秸秆成型燃料生产设备系统及经济性分析

文章对万吨级秸秆成型燃料生产技术进行了研究,开发出的秸秆成型燃料生产技术系统由两部分组成:秸秆预处理技术与成型燃料生产技术。该技术分别采用单独的PLC控制,再由工控机统一控制,实现了生产过程的优化,提高了产量,改善了生产条件,降低了生产成本,通过进一步经济性分析,发现产品价格下降10%,原料与工资成本上升20%,其项目具有较强的抗风险能力。     

生产矿井挖潜及其经济极限的研究

<正> 生产矿井挖潜就是以提高矿井产量为中心,以提高回采工作面单产、掘进工作面单进和资源回收率为主攻方向,充分利用现有设施和设备,针对矿井生产中的薄弱环节,进行技术革新和技术改造,提高和改善各生产环节的能力,改变矿井技术面貌,改善矿井各项技术经济指标的综合生产经营活动。     

自然能源在矿井通风节能中的应用

讨论了自然能源用于矿井通风的问题。在矿井通风中利用自然风压建立矿井通风与调整系统，既能改善生产条件，提高技术效果，还可减少通风能耗，提高经济效益；利用地温预热或预冷井下人风可有效地改善矿井作业环境，具有较好的经济效益和社会效益。文章介绍了几个应用实例。     

对煤炭工业加快技术改造推进技术进步的看法

<正> 过去十年,煤炭工业的技术改造、技术进步在挖掘企业内部增产潜力方面,取得了很好的效果,在改善安全条件,改变技术面貌,合理集中生产,提高经济效益方面也发挥了重要作用。结合新形势和新问题,今后十年,还必须坚定不移地沿着这条路子走下     

煤炭生产过程中的技术监察工作探讨

针对煤炭生产过程中技术监察工作存在的问题,首创提出编写技术监察内容和技术监察表的对策措施,并阐述编写的依据、要求以及做好编写工作的要领,推动技术监察工作程序化和规范化,提高企业的本质安全生产条件,实现安全生产。     

北方寒区农村能源致富模式的探索与研究

随着农村能源建波步伐的加快和社会主义新农村建设事业的推进,改善农村生产生活条件,提高农村能源综合利,Hj效率,从而实现"家居温暖清洁化、庭院经济高效化、农业生产无害化"的目标越来越受到人们的关注.     

LHF型回转反吹扁袋除尘器在煤炭生产中的应用

介绍了LHF型回转反吹扁袋除尘器在煤炭生产中的应用,指出,这是消除大气污染,改善劳动条件和有效回收产品的一项技术.     

活塞销稀土低温渗碳直接淬火工艺的研究和应用

采用稀土低温渗碳直接淬火新工艺生产活塞销，不仅提高了其产品质量，而且可节电５０％－７０％，提高劳动生产率，改善工人的劳动条件及延长设备的使用寿命。     

节能型分离式热管多用炉

上海金桥节能设备厂系专业研制、开发和生产热管应用技术的科技型企业，多年来业已取得多项中国专利和科技成果。应用热管技术进行节能技术改造和开发“两用热管灶”“热管常压炉”“热管换热器”以及’分离式热管多用炉”均取得良好效益。该厂和驻沪海军共建上海海虹节能设备有限公司热管技术研究和开发在原有基础上又跃一个新台阶，从常压炉已获准生产E2级锅炉，技术一流、产品至上、优良服务深受专家推崇和用户青睐。一、概况国民经济的发展，城乡人民生活水平的提高，居住卫生等条件的改善，房地产开发而引起的住宅小区和别墅数量增加…     

把农村能源建设纳入村镇建设统一管理

为确保农村能源建设改善农业生产条件、生态环境,促进生产发展提高农民生活水平,丹东市农牧局、土地局、林业局、城建局联合发文规定,农民建房时必须对推广省柴节煤炕灶、沼气综合利用和太阳能采暖房等项能源建设进行统筹安排,全面搞好村屯配套建设。如     

山水气林田湖草城系统治理工程技术研究

本文对“山水气林田湖草城”系统治理的理论与工程技术进行了全面深入地研究.提出了修复山形地貌、净化水体质量、调节大气成分、优化森林结构、改良农田土质、重建湖域生态、扩大种草面积、完善城市规划的方法.对“山水气林田湖草城”进行整体保护、系统恢复、综合治理;量化生态资源的隐性价值;发展新气候经济;实施碳热氧产品交易;设立碳热氧税制度;建立经济生产总值与生态生产总值平衡发展体系;创建零碳模式;使人与植物、动物、微生物和自然环境之间,生物各个种群之间,生态诸子系统之间,通过能量流动、物质循环和信息传递达到高度适应、协调和统一的平衡状态,减弱减少自然灾害,延长人类在地球上的生存时间.     

