高速连铸结晶器内的保护渣膜

连铸结晶器中形成的保护渣膜在润滑与传热方面起重要作用,但渣膜的厚度和结构还没有完全被人们所了解。本次研究中,保护渣膜试样是取自浇铸结束后连铸结晶器内,保留浇铸期间所处位置的渣膜。通过此次试验,清楚了结晶器内弯月面处保护渣膜的厚度。根据显微镜下对渣膜截面的观察,研究了渣膜的结构,即渣膜的结晶情况。此外,基于上述观察结果,研究了结晶器内通过渣膜的传热现象,得出以下结论： （1）确认结晶器内保护渣膜的厚度约为1mm。玻璃层为连铸中钢水顶部的熔融保护渣,浇铸结束后成为薄膜,将其假定为浇铸期间的保护渣膜。 （2）按结晶器保护渣消耗量可估算出浇铸期间渣膜中的液渣层厚度。 （3）弯月面处渣膜约1mm厚时,辐射及传导的总热阻与渣膜和结晶器之间的界面热阻相等。 （4）文中提到的界面热阻可能大于实际浇铸中结晶器的热阻。原因可能是由于这些热阻是在无钢水压力情况下测得的,实际结晶器内的界面热阻似乎较小。     

连铸保护渣在结晶器和铸坯之间传热特性的基础性研究

为了弄清楚钢水在连铸结晶器中的热传导行为，进行了实验室试验，测定了平行侧板中结晶器保护渣的总热阻。对结晶器与保护渣膜层界面及保护渣热传导率的界面热阻关系进行了定量分析，就固体结晶器保护渣来说，观察到了两罪面间热阻相当于２０～５０μｍ的空气间隙。当结晶器表面温度大于保护渣凝固温度时，界面热阻和空隙同时消失。晶器保护渣的凝固防止了散热，相当于保护渣总热量的２０％。结晶器保护渣的导热系数取决于硅酸盐离子     

连续铸钢结晶器与保护渣渣膜间的界面热阻

结晶器弯月面附近凝固坯壳与结晶器间的传递在连铸产品表面裂纹的形成中起着重要作用,保护渣膜与铜结晶器壁间的界面热阻对热传递影响很大,因此,建立一个由坯壳、保护渣膜和铜壁组成的模型模拟连铸中结晶器弯月面附近的热传递。通过测量模拟器铜模内的梯度确定热阻,以前的研究认为,界面热阻与渣膜厚度无关,而经研究发现,界面热阻随潭膜厚度增加而增加,界面热阻点热传递总热阻的５０％,对于相同潭膜厚度的保护渣,当浇注结晶     

侧吹熔炼处置锌冶炼渣炉渣组成对导热性及析出物相的影响

侧吹熔炼炉采用水冷挂渣炉壁时,高导热系数炉渣可在炉衬表面形成稳定渣皮,保护并延长炉衬的使用寿命。针对铁矾渣和铅银渣处理用FeO-CaO-SiO₂-PbO-ZnO五元渣系,采用稳态平板法对炉渣渣皮的导热系数进行了测定,并通过扫描电镜对固态渣皮进行微观结构分析,以探究炉渣组分改变对渣皮导热系数及结晶矿相的影响。结果表明,增加CaO和SiO₂都会使渣皮导热系数增大,其中添加CaO对渣型影响最显著。优化渣型的导热系数从原渣的7.62 W/(m·K)增大到了17.94 W/(m·K),提高了135%。在冷凝过程中,高温析出的物相为黄长石,其熔点、黏度相较于原渣也有显著降低。调整后的渣型更容易形成稳定的渣皮,有利于水冷挂渣护炉。     

CSP结晶器保护渣固态渣膜结构和矿相的分析

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜及X射线衍射分析,研究了1537 mm×67 mm CSP连铸结晶器保护(%:34.6CaO,28.6SiO₂,8.8C,8.5F,8.6Na₂O)固态渣膜的结构、矿相组成和析晶率,分析结果表明,绝大多数固 态渣膜厚0.6~1.3mm, 呈三层结构：结晶层-玻璃层-结晶层,靠结晶器壁侧为0.10～0.14mm 厚的结晶层;CSP 固态渣膜的析晶率为40%～80%,结晶矿相主要为枪晶石(3CaO ·2SiO₂ ·CaF₂)和矿物Na₂O ·Al₂O₃ ·SiQ₂。通过 调整固态渣膜的厚度及枪晶石等矿物的析晶率,可达到控制渣膜传热,提高连铸坯表面质量的目的     

