Dissimilar Joining Between Austenitic and Duplex Stainless Steel in Double-Shielded GMAW: A Comparative Study

In the present work, the effect of double-layer shielding and five other process parameters, namely welding voltage, current, primary shielding gas type, its flow rate, and filler material, is studied during dissimilar gas metal arc welding (GMAW) between austenitic and duplex stainless steels (SSs). A simple modification over the GMAW setup is made for additional supply of secondary shielding gas at different flow rates. Two different sets of welding are performed between austenitic and duplex SSs, i.e., AISI 304 with Duplex 2205 and AISI 316 with Duplex 2205, and the contributions of process parameters, their interactions on joint distortion, tensile strength, toughness, and fusion zone microhardness are evaluated. Improvements in joint quality due to the double-shielding environment are also highlighted. Double-layer shielding with secondary shielding by CO₂ supply significantly improves tensile strength and toughness and reduces distortion. Fusion and interface zone microstructures are observed by scanning electron microscopy to study the metallurgical behavior of joints fabricated under single- and double-layer shielding environment.     

钛合金与不锈钢焊接研究现状及发展趋势

钛-钢异种金属的连接在航天航空以及化工领域得到了越来越广泛的应用,解决两种金属的连接问题,是其满足实际应用的关键。本文综述了钛-钢钎焊存在的问题并对钛-钢钎焊用钎料及钎焊方法作了简要的概述和分析,最后指出了有待深入研究的问题。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Dissimilar Friction Stir Weld between Austenitic Stainless Steel and Low Carbon Steel

Dissimilar fusion welding of austenitic stainless steels to carbon steels has some metallurgical and technical problems.It was suggested that the solid-state nature of friction stir welding(FSW) can overcome these problems and produce a sound weld with reliable mechanical properties.In this study,plates of 304 stainless steel and st37 steel were welded together by FSW at tool rotational speed of 600 r/min and welding speed of 50 mm/min.In the stir zone(SZ) of 304 stainless steel,the results showed a refined grain structure with some features of metadynamic recrystallization.In the SZ of st37 steel,the hot deformation of material in the austenite region produced small austenite grains.These grains transformed to fine ferrite and pearlite by cooling the material after FSW.The production of fine grains increased the hardness and tensile strength in the SZ of both sides with respect to their base metals(BMs).     

Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of AISI 304 and AISI 1010 Laser Welding

This paper addresses to the dissimilar laser welding of AISI 304 and AISI 1010 steel thin sheets. Cracks-free dissimilar edge fillet welds have been conducted using a Nd:YAG laser. Geometrical, microstructural, chemical, and mechanical proprieties of the welds were investigated using electron microscopy, EDS and tensile test assisted by digital image correlating. The proper results were achieved at an energy density of 88 J/mm² using a 0.4 mm laser spot diameter. An austenite-ferrite structure characterizes the weld bead and the precipitation of the chromium carbide at the grain limits was observed in the heat affected zone. Good tensile behavior was obtained; dissimilar joint was fractured on the carbon steel side at 482 MPa and 0.35 stain.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Pulse MIG Welded 6061/A356 Aluminum Alloy Dissimilar Butt Joints

The microstructure and mechanical properties of pulse metal inert-gas(MIG) welded dissimilar joints between 4 mm thick wrought 6061-T6 and cast A356-T6 aluminum alloy plates were investigated. The tensile strength of the joints reached 235 MPa, which is 83% of that of 6061 aluminum alloy, and then decreased with the increase of travel speed while keeping other welding parameters constant. The microstructure, composition and fractography of joints were examined by the optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and electron probe microanalysis(EPMA). Grain boundary liquation and segregation occurred in the partially melted zone(PMZ) on 6061 aluminum alloy side, and brittle Fe-rich phases were observed in partially melted zone on A356 aluminum alloy side. The minimum microhardness appeared in heat-affected zone(HAZ) near A356 aluminum alloy substrate. The samples during tensile test failed mainly in PMZ and HAZ on A356 aluminum alloy side through mixed fracture mode with quasi cleavage and dimples on fracture surface.     

Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties of Underwater Laser Welds of Stainless Steel

In this paper, the microstructures and mechanical properties of underwater laser welds of Type 304 stainless steelwere investigated,JISY308L type filler wire was used as filler wire during welding.A gas-shielding nozzle was used toform a local dry cavity surrounding the welding zone.The main results are summarized as follows:(1)The shieldingcondition of the local dry cavity severely affects the oxyoxygen content of the weld,the worst shielding condition leading     

Effect of Cold Rolling on Morphology of Carbides and Properties of 7Cr17MoV Stainless Steel

The evolution of the carbides and mechanical properties of 7Cr17MoV stainless steel used as cutlery material during cold rolling was investigated in this study. The results demonstrate that the microstructure of the rolled steel is composed of pearlite and spheroidal carbides. After cold rolling, the aggregation of carbides was no longer evident, and the carbides appeared to be small in size and uniformly distributed, whereas carbides in hot-rolled strips are clearly aggregated. Decreasing the thickness of the cold-rolled strips decreased the size of the carbide particles while increasing their number, which improved the particle distribution. A large number of fine, even nano-scaled carbides were observed in the material. The carbide phase, which primarily consisted of M₂₃C₆, did not change during cold rolling and annealing. The tensile strength and yield strength first decreased and then increased, and the elongation increased as the thickness of the cold-rolled strips decreased. Dimples and inclusion particles were readily observed upon tensile fracture. The inclusions are identified to be primarily carbides and oxide inclusions.     

Microstructural Study and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded AA5083-H111 and AA6082-T6 Reinforced with SiC Nanoparticles

Dissimilar friction stir welds were produced in 3 mm thick plates of AA6082-T6 and AA5083-H111 aluminum alloys using SiC as reinforcing material. The optimum weld presents a good distribution of nanoparticles in the weld nugget and mechanical mixing of the two alloys as well as further grain refinement compared to the one without nanoparticles. Higher hardness in the weld nugget is also evidenced, followed by enhanced ultimate tensile strength and elongation values. All specimens, after the tensile test, were lead to fracture at the heat affected zone of AA6082-T6 and specifically at the region of the lowest hardness.     

Dissimilar friction welding of 6061-T6 aluminum and AISI 1018 steel: Properties and microstructural characterization

Joining of dissimilar materials is of increasing interest for a wide range of industrial applications. The automotive industry, in particular, views dissimilar materials joining as a gateway for the implementation of lightweight materials. Specifically, the introduction of aluminum alloy parts into a steel car body requires the development of reliable, efficient and economic joining processes. Since aluminum and steel demonstrate different physical, mechanical and metallurgical properties, identification of proper welding processes and practices can be problematic. In this work, inertia friction welding has been used to create joints between a 6061-T6 aluminum alloy and a AISI 1018 steel using various parameters. The joints were evaluated by mechanical testing and metallurgical analysis. Microstructural analyses were done using metallography, microhardness testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray elemental mapping, focused ion beam (FIB) with ultra high resolution SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in TEM and STEM modes. Results of these analysis first suggested that joint strengths on the order of 250 MPa could be achieved. In addition, failures were seen in the plasticized layer on the aluminum side of the joint. Further, bond lines were characterized by a thin layer of formed Al–Fe intermetallic. This intermetallic layer averaged roughly 250 nm thick and compositionally appears related to the FeAl and Fe₂Al₅ phases.     

不锈钢着色工艺及彩色不锈钢的应用

概述了彩色不锈钢的着色原理、各种着色工艺、着色膜硬化处理工艺、着色处理过程的管理。讨论了彩色不锈钢板的性能及彩色不锈钢的应用。     

应用极限统计法预测不锈钢的最大孔蚀深度和穿孔数

本文应用极值统计法对杭州华东制药公司的不锈钢热交换盘管的孔蚀最大深度与穿孔数进行预测，予测值与现场检测结果符合得很好！     

不锈钢硫酸—硫酸铜晶间腐蚀结果评定方法探讨

通过对硫酸-硫酸铜晶间腐蚀后弯曲产生裂纹或断裂的奥氏体不锈钢基体、双相不锈钢基体、不锈钢堆焊复层及不锈钢焊接接头试样进行金相、扫描或透射电镜微观分析,表明用GB4334-2008 E法评定操作性存在问题,参照此法判断试验材料是否有晶间腐蚀倾向,判断结果存在争议;硫酸-硫酸铜晶间腐蚀标准(GB4334-2008 E法)中结果评定方法应在现基础上细化、补充,评定方法中金相法如何操作和如何评定应详细说明,适当可以补充图片指导,结果有争议时,不只限于150～500倍的光学显微镜下观察,根据需要,可在扫描电镜下、甚至是在透射电镜下进行观察分析;在高倍显微镜下准确判断出晶间腐蚀所致裂纹和非晶间腐蚀所致裂纹试样,总结出其低倍形貌特征并补充于标准评定方法中,对于提高标准的操作性具有重要意义。     

