Urban Intensification in Auckland,New Zealand: A Challenge for New Urbanism

Medium Density Housing (MDH) is a relatively new form of housing in New Zealand where the standalone house on a separate lot has traditionally been revered. This paper reports on the findings of a research project on Ambrico Place, a major MDH initiative in Waitakere City, one of four cities in the Auckland metropolitan area. This case study explores the development of a site that has been significantly influenced by new urbanist principles. The paper provides an overview of the historical and political context influencing the take up of MDH in Auckland. It briefly reviews theory and principles arising from new urbanist movements then describes the Ambrico Place Research Project. Next, it explores three interrelated issues, relevant to new urbanism, that arose from the research; the quality of the built environment, community and social interaction, and transport patterns of MDH residents. Implications for planning are identified. Finally, three problems are noted: the uncritical and incoherent implementation of new urbanist principles; the contradiction between the drives for both diversity and homogeneity in the built environment; and the tensions arising from the application of an environmental effects-based approach to planning in an urban setting.     

新西兰奥克兰国际中心

位于奥克兰中央商务区的新西兰国际中心是一座商务办公大厦．建筑,室内／工作场所的设计均由Jasmax事务所完成．服务于两个不同的客户。该建筑代表了新西兰新一代具有社会责任感的开发项目的设计思路．即以使用环境为中心。内部设计是重点所在．同时关注内部空间及其与城市环境之间的整体平衡。     

新西兰奥克兰奥尔巴尼高中

占地412万平方米的奥尔巴尼高中坐落于North Shore边缘．毗邻奥尔巴尼高速公路。为满足1300名学生就学的设施标准．设计必须充分考虑基地特点．应对种种约束条件．并适应周边环境的快速变化。同时．学校环境必须能够激发学生的热情与活力．以灵活可变的功能设施适应21世纪的教育教学发展趋势。     

新西兰奥克兰大学商学院新楼

FJMT和Archimedia共同设计了新西兰奥克兰大学商学院新楼。这一崭新的地标式建筑象征着卓越、创新、进步与开放。建筑设计的灵感来源于自然景观,城市规划以及毛利人文化遗产三者的融合,由一系列玻璃窗和不锈钢条构成的流动开放的建筑形式,仿佛是敞开的怀抱,迎接着人们的到来,     

Contamination of potable roof-collected rainwater in Auckland, New Zealand

One-hundred and twenty-five domestic roof-collected rainwater supplies in four rural Auckland districts were investigated in a cross-sectional survey to determine water quality. Samples of cold faucet water were analysed for physico-chemical and microbiological determinands, including metals (zinc, copper and lead), bacterial indicator organisms--heterotrophic plate count (HPC), total coilforms (TC), faecal coliforms (FC), enterococci (ENT), bacterial pathogens including Salmonella spp., Legionella spp., Campylobacter spp., Aeromonas spp. and the protozoa, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Twenty-two supplies (17.6%) exceeded one or more of the maximum acceptable values (MAV) or maximum guideline values for chemical determinands of the New Zealand Drinking Water Standards (NZDWS) and 70 (56.0%) supplies exceeded the microbiological criteria of < 1 FC/100 mL. Eighteen supplies (14.4%) exceeded the NZDWS MAV for lead of 0.01 mg/L and three (2.4%) exceeded that for copper, of 2 mg/L. Those supplies with lead or galvanised iron comprising part of the roof or collecting system were more likely to show lead contamination (p = 0.019) as were those supplies with a pH less than 7 (p = 0.013). The presence of the indicator organisms HPC, TC, FC and ENT were all significantly correlated with one another. Aeromonas spp. were identified in 20 (16.0%) supplies. There was a positive association between the presence of Aeromonas and the bacterial indicator organisms. Households reporting at least one member with gastrointestinal symptoms in the month prior to sampling, were more likely to have Aeromonas spp. identified in their water supply than those households without symptoms (odds ratio 3.22, 95% CI 1.15-9.01, p = 0.021). Salmonella typhimurium was detected in one of 115 (0.9%) supplies. Legionella spp. and Campylobacter spp. were not detected. There were 50 supplies sampled for protozoa (sampling criteria: > or = 30 FC or > or = 60 ENT). Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 2 (4%) of these. Giardia was not detected. This study demonstrates that roof-collected rainwater systems provide potable supplies of relatively poor physiochemical and microbiological quality in the Auckland area. Further research is required on Aeromonas spp. as potential indicators of both microbiological quality and health risk along with design and maintenance strategies to minimise contamination of potable roof-collected rainwater supplies.     

