基于精益价值链理论的建筑业企业精益建造能力评价研究

精益建造是一种先进的生产管理模式,对新时期建筑业企业精益建造能力的评价研究有助于建筑业企业改进施工生产模式,真正做到精益采购、精益施工以及精益交付。根据精益价值链的特点和要求建立了一套建筑业企业精益建造能力评价指标体系,其中重点对采购流程中的准时采购、按需采购和施工流程中的质量管理以及消除浪费等指标进行了分析,利用模糊层次分析法对建筑业企业的精益建造能力进行综合评价,并进行实证分析,以期为建筑业企业精益建造能力的评价与提升提供一种借鉴方法。     

A theory of waste behaviour in the construction industry

Levels of waste within the construction industry need to be reduced for environmental and economic reasons. Changing people's wasteful behaviour can make a significant contribution. This paper describes a research project that used Ajzen's ‘theory of planned behaviour’ to investigate the attitudinal forces that shape behaviour at the operative level. It concludes that operatives see waste as an inevitable by-product of construction activity. Attitudes towards waste management are not negative, although they are pragmatic and impeded by perceptions of a lack of managerial commitment. Waste management is perceived as a low project priority, and there is an absence of appropriate resources and incentives to support it. A theory of waste behaviour is proposed for the construction industry, and recommendations are made to help managers improve operatives' attitudes towards waste.     

Towards a theory of construction as production by projects

This paper responds to the invitation to debate the theory of production in construction from the advocates of lean construction. In particular, it is a response to Koskela and Ballard's critiques of the theory of project management represented in the Project Management Institute's (PMI) PMBoK, and the ‘economics-based’ approach to construction project management presented by Winch. The paper reviews the theoretical and practical contributions of lean construction before addressing the specific criticisms made. It then suggests that lean construction theory has its own limitations and requires further development in the areas of the definition of process, the concept of organization, the theorization of risk and uncertainty, and its unitary concept of value.

Cet article est la réponse des défenseurs de la construction « au plus juste » lorsqu'ils ont été invités à la théorie de la production dans la construction. Il réagit, notamment, aux critiques de Koskela et Ballard sur la théorie de la gestion de projet représentée dans le PMBoK du Institut de Gestion de Projet et à l'approche basée sur l'économie de la gestion de projets de construction présentée par Winch. Cet article passe en revue les contributions théoriques et pratiques de la construction ‘au plus juste’ avant de traiter des critiques spécifiques faites à ce sujet. Il suggère ensuite que la théorie de la construction ‘au plus juste’ a ses propres limites et nécessite d'autres développements dans les domaines de la définition des procédés, du concept d'organisation, de la théorie des risques et des incertitudes et de son concept unitaire de la valeur.

Mots clés: construction ‘au plus juste’, gestion de projet, gestion des risques, économie des coûts des transactions, incertitude, valeur     

Evaluating the value IT adds to the process of project information management in construction

This paper looks at the potential applications and benefits of using the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a framework to evaluate the value IT adds to the process of project information management in construction. The paper builds upon recently published works by the authors, by further strengthening the conceptually developed ‘Construct IT’ BSC framework, through the validation of the frameworks five (5) IT-related performance measurement perspectives and associated performance indicators. Construction professionals from large construction contracting and project management organisations located within Australia were used as the target group for a questionnaire survey. The survey results supported the five perspective ‘Construct IT’ BSC framework. Evidence of reliability and validity is presented for the conceptual framework.     

