油罐爆炸作用下隧道衬砌动力响应数值模拟研究

为准确分析油气爆炸下隧道及采矿巷道等地下工程的结构稳定性,采用FLACS软件计算LPG爆炸荷载,基于LS-DYNA软件将爆炸冲击荷载施加于结构表面,进而计算爆炸荷载作用下衬砌结构动力响应。研究结果表明：隧道的“角状结构”对冲击波反射具有强化作用,致使相应位置形成应力集中,应力波强度衰减缓慢,随着传播距离的增加,衬砌所受应力逐渐减小且同一截面应力值趋于一致;同一截面不同测点处的速度、位移值受爆心距和隧道几何结构的共同影响,当爆心距大于12 m时,速度和位移值变化趋于稳定;顶部衬砌和底部结构更易发生破坏,边墙位置损伤程度较小。该研究成果为地下工程安全稳定性分析提供了方法依据,也为巷道抗爆设计及支护优化提供了理论参考。     

围压下混凝土动态损伤与能量耗散特征数值分析

为了研究围压对混凝土材料冲击破坏过程中损伤演化和能量耗散的影响,基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件,模拟了不同冲击速度和围压级别下的混凝土SHPB实验. 结果表明:在不同的冲击速度下,峰值应力均随着围压的提高线性增大,最大可以达到混凝土静态抗压强度的3~4倍. 围压条件下混凝土的破坏形式为压剪破坏,试件的平均损伤度随围压的增大而非线性降低,相较于冲击速度,围压对损伤度的影响更弱. 随着围压的提高,混凝土对应力波的透射能力增强,反射波的能量非线性降低,而透射能随着围压的增大近似线性增加,混凝土的耗能随着围压的增大而近似线性降低;在不同的入射能下,反射系数、透射系数和试件耗能的变化趋势是一致的. 围压一定时,混凝土的损伤程度随入射能的增加线性增长;入射能一定时,试件损伤度随围压的增加而降低,变化幅度也降低.      

基于瞬态动力分析的装配式板桥铰缝损伤识别

根据铰缝在装配式板桥传递荷载的作用,通过数值计算方法模拟了装配式板桥在铰缝损伤后的瞬态动力学响应,比较分析了不同损伤程度、不同动荷载加载位置下各板跨中加速度幅值,提出利用多次冲击实验下各板加速度幅值比之差值作为铰缝损伤的评定依据的识别方法,并分析了这种方法的可行性.     

SHPB压缩试验中红砂岩的力学与能量耗散特性研究

为了定量描述岩石在动态压缩过程中的耗能能力,采用SHPB装置对圆柱形红砂岩试样进行了单轴动态压缩试验,并采用高速摄像仪记录了试样的破坏过程。试验结果表明:随着入射能的增加,承受冲击加载后的试样呈现出完整、破裂和破碎3种不同状态,试样峰值应力呈现明显的应变率效应。在能耗特性方面,以临界入射能为间隔点,试样耗散能呈现出2个阶段的线性增长规律。当施加的入射能小于临界入射能时,试样在冲击后保持完整状态;当施加的入射能大于临界入射能时,试样在冲击后发生破碎,试样碎片飞出。基于线性耗能规律,分别定义了2个阶段的动态压缩耗能系数。当试样呈现完整阶段时,理想的动态压缩耗能系数为定值。在试样承受冲击后发生破碎阶段,动态压缩耗能系数随着入射能的增加而增加。     

一种新型装配式钢骨混凝土节点的抗震性能研究

为了避免装配式钢骨混凝土节点核心区的破坏,提出一种可实现损伤部位转移的新型节点形式.以框架边节点为研究对象,建立7组节点数值模型,开展低周反复荷载试验.从混凝土等效塑性应变、钢筋骨架Mises应力、节点滞回曲线和骨架曲线等方面计算分析,探究混凝土强度等级、柱轴压比、焊接位置、梁柱强度比等参数的影响.结果表明:装配式节点可将损伤位置从核心区转移到梁端;增加混凝土强度等级,可提高节点承载能力,但节点耗能能力和延性会下降;调整柱轴压比,可减小等效塑性应变,但对钢筋骨架应力、耗能能力、承载能力等影响极小;增加焊接位置至柱边距离,可使节点损伤部位外移,屈服后刚度和承载力有所提高,但耗能能力有所下降;增加梁柱强度比能够改善节点的耗能能力和承载力,但当强度比超过0.6时,梁端与节点核心区应力差变小.     