Housing Intensification in Auckland,New Zealand: Implications for Children and Families

While commonplace throughout most of the world, inner-city apartments have often been perceived as unsuitable for children in countries such as Australia and New Zealand, where discourses of houses, gardens and open spaces as being desirable sites for children prevail. However, increasing awareness of the need for environmental sustainability has placed the viability of sprawling suburbs in question. As city centres intensify, more families are moving into inner-city apartments. In a study carried out in response to this change, in-depth interviews with parents living in Auckland's CBD found that key drivers were affordability, less reliance on cars and the convenience of the central location. Drawbacks included poor quality apartment design and lack of play space for children, both inside apartment complexes and outdoors. Fears about children's safety were strong. An assessment of the findings raises questions about the social sustainability of recent apartment developments in Auckland, particularly for families.     

Meanings of housing qualities in suburbia: empirical evidence from Auckland, New Zealand

Housing research has mostly addressed notions of housing qualities either from a quantitative approach or through the provision and availability of housing. The literature has predominantly focused on physical structures, often neglecting residents’ experiences of the built environment. Including individuals’ perceptions of their dwelling environment can add insights valuable to planning and design efforts which are aimed at providing good ‘quality’ and need to be taken into account in concepts of housing quality. The present study considers the housing qualities of a suburban built environment as psychological and socio-cultural aspects that are experienced by residents. Owner-occupants’ perceptions of housing quality are illustrated through the use of ‘tag clouds’ that represent visual dwelling-quality profiles. They highlight which attributes of the occupants’ living environment are meaningful to them and how they achieve a greater sense of belonging in the dwelling as well as in the neighbourhood. This paper draws on results from in-depth interviews and brainstorming about housing qualities with 19 owner-occupants in the suburb of Farm Cove in Manukau City in the Auckland Region, New Zealand. Two predominant age groups were identified in this case study: the elderly long-term residents who moved to the area in the 1970s during the time of suburbanization; and families in their thirties and early forties who moved to the area in recent years. The paper reveals a shift in experienced housing qualities from tangible among the younger cohort towards more intangible qualities among the elderly. An assessment of the findings suggests a need for future planning which caters for more heterogeneous housing qualities.     

Source apportionment of fine and coarse atmospheric particles in Auckland, New Zealand

Atmospheric fine particles (with a diameter less than 2.5 microm) and coarse particles (with a diameter between 2.5 and 10 microm) were collected simultaneously at an urban background site in Auckland, New Zealand, in the summer and winter of 2003. Major water-soluble ions, black carbon (BC), and some elements in the samples were analysed, and the data compiled into two sets. Selected trace gases (NH3, HONO, HNO3, and SO2) were also collected at the same time. Application of positive matrix factorisation to the particle data resolved five sources for the fine particles and five for the coarse particles. Weighted multiple linear regression was used to investigate the mass contributions of the sources. It was found that although natural sources had significant contributions to the coarse particles, anthropogenic sources dominated the contributions to the fine particles, particularly in winter. Significant seasonal changes of the sources were observed. Overall, sea salt and wind-blown soil had significantly stronger contributions in the summer; in contrast, the winter contribution of vehicle emissions, road dust, and industry and incineration sources was significantly higher. These seasonal changes may be explained by variations in meteorological conditions and atmospheric chemistry. The nonparametric correlations between the atmospheric concentrations of the trace gases and the mass contributions of the resolved sources demonstrate that these sources are realistic, providing a useful supplementary approach for the assessment of receptor modelling.     

基于主动性战略的城乡结合部用地规划探讨——以武汉花山生态新城为例

快速城镇化时期,城市建设最具活力的区域不是城市,而是城市周边的城乡结合部。传统的规划模式对城乡结合部的用地以保护与控制为主,导致其发展一直处于被动状态。研究构建了基于主动性战略的城乡结合部用地规划框架,该框架采用系统论的动力机制与反馈机制来控制用地开发,具体对建设用地的开发总量、非建设用地的生态斑块等进行主动控制,并对建设用地的布局模式、用地功能和非建设用地的生态基础设施构建等进行主动引导。基于主动性战略的城乡结合部用地规划模式在武汉花山生态新城的建设中取得了成效,其在一定程度上保证了该地区的可持续发展。     

Trace element and Sigma DDT concentrations in horticultural soils from the Tasman, Waikato and Auckland regions of New Zealand

The long-term routine use of agrichemicals can result in elevated levels of trace elements and persistent organic pollutants in soils. Trace element concentrations and SigmaDDT levels were measured in soil (0-7.5 cm) samples collected from horticultural and grazing properties in 3 regions of New Zealand (Auckland, Tasman and Waikato). Elevated levels of arsenic (<2 to 58 mg kg(-1)), cadmium (<0.1 to 1.5 mg kg(-1)), copper (5 to 523 mg kg(-1)), lead (5 to 243 mg kg(-1)) and SigmaDDT (<0.03 to 34.5 mg kg(-1)) were detected in soils from all 3 regions. With the exception of cadmium and zinc, significantly higher levels of contaminants were generally detected in horticultural soils than in grazing soils. Our results have implications for the on-going use of agrichemicals as concentrations of cadmium, copper, tin and zinc in some samples exceeded ecotoxicity based soil criteria. The p,p'-DDE:DDT ratios indicate that the degradation of DDT in NZ horticultural soils may be inhibited by the co-contamination with trace elements.     