基于精益建造理念的住宅项目实施情况研究——以九洲花园 58#为例

精益建造是一种全新的工程项目管理模式,以国内较早开展的精益住宅项目-九洲花园 58#为例,从精益组织、工序模块化和信息平台等 3 方面介绍该项目精益建造实施情况,重点对工序模块化施工和模块化流程模型进行说明。案例表明精益建造在流程优化、减少浪费和施工指导方面取得了良好成效;此外,指出了精益建造下一步研究改进方向,即建立更完善的内部培训机制和工序定额运行机制,培养复合型的精益管理人才。     

Requirements for building information modeling based lean production management systems for construction

Smooth flow of production in construction is hampered by disparity between individual trade teams' goals and the goals of stable production flow for the project as a whole. This is exacerbated by the difficulty of visualizing the flow of work in a construction project. While the addresses some of the issues in Building information modeling provides a powerful platform for visualizing work flow in control systems that also enable pull flow and deeper collaboration between teams on and off site. The requirements for implementation of a BIM-enabled pull flow construction management software system based on the Last Planner System?, called ‘KanBIM’, have been specified, and a set of functional mock-ups of the proposed system has been implemented and evaluated in a series of three focus group workshops. The requirements cover the areas of maintenance of work flow stability, enabling negotiation and commitment between teams, lean production planning with sophisticated pull flow control, and effective communication and visualization of flow. The evaluation results show that the system holds the potential to improve work flow and reduce waste by providing both process and product visualization at the work face.     

Developing a procurement path determination chart SEM-based approach

The choice of an appropriate procurement system is crucial to construction project success. Procurement selection is largely based on path determination charts, with at least eight key criteria needing to be weighted by decision-makers. Including certain criteria whilst ignoring client-borne transaction costs (TCs) resulting from environmental uncertainties simplifies this process. TCs are ‘unseen’ costs associated with pre- and post-contract work. The effects of uncertainties in the transaction environment and procurement systems on TCs are investigated, comparing the traditional and design-build procurement systems. A cross-sectional sample approach was deployed, involving survey questionnaire and results verification through ‘real-world’ cases. Data was sought from construction professionals in management, design and operation of construction projects. The research participants evaluate their time spent on procurement activities using a five-point Likert scale. Hypotheses of the relations between environmental uncertainties, procurement systems, and pre- and post-contract TCs are tested using a structural equation modelling (SEM) approach. The study found that TCs account for about 46.75% and 42.88% of the daily time spent by project managers in traditional and design-build procurement systems in New Zealand respectively. The study concludes that the TC concept is a useful framework for determining objective instead of subjective opinions for procurement decisions.     

Comparing the fit between BREEAM assessment and design processes

This paper explores the mapping of the environmental assessment process onto design and construction processes. A comparative case study method is used to identify and account for variations in the ‘fit’ between these two processes. The analysis compares eight BREEAM projects (although relevant to LEED, GreenStar, etc.) and distinguishes project-level characteristics and dynamics. Drawing on insights from literature on sustainable construction and assessment methods, an analytic framework is developed to examine the effect of clusters of project and assessment-level elements on different types of fit (tight, punctual and bolt-on). Key elements distinguishing between types include: prior working experience with project team members, individual commitment to sustainable construction, experience with sustainable construction, project continuity, project-level ownership of the assessment process, and the nature and continuity of assessor involvement. Professionals with ‘sustainable’ experience used BREEAM judiciously to support their designs (along with other frameworks), but less committed professionals tended to treat it purely as an assessment method. More attention needs to be paid to individual levels of engagement with, and understanding of, sustainability in general (rather than knowledge of technical solutions to individual credits), to ownership of the assessment process and to the potential effect of discontinuities at the project level on sustainable design.     

精益施工模式及未来智能化生态住宅应用研究

提出将精益建设作为未来“智能化生态住宅”项目的建设管理模式，基于“精益建设是人、技术和过程的集成”的思想，构建了精益建设模式的应用方案，包括技术的集成方案、参与方的集成方案和过程的集成方案，并阐述了方案的内涵、优点和预期效果。     

Stress among South African construction professionals: a job demand-control-support survey