一种新型装配式钢骨混凝土节点的抗震性能研究

为了避免装配式钢骨混凝土节点核心区的破坏,提出一种可实现损伤部位转移的新型节点形式.以框架边节点为研究对象,建立7组节点数值模型,开展低周反复荷载试验.从混凝土等效塑性应变、钢筋骨架Mises应力、节点滞回曲线和骨架曲线等方面计算分析,探究混凝土强度等级、柱轴压比、焊接位置、梁柱强度比等参数的影响.结果表明:装配式节点可将损伤位置从核心区转移到梁端;增加混凝土强度等级,可提高节点承载能力,但节点耗能能力和延性会下降;调整柱轴压比,可减小等效塑性应变,但对钢筋骨架应力、耗能能力、承载能力等影响极小;增加焊接位置至柱边距离,可使节点损伤部位外移,屈服后刚度和承载力有所提高,但耗能能力有所下降;增加梁柱强度比能够改善节点的耗能能力和承载力,但当强度比超过0.6时,梁端与节点核心区应力差变小.     

含孔洞岩石在静应力下的循环冲击试验研究

为探究地下工程开挖过程中外部荷载对周边围岩多重扰动作用的影响,进一步开展岩石在动静组合作用下的循环冲击试验研究,通过改进式SHPB试验装置研究含横向贯通孔洞花岗岩(φ50 mm×50 mm)在循环冲击荷载下的动态力学特性,采用轴压水平分别为0MPa,0.3σ_f,0.4σ_f,0.5σ_f,0.6σ_f,0.7σ_f进行循环冲击试验(σ_f为单轴平均抗压强度,单位为MPa)。结果表明:在冲击荷载作用下,峰值应力随着冲击荷载作用次数的增加先增大后减小,并随着平均应变率的增大而增大;弹性模量随着冲击次数的增加先增大后降低,在不同轴压水平作用下试件冲击破坏形态均为轴向劈裂破坏模式;随着应变速率增大,破裂面逐渐增多,破碎程度加剧,碎块尺寸减小;应变率较小时,破碎效果不明显,应变率较大时,破碎效果显著。     

新型三重钢管防屈曲耗能支撑的力学性能

基于在大跨网架结构中的应用,对目前的三重钢管防屈曲耗能支撑进行改进,设计了一种新型支撑,并对该支撑考虑初始缺陷下的力学性能进行了理论分析.根据理论分析,设计了四组不同的支撑,利用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟分析了在拉压循环荷载作用下支撑强度比对其力学性能的影响,包括连接段应力状态、滞回耗能能力和核心管屈曲破坏模式.研究结果表明:该新型耗能支撑结构布置可行,设计方法合理,强度比是影响支撑力学性能的重要参数,在强度比合理范围内,支撑具有良好的滞回耗能性能;在轴向循环荷载作用下,内外套管约束作用明显,核心管破坏模式为多波小幅屈曲破坏,变形稳定,满足防屈曲支撑设计要求.      

静载荷与循环冲击组合作用下岩石损伤本构模型研究

建立合理的损伤本构模型,对研究岩石在静载荷与循环冲击组合作用下的动态力学性能具有重要的意义. 首先,基于静载荷与循环冲击组合作用下岩石的损伤累积演化模型,结合岩石弹性模量与累积损伤变量的关系,将循环冲击次数引入岩石损伤本构关系中. 接着,假设岩石微元体强度服从Weibull分布,将统计损伤模型和黏弹性模型相结合,并根据Drucker-Prager破坏准则,建立有轴压有围压时循环冲击作用下岩石的动态损伤本构模型.进而,利用岩石动静组合加载试验数据验证损伤本构模型的正确性和可行性. 最后,研究模型中参数对循环冲击过程中应力-应变曲线的影响规律.结果表明,建立的岩石损伤本构模型较好地与试验数据吻合,能较好地反映具有静载荷的岩石在循环冲击过程中的本构关系.岩石的弹性模量、黏性系数等参数对循环冲击时岩石的应力-应变曲线影响较大;而岩石的摩擦角和泊松比等对具有三维静载岩石的冲击疲劳应力-应变曲线影响较小. 循环冲击过程中,岩石的非均匀度逐渐增加. 研究结果有益于完善静载荷与循环冲击组合作用下岩石动态疲劳力学理论体系.      