氟离子对保护渣传热和渣膜矿相结构的影响

连铸过程中保护渣的渣膜结构及结晶器传热情况对铸坯质量有重要影响,试验采用高温导热系数测定装置及结晶器渣膜黏度和热流模拟测试仪,研究不同F~-配加量渣膜的高温导热系数和矿相结构。结果表明:随F~-含量(4.22%~13.33%)的增加,渣膜的导热系数逐渐减小,对应的渣膜结晶率逐渐增大,且试验渣膜结晶率均较高,达75%以上。不同F~-含量的保护渣所对应渣膜的结晶矿物种类相同,主要为枪晶石和硅灰石。随F~-含量的增加,枪晶石析出量不断增多,晶形逐渐变大;硅灰石生成量不断减少,晶形逐渐变小。该研究成果对改善低氟保护渣浇铸的铸坯质量具有重要指导意义。     

唐钢中厚板厂连铸保护渣结晶器渣膜矿相分析

为改善唐钢中厚板厂船板钢的浇铸条件以及铸坯质量,将现场所用保护渣A进行调整形成保护渣B。基于相图平衡计算,采用光学显微镜对保护渣A和B在结晶器内的渣膜进行观察,研究渣膜结构对保护渣润滑和传热的影响机制。结果表明,保护渣A析晶温度和析晶率较高,析晶矿相主要为导热系数大的黄长石,渣膜中存在不均匀分布的气孔,使得铸坯向结晶器传热较快且不均匀,并恶化铸坯润滑,导致发生黏结漏钢,且铸坯出现裂纹,轧材合格率为98.73%。而保护渣B析晶温度和析晶率相应有所降低,渣膜结构分层明显,存在玻璃层,析晶矿相有适量导热系数小的枪晶石,有少量气孔,能有效控制铸坯向结晶器壁的均匀传热,并保证润滑铸坯,避免了黏结漏钢,且显著减少了铸坯裂纹率,轧材合格率为99.65%。     

含铌中碳钢异型坯保护渣固态渣膜的研究

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）,对用于浇铸含Nb中碳钢异型坯的试验保护渣固态渣膜进行了分析。结果表明,固态渣膜的析晶率较低,只有约5%;结晶析出物的矿物组成主要为硅灰石,伴有少量的霞石。试验保护渣的固态渣膜在连铸过程中不能很好地控制传热,对减少腹板裂纹的产生不利。     

低碳钢薄板坯高速连铸保护渣研究与优化

 针对低碳钢薄板坯高速连铸过程中保护渣液渣层过薄、黏结报警频发、铸坯表面纵裂纹过多等问题,在充分考虑高拉速下低碳钢凝固收缩特性的基础上,确定了保护渣润滑与传热性能的优化方向并开展了工业试验。将保护渣碱度从1.10提高到1.30,Li₂O质量分数从0.57%提高到1.06%,Na₂O质量分数从5.48%提高到8.16%,碳质量分数由7.71%降低到6.72%。对2种保护渣的流变性能和渣膜3层结构进行了深入研究,发现优化后保护渣渣膜中的液渣层比例增加,渣膜润滑系数α增大;同时,渣膜中的结晶层比例也有一定程度的提高,渣膜热阻系数β增大,从而使保护渣的润滑性能和控制传热能力均得到改善。从矿相分析结果看出,保护渣碱度的提高在一定程度上会促进硅灰石的析出,导致渣膜结晶率提高、热阻增大,进而起到控制传热的目的。生产实践表明,在拉速提高后,使用新型保护渣基本避免了黏结和裂纹的产生,生产效率和铸坯质量均得到显著提高。     