烘焙对生物质热化学转化特性影响的研究进展

生物质是可再生能源的重要组成部分,储量巨大,但其含水量高、能量密度和热值低等缺点致使其研磨难度大、存储运输不便,难以资源化利用。本文对烘焙预处理技术的过程及特点、能耗分析和较为理想的烘焙标准进行了简述;并重点阐述了烘焙对生物质燃烧、热解和气化特性影响的研究进展。经烘焙处理后的生物质在炉膛内可快速、稳定燃烧,炉内温度迅速升高,产生的烟气量减少;热解产生的生物质焦油中水和乙酸含量明显减少,苯酚含量增加,热值总体升高;气化合成气品质明显提升,能量密度增大,总气化效率显著提高。此外,对烘焙预处理技术在城市固体废弃物处理的应用进行了简要的概述,并对其在生物质和城市固体废弃物研究方向上进行了展望。     

A critical review of ash slagging mechanisms and viscosity measurement for low-rank coal and bio-slags

Gasification or combustion of coal and biomass is the most important form of power generation today. However, the use of coal/biomass at high temperatures has an inherent problem related to the ash generated. The formation of ash leads to a problematic phenomenon called slagging. Slagging is the accumulation of molten ash on the walls of the furnace, gasifier, or boiler and is detrimental as it reduces the heat transfer rate, and the combustion/gasification rate of unburnt carbon, causes mechanical failure, high-temperature corrosion and on occasions, superheater explosions. To improve the gasifier/combustor facility, it is very important to understand the key ash properties, slag characteristics, viscosity and critical viscosity temperature. This paper reviews the content, compositions, and melting characteristics of ashes in differently ranked coal and biomass, and discusses the formation mechanism, characteristics, and structure of slag. In particular, this paper focuses on low-rank coal and biomass that have been receiving increased attention recently. Besides, it reviews the available methodologies and formulae for slag viscosity measurement/prediction and summarizes the current limitations and potential applications. Moreover, it discusses the slagging behavior of different ranks of coal and biomass by examining the applicability of the current viscosity measurement methods to these fuels, and the viscosity prediction models and factors that affect the slag viscosity. This review shows that the existing viscosity models and slagging indices can only satisfactorily predict the viscosity and slagging propensity of high-rank coals but cannot predict the slagging propensity and slag viscosity of low-rank coal, and especially biomass ashes, even if they are limited to a particular composition only. Thus, there is a critical need for the development of an index, or a model or even a measurement method, which can predict/measure the slagging propensity and slag viscosity correctly for all low-rank coal and biomass ashes.     

Research progress on hydrate plugging in multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipelines

The plugging mechanism of multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation in submarine pipeline is a prerequisite for maintaining the fluid flow in the pipeline and ensuring safe fluid flow. This paper introduced the common experimental devices used to study multiphase flow, and summarized the plugging progress and mechanism in the liquid-rich system. Besides, it divided the rich-liquid phase system into an oil-based system, a partially dispersed system, and a water-based system according to the different water cuts, and discussed the mechanism of hydrate plugging. Moreover, it summarized the mechanism and the use of anti-agglomerates in different systems. Furthermore, it proposed some suggestions for future research on hydrate plugging. First, in the oil-based system, the effect factors of hydrates are combined with the mechanical properties of hydrate deposit layer, and the hydrate plugging mechanism models at inclined and elbow pipes should be established. Second, the mechanism of oil-water emulsion breaking in partially dispersed system and the reason for the migration of the oil-water interface should be analyzed, and the property of the free water layer on the hydrate plugging process should be quantified. Third, a complete model of the effect of the synergy of liquid bridge force and van der Waals force in the water-based system on the hydrate particle coalescence frequency model is needed, and the coalescence frequency model should be summarized. Next, the dynamic analysis of a multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipeline should be coupled with the process of hydrate coalescence, deposition, and blockage decomposition. Finally, the effects of anti-agglomerates on the morphological evolution of hydrate under different systems and pipeline plugging conditions in different media should be further explored.     

Combustion characteristics and flame stability of linear esters of palmitic acid based on OH-PLIF technology

Experimental study on combustion characteristics and method for evaluating flame stability was carried out. Methyl palmitate, ethyl palmitate, propyl palmitate, butyl palmitate, and amyl palmitate were prepared using pyridine n-butyl bisulfate ionic liquid as catalyst in a self-designed reactor to catalyze esterification reaction of palmitic acid with methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol, respectively. Combustion characteristics including the flame height, flame front area, and flame speed were analyzed; and OH-PLIF time-average total signal strength by the OH-PLIF technique and cold flow properties of linear-chain alkyl esters of palmitic acid were also studied. Image diagnosis was applied to the study of flame stability, and an image segmentation method using three color feature matrices of flame corresponding to the red, green, and blue components was proposed. A color was selected as the evaluation color and the iterative method was used to obtain the optimal threshold for the area where the flame was located. Each pixel in the matrix was compared with an optimal threshold, and the flame stability was evaluated by calculating the ratio variance under continuous conditions. The method is simple in operation, accurate in repeatability, less interfered, and provides some guidance for analysis and optimization of biodiesel combustion process.     

