C／C复合材料磨擦性能研究

对国产C／C复合刹车材料进行了低速度低能载条件下的地面惯性动力试验,结果表明,C／C复合刹车材料在较低能量条件下具有较高的磨擦系数,在磨擦速度－磨擦系数关系图上,最高磨擦系数出现在12m/s的磨擦初速度前后,同时对磨擦面比压进行调整,发现在低速刹车时,随着比压增加,磨擦系数下降。     

高温热处理对C/C复合刹车材料摩擦磨损性能影响的研究

分析讨论了高温热处理温度对C/C复合刹车材料石墨化度及摩擦磨损性能的影响规律。研究表明:通过化学气相沉积法制备的C/C复合刹车材料热解碳结构与最终热处理温度无关,均呈现典型的粗糙型结构;从裂解态至2600℃热处理状态,C/C复合刹车材料石墨化度由7.3%提升至67.2%,对应综合导热系数由11.3 W·m~(-1)·k~(-1)增加至50.1 W·m~(-1)·k~(-1);材料摩擦系数随着刹车压力、单位面积能载和速度的升高呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,且相同条件下,石墨化度越高,摩擦系数及磨损率越高。     

刹车速度对C/C-SiC复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

对反应熔体渗透工艺制备的C/C-SiC复合材料,在MM-1000型摩擦磨损试验机上进行了模拟飞机制动刹车实验,重点研究了C/C-SiC复合材料在不同刹车速度下的摩擦磨损性能.研究表明:随着刹车速度的增加,C/C-SiC复合材料的摩擦系数先少许增加然后再减小,在10 m/s时达到最大值0.52.磨损率在低速时保持较低的数值,随着刹车速度的增加呈线性增加,但仍小于C/C复合材料的磨损率,表明C/C-SiC复合材料具有优良的耐磨损性能.当刹车速度超过20 m/s时,由于能载水平较高,摩擦表面出现犁沟现象并形成大量球状磨屑,摩擦系数急剧减小.     

“三明治”C/C复合材料及其摩擦磨损性能

通过化学气相渗透法(CVI)制备出一种新型的"三明治"结构的C/C复合材料。其两侧是纯网胎结构的功能层,主要承担摩擦功能;中间为承担结构作用的结构层,与传统针刺毡结构一致。系统研究了材料的微观组织结构特征及其摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:"三明治"C/C复合材料各个区域的热解炭都为粗糙层结构;刹车性能较传统三维针刺结构C/C复合材料的摩擦性能稳定;在摩擦试验过程中,摩擦面能够形成一层连续均匀的薄膜,使材料在刹车过程中具有较稳定的摩擦系数并能够有效降低材料的磨损率。     

C/C复合材料飞机刹车盘湿态刹车性能研究

通过对比分析英国Dunlop公司及采用不同工艺方法制备的C/C复合材料在微观结构、正常条件和湿态条件下摩擦磨损性能,得出如下结论:密度高、孔隙率小、微观结构合理的C/C复合材料飞机刹车盘在湿态条件下具有良好的刹车性能。     

连续浇水冷却刹车对C/SiC刹车材料性能的影响

采用化学气相渗透法(CVI)结合反应熔体浸渗法(RMI)制备了C/SiC飞机刹车材料,对材料的微观结构进行了分析,并重点研究了连续浇水冷却刹车对材料各项性能的影响。结果表明,在连续浇水冷却刹车条件下,C/SiC刹车材料摩擦磨损性能较为稳定,湿态衰减率仅为2.64%,磨损率为1.47μm·面~(-1)·次~(-1);C/SiC刹车材料表面及内部结构完整,力学强度没有明显降低;C/SiC刹车材料基体的抗氧化性能仍然较强且热学性能稳定。因此,C/SiC刹车材料能够满足飞机全天候及在各种着陆环境下安全服役的条件。     

三维针刺碳/碳化硅刹车材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用单向加压浸渍、加压固化和碳化制备了密度为1.20g/cm3的多孔碳纤维增强碳(carbon fiber reinforced carbon,C/C)复合材料,然后利用反应熔体浸渗法制备了密度为2.11g/cm3的低成本三维针刺碳纤维增强碳化硅(carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide,C/SiC)刹车材料,研究了材料的微结构和摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:随刹车速度升高,刹车盘的平均磨损率逐渐升高,而平均摩擦系数先升高后降低,刹车速度为15m/s时,摩擦系数达到最大值0.57.低速刹车时摩擦系数曲线光滑、平稳上升;高速时曲线出现波动,存在"翘尾".低速刹车时磨屑为大颗粒,摩擦面上犁沟明显;高速时宏观犁沟消失,微米级磨屑弥散分布于摩擦面.     