节理粗糙度对应力波传播及试样破坏影响的颗粒流模拟

为了研究节理粗糙度对应力波传播规律的影响以及粗糙节理试样受应力波作用发生破坏的微观机理,利用基于离散元方法的数值分析软件PFC2D构建了SHPB系统的颗粒流数值模型.在已有SHPB物理试验的基础上对试验中采用的节理试样进行微观参数标定,研究了较低冲击荷载下节理粗糙度对应力波传播的影响规律以及较高冲击荷载下不同形貌节理试...     

Cyclic Response of Unbonded Posttensioned Precast Columns with Ductile Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

A precast segmental concrete bridge pier system is being investigated for use in seismic regions. The proposed system uses unbonded posttensioning (UBPT) to join the precast segments and has the option of using a ductile fiber-reinforced cement-based composite (DRFCC) in the precast segments at potential plastic hinging regions. The UBPT is expected to cause minimal residual displacements and a low amount of hysteretic energy dissipation. The DFRCC material is expected to add hysteretic energy dissipation and damage tolerance to the system. Small-scale experiments on cantilever columns using the proposed system were conducted. The two main variables were the material used in the plastic hinging region segment and the depth at which that segment was embedded in the column foundation. It was found that using DFRCC allowed the system to dissipate more hysteretic energy than traditional concrete up to drift levels of 3–6%. Furthermore, DFRCC maintained its integrity better than reinforced concrete under high cyclic tensile-compressive loads. The embedment depth of the bottom segment affected the extent of microcracking and hysteretic energy dissipation in the DFRCC. This research suggests that the proposed system may be promising for damage-tolerant structures in seismic regions.     

Confinement Effectiveness of FRP in Retrofitting Circular Concrete Columns under Simulated Seismic Load

The results of a research program that evaluated the confinement effectiveness of the type and the amount of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) used to retrofit circular concrete columns are presented. A total of 17 circular concrete columns were tested under combined lateral cyclic displacement excursions and constant axial load. It is demonstrated that a high axial load level has a detrimental effect and that a large aspect ratio has a positive effect on drift capacity. Compared with the performance of columns that are monotonically loaded until failure, three cycles of every displacement excursion significantly affect drift capacity. The energy dissipation capacity is controlled by FRP jacket confinement stiffness, especially under a high axial load level. The fracture strain of FRP material has no significant impact on the drift capacity of retrofitted circular concrete columns as long as the same confining pressure is provided, which differs from the common opinion that a larger FRP fracture strain is advantageous in seismic retrofitting. The amount of confining FRP greatly affects the length of the plastic hinge region and the drift capacity of FRP-retrofitted columns. A further increase in confinement after a critical value causes a reduction in the deformation capacity of the columns.     

Unbonded Posttensioned Concrete Bridge Piers. I: Monotonic and Cyclic Analyses

The monotonic and cyclic behavior of a proposed unbonded, posttensioned concrete bridge pier system is studied using finite-element analyses. A procedure to evaluate seismic capacities based on results from the monotonic and cyclic analyses is described in the framework of a two-level approach considering functional- and survival-performance limits. A set of criteria to define functional-and survival-level displacement capacities for the system is developed. The proposed criteria represent improvements over existing criteria in that they are applicable to both conventional reinforced concrete structures and unbonded posttensioned structures. The monotonic and cyclic behavior of prototype single-column pier and two-column bent designs is presented. Monotonic analyses are performed to characterize the stiffness, strength, ductility, and limit-state behavior of these systems. Cyclic analyses are carried out to estimate energy dissipation capacity, residual displacements, and general hysteretic behavior. The influence of the degree of unbonded posttensioning on bridge pier behavior is examined. Using the finite-element results and the proposed criteria, seismic capacities of the prototype bridge pier systems are established.     