结晶器保护渣在辐射传热下的析晶行为

在连铸生产中,结晶器保护渣作为稳定传热的一个重要因素,被广大冶金工作者广泛研究。然而,固态结晶器保护渣对辐射传热的影响还没有引起广泛关注。为了模拟连铸中的传热现象,本文采用由卡耐基梅隆大学研制的红外线辐射发射器,研究结晶器铜板上方的辐射热流,同时分析了在结晶器上方保护渣对辐射传热的影响。结果发现：结晶器保护渣的存在增强了辐射传热比率,与保护渣为完全玻璃态的情况相比,当保护渣形态全部为结晶态时,可以减少20％的传热速率。本文讨论了结晶器保护渣完全为结晶态和部分为玻璃态时．对辐射传热的影响,此外也讨论了它们的性能对传热速率的影响。     

The Effect of Basicity on the Radiative Heat Transfer and Interfacial Thermal Resistance in Continuous Casting

The basicity of mold flux has been recognized to have a significant influence on the mold flux crystallization in continuous casting, which would in turn affect the heat-transfer rate between the solidified shell and mold. The research regarding the mold flux crystallization as well as its effect on the heat transfer has been conducted intensively. However, few studies have been developed to specify the effect of basicity introduced mold flux crystallization on the radiative heat transfer and interfacial thermal resistance in continuous casting. By using an infrared radiation emitter, a radiative heat flux was applied to a copper mold covered with a solid mold flux disk to simulate the heat-transfer phenomena in continuous casting. The crystallization behaviors of mold fluxes with different basicities and their impact on the radiative heat transfer were investigated dynamically. The interfacial thermal resistance between the solid mold flux and copper mold was also studied in this article. The results suggested that the basicity tends to enhance the mold flux crystallization, leading to the reduction of radiative heat-transfer rate and enlargement of interfacial thermal resistance.     

Mold Simulator Study of Heat Transfer Phenomenon During the Initial Solidification in Continuous Casting Mold

In this paper, mold simulator trials were firstly carried out to study the phenomena of the initial shell solidification of molten steel and the heat transfer across the initial shell to the infiltrated mold/shell slag film and mold. Second, a one-dimensional inverse heat transfer problem for solidification (1DITPS) was built to determine the temperature distribution and the heat transfer behavior through the solidifying shell from the measured shell thickness. Third, the mold wall temperature field was recovered by a 2DIHCP mathematical model from the measured in-mold wall temperatures. Finally, coupled with the measured slag film thickness and the calculations of 1DITPS and 2DIHCP, the thermal resistance and the thickness of liquid slag film in the vicinity of the meniscus were evaluated. The experiment results show that: the total mold/shell thermal resistance, the mold/slag interfacial thermal resistance, the liquid film thermal resistance, and the solid film thermal resistance is 8.0 to 14.9 × 10^?4, 2.7 to 4.8 × 10^?4, 1.5 to 4.6 × 10^?4, and 3.9 to 6.8 × 10^?4 m² K/W, respectively. The percentage of mold/slag interfacial thermal resistance, liquid film thermal resistance, and solid film thermal resistance over the total mold/shell thermal resistance is 27.5 to 34.4, 17.2 to 34.0, and 38.5 to 48.8 pct, respectively. The ratio of radiation heat flux is around 14.1 to 51.9 pct in the liquid slag film.     

Study of the Effects of the Mold Surface and Solid Mold Flux Crystallization on Radiative Heat Transfer Rates in Continuous Casting

Radiative heat transfer plays a crucial role in the meniscus area of a steel continuous casting machine. However, the study of radiation across the mold flux and copper molds is very difficult due to the harsh environment and highly transient nature of the phenomena in continuous casting molds. By using an infrared radiation emitter, a radiative heat flux was able to be applied to a copper mold with different top surfaces to observe their effects on the radiative heat transfer. The mold surface was covered with solid slag disk subjected to the radiative heat flux to simulate the radiative heat transfer phenomena in continuous casting. The solid slag disk could either be glass or a mixture of glass and precipitated crystals. The effect of full crystallization of a slag disk was to reduce the heat transfer rate by 20.5%, as compared with a completely glassy sample.     