沥青炭基C/C复合材料的载流摩擦磨损性能

通过对纯沥青炭基C/C复合材料、含炭黑沥青炭基C/C复合材料和添加氯化铁的沥青炭基C/C复合材料的载流摩擦磨损实验,发现含炭黑沥青炭基C/C复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损量最大,纯沥青炭基C/C复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损量次之,添加氯化铁的沥青炭基C/C复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损量最小,并对3种沥青炭基C/C复合材料的摩擦磨损机理进行了讨论。     

致密工艺对C/C复合材料摩擦性能的影响

采用针刺全炭纤维网胎无纬布整体结构预制体为骨架，经化学气相沉积（CVD）、树脂浸溃（RD固化致密及炭化、石墨化制得C／C复合材料。研究了粗糙层（RL）和树脂炭（RC）对摩擦性能的影响。结果表明，RL结构的C／C复合材料的摩擦性能较好，稳定性较高，是用作飞机刹车材料的前提；采用CVD＋RI制备且石墨化后的C／C复合材料具有优良的摩擦磨损特性；CVD试样的密度较低时，摩擦系数较高，但磨损较大，较难形成完整的摩擦膜。     

热处理温度对C／C复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

利用销一盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究了不同热处理温度制备C／C复合材料与GCrl5钢配副在油润滑务件下的摩擦磨损行为。结果表明,在油润滑条件下,材料摩擦系数低,其值在0．06～0．17范围内,磨损率在（1．03～2．56）×10^4mg／N·m范围,其中2100℃热处理的材料具有最低的摩擦系数和磨损率。在摩擦试验过程中,2000℃以上热处理的材料可以形成完整致密的摩擦膜,能起到润滑作用。结果还表明,随热处理温度的提高,材料石墨化程度提高,硬度降低,其磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主转向以疲劳磨损和粘着磨损占据主导地位。     

Etherification of C5- and C8-Alkenes with C1- to C4-Alcohols

Etherification of two alkenes, 2-methyl-1-butene and 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene, was studied with seven different C₁- to C₄-alcohols. Although etherification was of primary interest, the isomerisation of the alkenes was the main reaction to occur. For the primary alcohols the etherification and isomerisation rates correlated well with the properties of the alcohols. Both rates increased with decreasing polarity and with increasing carbon number, acidity and Mulliken charge of the oxygen atom of the alcohol. It is difficult to distinguish the effect of each property separately, and probably the differences in the reactivities are not due to any one property alone but rather the synergy of the properties affects the reactivities. The secondary alcohols behaved in a different way than the primary ones: the etherification was almost negligible. The effect of alcohol on the isomerisation of alkenes was notable even though alcohol does not directly react in the reaction, which was concluded to be due to the stronger adsorption of the more polar alcohols which hinders the reactions of other components.     

Hydrogenation of C=C and C=O groups on ruthenium-tin catalysts

The effect of addition of tin on the catalytic activity of Ru/C catalysts has been investigated in the liquid phase hydrogenation of -methylstyrene and hydrocinnamaldehyde. On increasing the Sn content, the amount of CO chemisorbed decreases, indicating a decrease in the number of Ru surface atoms. In the hydrogenation of -methylstyrene the specific activity of Ru (calculated per Ru surface atom) remains constant regardless of the Sn/Ru ratio. An increase of specific activity is however observed in the hydrogenation of hydrocinnamaldehyde. It is suggested that tin, present mainly as Sn ions, enhances the reactivity of the C=O group.     

Phosphorus-Containing Surfactants - Sodium Alkylphosphinates with Alkyl Chain C10, C12, C14 and C16

A group of not well known anionic phosphorus-containing surfactants have been obtained. In these surfactants the hydrophobic chain is directly linked to the phosphorus atom through a P-C bond. These products are alkylphosphinates with C10, C12, C14 and C16 alkylic chains. The products have been prepared by direct reaction between sodium hydrophosphite and the corresponding α-olefin, using tert-butyl perbenzoate as reaction initiator. Surfactants properties such as surface tension, foaming power and wetting power of the sodium and ammonium salts of all these alkylphosphinates have been measured.     

