0 and at a temperature between 35°C to 40°C while toxin production was optimum at 37°C (3 to 4 × 10³ minimum lethal dose per milliliter) without any protease treatment. There was no correlation between growth and toxin production when cells were grown in media containing different concentrations of NaCl (0% to 5%). Toxin in the culture supernatant was more stable (50% reduction at 50°C in 90 min) than the partially purified fraction. Toxicity was destroyed gradually after increasing the number of freeze-thaw cycles and was almost completely inactivated after 5 cycles. It was completely inactivated by overnight treatment of 1 N NaOH while it retained 1.5% activity with a similar treatment with 1 N HCl.     

Controlled ruminal infusion of sodium bicarbonate. 2. Effects of dietary and infused buffer on ruminal milieu.

Four ruminally cannulated, lactating Holstein cows were assigned to a 4 X 4 Latin square to monitor the effects of NaHCO3 infusion on ruminal environment of cows receiving dietary sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate (110 g) was mixed with 3.8 L of water and infused at a constant rate into the rumen from 0 to 2, 2 to 4, or 4 to 6 h postfeeding twice daily. All cows were fed sorghum silage and concentrate in a 35:65 DM ratio for 45 min twice daily. Ruminal fluid was collected at feeding and every 30 min postfeeding for 8 h on the last day of each 1-wk experimental period. Dry matter intake was not affected by NaHCO3 infusion. Yields of milk and its components were reduced with 4- to 6-h NaHCO3 infusion. At certain isolated times, especially during infusion, NaHCO3 infusion increased ruminal fluid buffer. Concentrations of ruminal fluid total VFA were not affected by NaHCO3 infusions, whereas acetate to propionate ratio tended to be reduced. Ruminal liquid volume tended to be increased by 0- to 2-h NaHCO3 infusion, and ruminal outflow rate tended to be reduced by the 2- to 4-h infusion. Intraruminal infusion of NaHCO3 into cows receiving supplemental dietary NaHCO3 altered ruminal acid-base status as typically reported for those receiving dietary NaHCO3; however, these alterations were not accompanied by shifts in ruminal VFA patterns or in milk composition that normally result from such feeding regimens. The effects of NaHCO3 infused directly into the rumen may be different from those of dietary NaHCO3 and are possibly related to the different time of entry into the rumen relative to feeding.     

用高锰酸钾碱液疏松不锈钢丝氧化皮

不锈钢丝热处理后表面形成一层难以清除的氧化皮 ,4 80℃高温碱煮和 85℃高锰酸钾碱液的清洗对比试验和应用显示高锰酸钾碱洗工艺可行 ,但要求KMnO4 和NaOH浓度大于 80g L ,溶液温度高于 80℃ ,清洗时间5～ 10min ,比碱煮少 5min ;高锰酸钾碱液清洗效果好 ,不锈钢丝表面无黑色胶状物 ,而且不会产生过腐蚀 ,每吨不锈钢丝可节省电能 1875kW·h ,劳动环境也有很大改善     

粗皮桉AS-AQ浆氧脱木素后的过氧化氢漂白

研究粗皮桉AS-AQ浆氧脱木素后的过氧化氢漂白工艺,并对漂前预处理进行了探讨。结果表明:粗皮桉AS-AQ氧漂浆在进行过氧化氢漂白前采用高锰酸钾进行预处理,预处理条件为高锰酸钾用量0.6%,温度25℃,时间20 min,硫酸3%,浆浓5%,可以有效地提高纸浆的白度,降低卡伯值,同时纸浆黏度下降比例不大。使用柠檬酸钠取代硅酸钠和硫酸镁作为过氧化氢漂白的稳定剂是可行的,添加2%的柠檬酸钠作稳定剂可以达到添加3%的硅酸钠作稳定剂的效果。过氧化氢漂白的最佳工艺条件为:过氧化氢用量3%,温度90℃,时间120 min,氢氧化钠用量1.5%,柠檬酸钠2%,浆浓10%。在最优条件下,纸浆白度可以达到80.8%ISO。     

Controlled ruminal infusion of sodium bicarbonate. 1. Influence of postfeeding infusion interval on ruminal milieu.

Four ruminally cannulated, lactating Holstein cows were assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square to monitor the effects of intraruminal NaHCO3 infusion on changes in the rumen environment. Sodium bicarbonate (110 g), dissolved in 3.8 L of water, was infused twice daily at a constant rate for 2 h starting at 0, 2, or 4 h postfeeding. All cows had access to their diet containing sorghum silage and concentrate in a 35:65 ration (DM basis) for 45 min twice daily. Ruminal fluid was collected at feeding and every 30 min postfeeding for 12 h on the last day of each 7-d period. Dry matter intake was lower for buffer infusion at 2 to 4 h than for water-infused control but was not affected by the other NaHCO3 infusions. Although total milk yield was not affected, milk fat percentage and fat yield tended to be lower for the NaHCO3 treatments. Compared with the water infusion, the NaHCO3 infusion from 2 to 4 h postfeeding most effectively prevented the postfeeding increase in ruminal free proton concentration. Additionally, volume of ruminal liquid was increased for the NaHCO3 infusions from 0 to 2 h and 4 to 6 h; ruminal liquid turnover time was increased for the NaHCO3 infusion at 4 to 6 h, but ruminal kinetics otherwise were not affected by NaHCO3. Although infusion of NaHCO3 from 2 to 4 h prevented severe alterations in ruminal acid-base status, it did not increase total VFA concentration or the acetate:propionate ratio. Although total VFA concentrations were not affected by NaHCO3 infusion, acetate:propionate ratio was higher for the NaHCO3 infusion from 0 to 2 h than for the control. Based upon alterations in ruminal acid-base status, exogenous buffer ideally should be provided to the rumen from 2 to 4 h postfeeding; however, our results indicate that the effectiveness of this regimen might be improved if buffer is combined with a rapidly released or unprotected dietary buffer.     

河南烟区烟草根茎类病害调查及病原鉴定

为明确病害发生分布及病原种类,对河南省11个烟叶产区烟草根茎类病害进行了普查,采集644份典型病害样本,通过综合形态学特性分析、分子鉴定及致病力测定对分离病原菌进行了鉴定.结果表明,镰刀菌属(Fusarium spp.)真菌的平均检出率最高,占52.60％,其次是疫霉菌(Phytophthora nicotianae)...