高速连铸结晶器内凝固传热行为及其均匀性控制

从分析高拉速包晶钢板坯连铸结晶器内凝固传热行为特征入手,首先阐明拉速对结晶器内的界面热阻、凝固坯壳的温度与应力分布的影响规律,研究发现拉速超过1.6 m·min?1时,界面热阻明显增加,拉速由1.4 m·min?1提升至1.6 m·min?1和1.8m·min?1时,出结晶器坯壳厚度相应减少约10%,其发生漏钢的危险不断增加;在此基础上,阐述了结晶器的内腔结构、保护渣、振动与液面控制等控制结晶器内坯壳凝固均匀性的相关技术。要实现高速连铸,首要应考虑结晶器内腔结构的优化设计,使其能更好地迎合凝固坯壳的生长,研制适合包晶钢等凝固特点的专用连铸保护渣至关重要,铸坯鼓肚控制也是保障高拉速液面稳定的关键。      

连铸坯凝固过程热力耦合有限元模拟

 以铸坯和结晶器之间的间隙热阻为纽带,考虑保护渣凝固对接触热阻和渣膜热阻的影响,建立了连铸结晶器与铸坯热力耦合模型并编写了相应的有限元仿真程序。模型预测的坯壳厚度和实验结果吻合良好,两者差值≤2 mm。应用模型分析了大方坯连铸结晶器内的传热过程和坯壳的应力分布。结果表明,随着拉速提高,凝固坯壳厚度减薄,铸坯产生角部裂纹的趋势增加。     

Analysis of the nonuniform slag film,mold friction,and the new cracking criterion for round billet continuous casting

A method predicting the thickness of solid and liquid slag films is presented to understand the complicated heat transfer from the strand to mold for round billet continuous casting. A mathematical model is also developed to calculate the liquid slag lubrication and solid slag friction on the basis of mechanics of viscous fluids and the contact state between the solidifying shell and mold. And a new criterion, based on the nonuniformity of mold heat transfer around the perimeter is proposed to predict the longitudinal crack. The results show that in the upper mold the distribution of the thickness of liquid slag film is similar with that of the solid one, and both of them are nonuniform around the mold perimeter, so does the mold friction. Increasing the casting speed could advance the time of crack formation for one casting process. By comparison, the sensitive area of the longitudinal crack predicted by the new criterion corresponds to that by a stress-based crack criterion. It may lay the theoretical foundation for the on-line detection of billet quality and the visualization of the continuous casting mold process.     

Heat-transfer and solidification model of continuous slab casting: CON1D

A simple, but comprehensive model of heat transfer and solidification of the continuous casting of steel slabs is described, including phenomena in the mold and spray regions. The model includes a one-dimensional (1-D) transient finite-difference calculation of heat conduction within the solidifying steel shell coupled with two-dimensional (2-D) steady-state heat conduction within the mold wall. The model features a detailed treatment of the interfacial gap between the shell and mold, including mass and momentum balances on the solid and liquid interfacial slag layers, and the effect of oscillation marks. The model predicts the shell thickness, temperature distributions in the mold and shell, thickness of the resolidified and liquid powder layers, heat-flux profiles down the wide and narrow faces, mold water temperature rise, ideal taper of the mold walls, and other related phenomena. The important effect of the nonuniform distribution of superheat is incorporated using the results from previous three-dimensional (3-D) turbulent fluid-flow calculations within the liquid pool. The FORTRAN program CONID has a user-friendly interface and executes in less than 1 minute on a personal computer. Calibration of the model with several different experimental measurements on operating slab casters is presented along with several example applications. In particular, the model demonstrates that the increase in heat flux throughout the mold at higher casting speeds is caused by two combined effects: a thinner interfacial gap near the top of the mold and a thinner shell toward the bottom. This modeling tool can be applied to a wide range of practical problems in continuous casters.     

Effect of Titania Absorption into a Mold Flux on the Heat Transfer Between the Mold and the Slab in the Continuous Casting of Titanium-Stabilized Stainless Steel

The heat transfer behavior between mold and slab changes when titania is absorbed into the mold flux during the continuous casting of titanium-stabilized stainless steel. The trend and the extent of this effect were investigated in the laboratory. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of titania on heat transfer, the effect of titania on the crystallization properties of the mold flux was studied. The results showed that with an increasing titania content of mold fluxes, the heat transfer coefficient and the heat flux of the slag film increases, whereas the heat transfer resistance decreases; the effect is that the growth and crystallization temperature of the cuspidine crystallites in the slag are suppressed by the absorption of titania.