Urban Policy Formulation Under Efficiency: The Case Of Auckland City Council'S Britomart Development

This paper examines a local government initiated urban development under current New Zealand legislation. It finds that planning vision for the common good of the community has been replaced by urban policy objectives of economic efficiency and minimisation of public expenditure. These new objectives also appears to negate a range of amenity and civic rights, some of which are statutory responsibilities of local government that are necessary to ensure the ongoing process of local democracy. The paper then questions the future of planning in this environment and suggests one important task for practitioners must be that of the protection, facilitation and empowerment of diverse communities through civic debate, either within, or outside of institutional structures.     

都市绿核:广州新城市轴线珠江新城段城市设计

随着20世纪80年代以来广州城市向东和向北扩展，城市在天河地区形成新城市轴线。介绍了针对新城市轴线珠江新城段的城市设计方案，包括对城市设计背景的分析，都市绿核、生态、场所等设计理念及其目标的提出，方案主要的构思特点，都市绿核的设计意向等。     

改善老年人的住房与社区环境:规划设计如何应对衰弱与独居的挑战?

需要日常照料的老年人数量正在急速增长。即使老年人自理能力不断减弱并越来越趋向于独居,当代社会的主流选择与政策目标仍着重于协助他们在原先的居所度过晚年。然而现阶段,美国和其他很多国家的住房均未针对日益严峻的老龄化挑战采取应对措施,为居家老年人提供的公共服务与支持相当匮乏。本文基于满足老年人在衰弱过程中的各项需求,从空间和社会的视角系统地检视了社区和住房层面的创新模式,内容包括服务强化型社区、集中照料型社区、全龄型社区,为老人服务型住房组团,小规模代际融合居住型住房,以及交通、输送和通信等方面技术手段的创新。这些对策目前尚未得到广泛应用,但有理由相信这些手段有助于推进居家和社区养老战略目标的实现。规划与设计人员应认识到老年人在生理、感官、认知障碍和独居时面临的挑战,利用设计手段改善公共空间及其连接性。     

可持续发展的滨水居住新区——荷兰雨果低地市“太阳城”

本文以荷兰雨果低地市“太阳城”为实例,从规划设计、住房建设、太阳能应用、水体自净循环系统等方面介绍了太阳城的新型可持续发展理念和生态技术,提出借鉴太阳城的成功经验,构建混合收入的和谐社区,实现太阳能设备和建筑的一体化设计、生态排放和综合雨水利用,以期对中国的城市规划和可持续发展提供一定的启示和借鉴。     

新西兰花园城历史公园

新西兰前欧洲时期的原始人工园林景观,是刀耕火种的毛利人种植农作物和果树的种植园。1814年,欧洲传教士正式永久定居于新西兰,并建起了第一座观赏园林。十九世纪四十到六十年代,出现了欧洲移民热潮。大量涌入的垦荒者自1841年起开始建设城市园林。1856年新西兰第一座城市-基督城-正式宣告成立。150年来792座城市公园先后建立。1997年基督城在世界花园城竞赛夺冠,获得世界花园城称号。本文介绍了该城几座最著名的城市公园历史,并展示了其别具风情的园林景观。     

基于土地集约利用的新城中心城市设计——以无锡市东亭中心区为例

城市中心区的空间复合使用是满足土地集约利用的趋势,也是创造多样、连续、丰富的城市公共空间的需要。该文以无锡东亭中心区城市设计为例,详细阐述了中心区复合空间设计的理念、方法与实现路径。     

温哥华城市规划编制的模式、机制与启示

温哥华的城市规划管理系统被称为“自由裁量规划系统”。这城市规划管理系统融合了英国和美国两种不同的管理模式。英式城市规划管理注重自由裁量权在管理过程中的应用,而美式规划管理则依靠详细的法定分区图则,在决策过程中更偏重对清晰原则的依赖。而在温哥华,看似矛盾的两个系统共同存在,并实现了完美结合。在这一管理系统中,城市规划可分为政策研究、官方发展规划和分区图则3个层面。