Research into workplace stress in the construction industry has been dominated by studies undertaken in Hong Kong, England and Australia, with relatively little attention having been paid to African countries. A purposively selected sample of thirty-six construction professionals (comprising architects, project managers, construction managers, engineers and quantity surveyors) based in Cape Town, South Africa, were surveyed regarding their perceptions about, and experiences of, workplace stress. The purpose was to identify and rank job demand, job control and job support factors and to analyse these by gender and professional grouping, both in terms of how respondents perceived them, as well as in terms of how frequently they had experienced them. The main finding was that respondents’ perceptions about the importance of job demand, job control and job support factors were largely consistent with their own experience of these factors. Distinguishing between perceptions and experience of stressors and moderators of stress was, however, considered valuable because the fact that differences were found indicates the need for precision in the design of scales. The highest ranked factors were, respectively, ‘critical time constraints’, ‘volume of work’ and ‘adequate compensation (salary)’. Women and men ranked items differently, as did the various professional groups. The main conclusions were that the construction project environment is a time-pressured, complex, environment in which work-life balance is negatively affected, particularly for women. Control over the type, flow and volume of work were perceived to be the main moderators of stress, whilst salary and career path opportunities were perceived to be the main job support moderators of stress. The applicability of using the job demand–control–support framework was confirmed given that the main stressors, control and support moderators were found to be to be largely consistent with the findings of previous studies. Future research taking a gendered approach should anticipate issues important to female respondents and should consider the benefits of qualitative methods. The design of research focusing on construction professionals should consider using the project team as the unit of analysis to ensure that the influence of the interconnectedness of participants’ roles is taken into account.     

在我国建筑业推行精益建设的研究

精益建设是一种新型的对顾客实现价值最大化、浪费最小化的施工管理模式.本文从五个方面论述了我国建筑业实施精益建设的重要意义,分析了当前在我国实施精益建设存在的障碍,并在此基础上提出了精益建设的推行要点,最后,列举了我国建筑业实施精益建设的部分可行案例.     

Implementing ‘Site BIM’: A case study of ICT innovation on a large hospital project

Numerous Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools are well established and potentially beneficial in certain uses. However, issues of adoption and implementation persist, particularly for on-site use of BIM tools in the construction phase. We describe an empirical case-study of the implementation of an innovative ‘Site BIM’ system on a major hospital construction project. The main contractor on the project developed BIM-enabled tools to allow site workers using mobile tablet personal computers to access design information and to capture work quality and progress data on-site. Accounts show that ‘Site BIM’, while judged to be successful and actively supporting users, was delivered through an exploratory and emergent development process of informal prototyping. Technical IT skills were adopted into the construction project through personal relationships and arrangements rather than formal processes. Implementation was driven by construction project employees rather than controlled centrally by the corporate IT function.     

Applying the dynamic capabilities framework in the case of a large public construction client

Public clients in the construction sector face a number of challenges in designing, procuring and managing major construction projects. The client’s role in bringing about project delivery has more recently been emphasized, particularly with respect to developing capabilities that facilitate the coordinating of projects through its different phases. In line with these developments, this paper sets out to examine the management of capabilities in a client organization through the lens of the dynamic capabilities framework. In particular, what is investigated is how the client organization senses, seizes and transforms opportunities. In pursuit of this objective, an exploratory case study approach is adopted which examines one of Sweden’s largest public client organizations. The study explores the concept of dynamic capabilities and its applicability to the public construction context. Although the usefulness of dynamic capabilities as an interpretive framework is recognized, it is suggested that the concept of dynamic capabilities is inadequate for addressing the specific context in which public client organizations operate. Particularly with respect to the project-based characteristic of these organizations and the difficulty in framing what constitutes “competitive advantage” for public organizations.     

Value creation dynamics in a project alliance

Project alliance requires all parties to work together in good faith, share project risks, and make unanimous decisions for the betterment of the project. A key feature of successful implementation of a project alliance is a focus on value creation and value for money. This paper proposes a qualitative system dynamics model to specify and explain dynamics of value creation processes in the context of project alliance. By synthesizing the existing literature and reports on project alliancing, this paper identifies four processes that have a strong influence on the value created in the project alliance context: work progression, rework, redesign and innovation, and rescheduling. In addition, we show how these value creation processes are interrelated and evolve over time. The effectiveness of these processes is influenced by the capability and motivation of the project alliance partners to discover works that do not fully utilize the available resources, and make quick decisions to capture these benefits.     