Evaluation of Seismic Performance of Gravity Load Designed Reinforced Concrete Frames

The seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames designed for gravity loads is evaluated experimentally using a shake table. Two 1:3 scale models of one-bay, three-storied space frames, one without infill and the other with a brick masonry infill in the first and second floors, are tested under excitation equivalent to the spectrum given in IS 1893-2002. From the measured response of the models during excitation, the shear force, interstory drift, and stiffness are evaluated. The effect of masonry infill on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames is also investigated. Then, the frames are tested to failure. Severe damage is observed in the columns in the ground floor. The damaged columns are strengthened by a reinforced concrete jacket. The frames are again tested under the same earthquake excitations. The test results showed that the retrofitted frames could sustain low to medium seismic forces due to a significant increase in strength and stiffness.     

CFRP-Based Strengthening Technique to Increase the Flexural and Energy Dissipation Capacities of RC Columns

A strengthening technique, combining carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates and strips of wet layup CFRP sheet, is used to increase both the flexural and the energy dissipation capacities of reinforced concrete (RC) columns of square cross section of low to moderate concrete strength class, subjected to constant axial compressive load and increasing lateral cyclic loading. The laminates were applied according to the near surface mounted technique to increase the flexural resistance of the columns, while the strips of CFRP sheet were installed according to the externally bonded reinforcement technique to enhance the concrete confinement, particularly in the plastic hinge zone where they also offer resistance to the buckling and debonding of the laminates and longitudinal steel bars. The performance of this strengthening technique is assessed in undamaged RC columns and in columns that were subjected to intense damage. The influence of the concrete strength and percentage of longitudinal steel bars on the strengthening effectiveness is assessed. In the groups of RC columns of 8 MPa concrete compressive strength, this technique provided an increase of about 67% and 46% in terms of column’s load carrying capacity, when applied to undamaged and damaged columns, respectively. In terms of energy dissipation capacity, the increase ranged from 40%–87% in the undamaged columns, while a significant increase of about 39% was only observed in one of the damaged columns. In the column of moderate concrete compressive strength (29 MPa), the technique was even much more effective, since, when compared to the maximum load and energy dissipation capacity of the corresponding strengthened column of 8 MPa of average compressive strength, it provided an increase of 39% and 109%, respectively, showing its appropriateness for RC columns of buildings requiring upgrading against seismic events.     

Stay-in-Place Fiber Reinforced Polymer Forms for Precast Modular Bridge Pier System

This paper presents an innovative modular construction of bridge pier system with stay-in-place fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) forms filled with concrete. Two 1/6 scale precast modular frames were prepared of a prototype bridge pier system. Three different types of connections were considered: male-female, dowel reinforced with or without tube embedment, and posttensioned. The frames were load tested in negative and positive bending. Subsequently, the cap beams were cut from the frames and tested to failure in four-point bending. Posttensioned joints exhibited the most robust and ductile behavior and proved to be the preferred method of joining stay-in-place forms. Even with dowel bars, the male-female joints lacked the necessary structural integrity in the pier frames. Better surface preparation for FRP units and higher quality grouting may improve the response. Embedment of the columns into the footing provided additional stiffness for the connection. The study indicated that internal reinforcement is not necessary for the stay-in-place forms outside the connection zone. The experiments also showed the importance of maintaining appropriate tolerances and match casting for male-female and embedment connections. Overall, however, feasibility of the precast modular FRP system was demonstrated in this study.     

Creep Analysis of Axially Loaded Fiber Reinforced Polymer-Confined Concrete Columns

An analytical model is developed to study the time-dependent behavior of concrete-filled fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes (CFFT) and fiber-wrapped concrete columns (FWCC) under sustained axial loads. The model utilizes the double power law creep function for concrete in the framework of rate of flow method, and the linear viscoelastic creep model for FRP. It follows geometric compatibility and static equilibrium, and considers the effects of sealed concrete, multiaxial state of stresses, creep Poisson’s ratio, stress redistribution, variable creep stress history, and creep rupture. The model is verified against previous creep tests by the writers on FWCC and CFFT columns. It is then used to study the practical design parameters that may affect creep of FRP-confined concrete under service loads, or lead to creep rupture at high levels of sustained load. Creep of FWCC is shown to be close to that of sealed concrete of the same mix, as the effect of confinement on creep of concrete is not very significant. CFFT columns, on the other hand, creep much less than FWCC, mainly due to axial stress redistribution. As the stiffness of the tube increases relative to the concrete core, larger stress redistributions take place further reducing the creep. However, there is a threshold, beyond which, stiffer tubes would not significantly lower the creep of concrete. Creep rupture life expectancy of CFFT columns is shown to be quite acceptable.     