XJF-200C/150C/120C三复合挤出生产线的调试

本文介绍了北京首创轮胎公司新建工厂三复合冷喂料挤出生产线的调试情况,对三复合冷喂料挤出机基本结构、工艺特点做了概述,并且通过生产线出型胎面调试过程中遇到的问题,采取相应措施进行解决做了详细说明,通过近两年来的运行情况,总结出本生产线的使用优势。     

Electrical properties of C/C and C/C-SiC ceramic fibre composites

The electrical properties of carbon/carbon (C/C) and carbon/carbon-silicon carbide (C/C-SiC) ceramic composites were measured. The results show that the capacitance decreases rapidly with an increase in frequency and it becomes constant above a frequency of 500 kHz, whereas the dissipation factor increases with increasing frequency. C/C-SiC composites give higher value than C/C composites due to the presence of microcracks.     

Pt/C,Pd/C,Pd-Bi/C催化剂的应用研究

采用浸渍法制备 Pt/C,Pd/C和 Pd- Bi/C催化剂。将三种催化剂对葡萄糖的脱氢和加氧氧化两种反应的催化效果作对比研究 ,发现三种催化剂对这两个反应有着完全相反的催化顺序 :催化脱氢时 Pt/C效率最高 ,而加氧反应中 Pd- Bi/C却具有绝对优势。为解释此结果 ,结合催化剂的表征 [2 ] ,尝试提出了催化加氧和脱氢的机理 ,并确定了 Pd- Bi/C催化剂中的最佳 Bi/Pd比和两种催化反应的最佳工艺条件。实验结论 :Pt/C用于葡萄糖催化脱氢为可行的工业化途径 ,而 Pd- Bi/C对葡萄糖的催化加氧则具有挑战酶催化过程的能力 ,有一定的市场应用前景     

炭/炭复合材料航空电刷的制备

分别用厚度为2cm的炭毡和1k炭布(2D)叠层加纵向穿刺作预制体,用软化点为140℃的中温沥青作浸渍剂,经过160℃、0.3MPa浸渍、900℃碳化、2100℃石墨化和460℃、20MPa超高压致密化等工艺的循环处理,制备了纤维体积分数为45%,体积密度为1.85～1.73g·cm-3的炭/炭复合材料航空电刷。其电学性能与优质石墨电刷相当;力学性能和摩擦性能远优于优质石墨电刷,且炭毡作预制体更优于炭布作预制体。     

Interfacial shear strength of C/C composites

Fiber-bundle push-out, single-fiber push-in, and single-fiber push-out tests were conducted in order to examine the applicability of these methods for determining the interfacial shear strength of carbon-carbon composites. The fiber-bundle push-out test resulted mostly in fractures along the fiber/matrix interface but created a small amount of fractures in the matrix. Hence, the evaluated strength was regarded as an approximate value. In order to precisely evaluate the interfacial strength, push-in and push-out tests for a single fiber were performed using a micro-Vickers indentation tester. In these tests, the load has to be placed within a target fiber, and the indentation should not extend to the matrix. This condition restricted the load that could be applied to a carbon fiber. Within this limit, a single carbon fiber could not be pushed-in. For the sake of load reduction, single-fiber push-out tests were conducted using thin specimens. The thickness appropriate for a single-fiber push-out specimen was estimated based on the interfacial shear strength obtained by the bundle push-out tests. Below this thickness, single-fiber push-out tests could be successfully performed.     

高性能C/C复合材料制备工艺研究

对制备C/C复合材料的化学气相渗透工艺进行了系统的实验研究,着重分析了热解碳的沉积过程。研究表明,在化学气相渗透的初始阶段,热解碳主要在碳纤维表面沉积,并与碳纤维之间形成了界面结合;随后,热解碳的沉积继续填充碳纤维预制体内部的气孔。这一过程有助于缓解纤维与陶瓷基体之间的界面应力。研究表明,通过调节热解碳的沉积时间可以得到具有一定密度梯度的C/C复合材料。     

C／C镜筒复合材料的性能研究

镜筒是高分辨率光学望远镜中的重要零件,其选材和加工质量的好坏及刚度直接决定着最终产品的性能。本试验研究了所研制C／C镜筒复合材料的力学、热学性能,分析了体积密度、炭纤维角度变化以及最终工艺状态对c／c复合材料热膨胀系数的影响。研制的C／C复合材料试验件环向拉伸强度≥160MPa,-40E～60℃线膨胀系数仅为-0．09×10^-6 ／K,在满足各项性能指标要求的基础上,成功通过正弦、脉冲振动、动力冲击、真空出气性、光反射等一系列试验考核。