In search of 'project chemistry'

The paper aims to provide a language and a conceptual toolkit to deepen our understanding of the impact of relational and social issues on the success of construction projects. Building on several streams of literature, as well as on individual and group interviews with construction practitioners, the paper develops the notion of ‘project chemistry’ as a way of capturing some of the relational and behavioural dimensions and factors that may affect project success and effectiveness in construction. The paper introduces a provisional theoretical framework that (a) identifies a number of external and project level determinants of ‘project chemistry’, (b) suggests ways of measuring how and how well people interact, perceive, and work together in a project, and (c) relates these issues to broader economic and technical factors. The paper concludes with some reflections on the implications and challenges for future research and management practices raised by the notion of ‘project chemistry’.     

建筑工业化与精益建造的支撑和协同关系研究

介绍建筑工业化和精益建造的概念,并从实现方式、作用以及目标三方面进行两者的特点对比,认为两者目标一致,两者应该结合以协同发展。通过案例梳理建筑工业化对精益建造在减少浪费、并行工程和提高客户价值方面的支撑作用,以及分析我国目前建筑工业化过程中的浪费,阐述精益建造在促进工厂现场之间的计划协调、价值生产两方面的支撑作用。最后根据我国建筑工业化的工作流程,结合精益建造两大目标提出在建筑工业化过程中应用精益建造的方法框架。     

建设项目IPD 模式及其管理框架研究

集成项目交付,即IPD 模式的出现为建筑业长期存在的因各参与方信息流通性差、专业之间缺乏合作、利益方目标与项目目标不一致等原因导致的项目实施效率低下、工期延误、成本失控问题提供了新的解决思路。分析了IPD 模式的基本特征、将其与传统的项目交付模式比对,IPD 模式更加关注通过参与方协同工作,利益方目标与项目目标绑定提升项目效率。从项目组织结构、合同协议、实施过程、技术支撑4 个方面构建了IPD 模式的管理框架,以期实现良好的项目合作氛围,优化项目管理过程,并指出IPD 模式在我国的发展与应用的障碍。工程参与者应尽快转变传统的固化思维,主管部门主动引导项目参与方广泛合作交流,积极从政策和法律层面上营造该模式在我国实施的大环境。     

工程项目动态联盟构建的演化博弈分析

构造工程项目动态联盟的演化博弈模型,分析其参与者间的博弈演化过程,模拟不同赋值点向均衡点演化的轨迹,发现系统演变的长期均衡受到支付参数的影响,动态联盟的预期收益、组建的风险成本和联盟资源是影响组建工程项目动态联盟的重要因素。基于上述分析,提出基于动态联盟的工程项目深度合作路径。     

Multiobjective design of Work-In-Process buffer for scheduling repetitive building projects

Variability in production is one of the largest factors that negatively impacts construction project performance. A common construction practice to protect production systems from variability is the use of buffers (Bf). Construction practitioners and researchers have proposed buffering approaches for different production situations, but these approaches have faced practical limitations in their application. A multiobjective analytic model (MAM) is proposed to develop a graphical solution for the design of Work-In-Process (WIP) Bf in order to overcome these practical limitations to Bf application, being demonstrated through the scheduling of repetitive building projects. Multiobjective analytic modeling is based on Simulation–Optimization (SO) modeling and Pareto Fronts concepts. Simulation–Optimization framework uses Evolutionary Strategies (ES) as the optimization search approach, which allows for the design of optimum WIP Bf sizes by optimizing different project objectives (e.g., project cost, time and productivity). The framework is tested and validated on two repetitive building projects. The SO framework is then generalized through Pareto Front concepts, allowing for the development of the MAM as nomographs for practical use. The application advantages of the MAM are shown through a project scheduling example. Results demonstrate project performance improvements and a more efficient and practical design of WIP Bf. Additionally, production strategies based on WIP Bf and lean production principles in construction are discussed.