Seismic Behavior of Concrete Columns Reinforced by Steel-FRP Composite Bars

Steel-fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bars (SFCBs) are a novel reinforcement for concrete structures. Because of the FRP’s linear elastic characteristic and high ultimate strength, they can achieve a stable postyield stiffness even after the inner steel bar has yielded, which subsequently enables a performance-based seismic design to easily be implemented. In this study, lateral cyclic loading tests of concrete columns reinforced either by SFCBs or by ordinary steel bars were conducted with axial compression ratios of 0.12. The main variable parameters were the FRP type (basalt or carbon FRP) and the steel/FRP ratio of the SFCBs. The test results showed the following: (1)?compared with ordinary RC columns, SFCB-reinforced concrete columns had a stable postyield stiffness after the SFCB’s inner steel bar yielded; (2)?because of the postyield stiffness of the SFCB, the SFCB-reinforced concrete columns exhibited less column-base curvature demand than ordinary RC columns for a given column cap lateral deformation. Thus, reduced unloading residual deformation (i.e., higher postearthquake reparability) of SFCB columns could be achieved; (3)?the outer FRP type of SFCB had a direct influence on the performance of SFCB-reinforced concrete columns, and concrete columns reinforced with steel-basalt FRP (BFRP) composite bars exhibited better ductility (i.e., a longer effective length of postyield stiffness) and a smaller unloading residual deformation under the same unloading displacement when compared with steel-carbon FRP (CFRP) composite bar columns; (4)?the degradation of the unloading stiffness by an ordinary RC column based on the Takeda (TK) model was only suitable at a certain lateral displacement. In evaluating the reparability of important structures at the small plastic deformation stage, the TK model estimated a much smaller residual displacement, which is unsafe for important structures.     

Shake Table Studies of a Concrete Bridge Pier Utilizing Pipe-Pin Two-Way Hinges

Pipe-pin two-way hinge details were recently developed by California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) to eliminate moments while transferring shear and axial loads from integral bridge bent caps to reinforced concrete bridge columns. The hinges consist of a steel pipe that is anchored in the column with an extended segment into the cap beam. There is no specific design guideline for these hinges, and the current design method is primeval and only controls shear failure of the steel pipe. In this study, a rational method is proposed on the basis of the possible limit states to obtain the lateral capacity of these hinges. To validate the proposed method, a large-scale two-column bridge pier model utilizing pipe-pin hinges was tested on a shake table. The model was subjected to increasing levels of one of the Sylmar-Northridge 1994 earthquake records. A comprehensive analytical modeling of the pier was also performed using OpenSees; for this purpose, a macro model was developed for pipe-pin hinges in this study. The experimental results confirmed that the hinges designed on the basis of the proposed guideline remain elastic with no damage. The good correlation between the analytical and experimental data indicated that the macro model and other modeling assumptions were appropriate.     

Slenderness Effects on Circular CFRP Confined Reinforced Concrete Columns

External bonding of circumferential fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wraps is a widely accepted technique to strengthen circular RC columns. To date, most of the tests performed on FRP strengthened columns have considered short, unreinforced, small-scale concrete cylinders, with height-to-diameter ratios of less than three, tested under concentric, monotonic, and axial load. In practice, most RC columns have height-to-diameter ratios considerably larger than three and are subjected to loads with at least minimal eccentricity. Results of an experimental program performed to study the effects of slenderness on carbon FRP (CFRP) wrapped circular RC columns under eccentric axial loads are presented. It is shown that CFRP wraps increase the strength and deformation capacity of slender columns, although the beneficial confining effects are proportionally greater for short columns, and that theoretical axial-flexural interaction diagrams developed using conventional sectional analysis (but incorporating a simple FRP confined concrete stress-strain model) provide conservative predictions for nonslender CFRP wrapped columns under eccentric loads. The use of longitudinal CFRP wraps to reduce lateral deflections and allow slender columns to achieve higher strengths, similar to otherwise identical nonslender columns, is also demonstrated.