生物质燃烧过程中结焦、积灰及腐蚀形成机理及其制剂开发研究进展

大力发展生活垃圾及农林废弃物等生物质直接燃烧发电和煤炭掺烧生物质燃烧发电对缓解我国能源安全问题和实现“双碳”战略目标具有重要意义。然而生活垃圾和农林废弃物中较高含量的碱/碱土金属、硫、氯和硅等元素在高温燃烧过程中会发生复杂交互反应,导致锅炉结焦、积灰和腐蚀等一系列问题,严重影响锅炉的安全稳定运行。通过系统分析生活垃圾和农林废弃物等固体燃料燃烧过程中可能的结焦、积灰和腐蚀形成机理,探讨了原料灰分组成和结焦、积灰、腐蚀形成的关联关系和预测方法,在此基础上比较了不同类型结焦、积灰和腐蚀抑制剂的作用机制及其施加效果,并对未来高效抑制剂的开发进行了展望。     

Investigation of the gas injection rate shape on combustion,knock and emissions behavior of a rotary engine with hydrogen direct-injection enrichment

The application of hydrogen direct-injection enrichment improves the performance of gasoline Wankel rotary engine, and the hydrogen injection strategy has a significant impact on combustion, knock, and emissions. The Z160F Wankel rotary engine was used as the investigated compact engine, and the simulation model was developed using CONVERGE software. The combustion, knock and emissions characteristics of the engine were studied with the different mass flow of hydrogen injection, i.e., the trapezoid, wedge, slope, triangle and rectangle type of gas injection rate shape. In the numerical simulations, the in-cylinder pressure oscillations were monitored using monitoring points, and the knock index (KI) was used as an evaluation indicator. The study revealed that the gas injection rate shape significantly affected the mixture of hydrogen and air, thus impacting combustion, knock and emissions. When the injection rate shape was rectangle, the flame speed was faster, the peak pressure in the cylinder was higher, and the corresponding crank angle was earlier, which led to higher pressure oscillations in the cylinder and larger KI. Based on the rectangle injection rate shape, the KI decreased by 75.81%, 33.47%, 26.46% and 76.58% for trapezoid, wedge, slope, and triangle, respectively, and the indicated mean effective pressure increased by 15.68%, 5.07%, 0.56% and 14.98%, respectively. Due to the small difference in maximum temperature, which resulted in very little variation in nitrogen oxides for each injection rate shape, the total hydrocarbon emissions of the trapezoid and triangle injection rate shape was high due to the delayed combustion phase. This paper provides a solution for direct hydrogen injection to improve the combustion, knock and emissions behavior of the rotary engine.     

钻井液处理剂现状分析及合成设计探讨

近年来,国内钻井液处理剂新品种逐年上升,而投入生产及应用的产品却很少。对于聚合物处理剂,尽管从上世纪70年代到90年代相继研制应用了不少新产品,特别是AMPS聚合物的应用,使聚合物处理剂的水平上了一个新台阶,但处理剂主体结构与基团没有变,只是基团与相对分子质量的优化而已,产品性能没有取得突破性进展。对于沥青、褐煤、单宁等类产品,虽然名称没有变,而有效物减少,且大多数产品通过复配而得,产品质量大幅下滑。淀粉、纤维素、植物胶改性产品,由于改性难度大,研究多、应用少。阳离子黏土稳定剂,正电胶,乳化沥青/石蜡,聚合醇或多元醇,凝胶聚合物,"不渗透"产品和"聚胺"等产品得到了一定应用和发展。纵观上世纪70年代以来钻井液处理剂的发展,整体情况是从初期具有明确化学名称及成分的产品,逐步出现了产品成分模糊,以代号为主体的现象,特别是90年代以来,随意编代号的现象越发严重。由于存在较多制约因素,国内钻井液处理剂研制出现停滞不前的局面。应从研制专用原料、聚合物优化设计、SMP改性、天然高分子材料改性等方面出发,结合钻井液发展需要,研制新单体、适用于高钙环境下合成聚合物、传统产品的替代品、超支化聚合物、天然材料改性产品、固相控剂(清洁剂)、润滑剂、沥青类产品、高性能凝胶材料及油基泥浆处理剂,以及工业废料的利用等,推动钻井液技术进步。     

炼油化工节能技术新进展(二)

炼油、石化生产过程中大量存在的分离、换热和反应工序,节能潜力巨大。本文评述了炼油化工生产过程中可资采用的一系列节能新技术,主要有:微波分离、电磁分离、吸附分离、超声波分离、络合分离、膜法分离、分壁式塔器、抽提蒸馏等新的分离技术,以及反应蒸馏技术、超临界反应技术、膜法反应技术等新的反应技术和新型换热器及热能回收技术。