Dissimilar Resistance Spot Welding of Q&P and TWIP Steel Sheets

Dissimilar resistance spot welding of twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) and quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel grades has been investigated by evaluating the effects of clamping force, welding current, and welding time on the microstructure, shear tension strength, and fracture of welded samples. The spot welding of TWIP and Q&P steels promotes the occurrence of an asymmetrical weld nugget with a greater dilution of TWIP steel because of its lower melting temperature and thermal conductivity. As a result, weld nuggets exhibit an austenitic microstructure. TWIP steel undergoes a grain coarsening in the HAZ, whereas Q&P steel undergoes some phase transformations. Welded samples tend to exhibit higher shear tension strength as they are joined at the highest welding current, even though an improper clamping force can promote excessive metal expulsion, thereby reducing the mechanical strength of the welded joints. Shear tension welded samples failed through interfacial fracture with partial thickness fracture mode for a low welding current, while partial thickness with button pull fractures were observed when a high welding current was used. The weld spots predominantly failed at the TWIP side. However, as TWIP steel can work harden significantly in the more resistant welded joints, the failures occur, instead, at the Q&P side.     

Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Vanadium-Microalloyed Medium-Carbon Steel by Optimizing Post-Forging Cooling Conditions

The effects of different cooling conditions after forging on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of a kind of high-content V-microalloyed medium-carbon steel 37MnSiVS were investigated. The effects were studied by using optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and tensile tests. Increasing direct cooling rate after forging is found to increase strength while slightly decrease ductility. A significant increase of strength could be obtained after forced air cooling and then short time isothermal holding at 873 K, while strength decreases gradually with further increasing holding time. The variations of microstructural characteristics especially V(C,N) precipitation strengthening effects with cooling conditions are mainly responsible for these variations of tensile properties. For the investigated high V-containing MA steel, a direct cooling strategy after finish forging is proposed, which includes accelerated cooling with forced air in ferrite range, following by short time isothermal holding or very slow cooling at around 873 K and then air cooling.     

Resistance Spot Weldability of Dissimilar Materials: BH180-AISI304L Steels and BH180-IF7123 Steels

In this study, resistance spot weldability of 180 grade bake hardening steel (BH180), 7123 grade interstitial free steel (IF7123) and 304 grade austenitic stainless steel (AISI304L) with each other was investigated. In the joining process, electrode pressure and weld current were kept constant and six different weld time were chosen. Microstructure, microhardness, tensile-shear properties and fracture types of resistance spot welded joints were examined. In order to characterize the metallurgical structure of the welded joint, the microstructural profile was developed, and the relationship between mechanical properties and microstructure was determined. The change of weld time, nugget diameter, the HAZ (heat affected zone) width and the electrode immersion depth were also investigated. Welded joints were examined by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) images of fracture surface. As a result of the experiment, it was determined that with increasing weld time, tensile shear load bearing capacity (TLBC) increased with weld time up to 25 cycle and two types of tearing occurred. It was also determined that while the failure occurred from IF side at the BH180+IF7123 joint, it occurred from the BH180 side at the BH180+AISI304L joint.     

Surface Alloying of Nitrogen to Improve Corrosion Resistance of Steels and Stainless Steels

It is well known that the addition of nitrogen to steels and stainless steels enhances the passivity and localized corrosion resistance, in addition to improving the mechanical properties. Selective alloying of surfaces of steels and stainless steels with nitrogen could also enhance the corrosion resistance and improve the mechanical properties without affecting the bulk properties. Techniques like ion implantation, laser alloying, nitriding, etc. can be effectively used to introduce very high levels of nitrogen. In addition, these techniques can also produce modified surfaces with novel microstructures to further improve the properties. The surface alloying methods also provide an opportunity to selectively nitrogenate the surface of finished components in order to obtain better properties. The review highlights the techniques, modifications and the properties obtained further.     

不锈钢表面处理:酸洗、钝化与抛光

介绍了近年来开发的部分不锈钢产品的酸洗、钝化及机械抛光、化学抛光、电化学抛光工艺,针对不同的不锈钢牌号及零件规格,给出了相应的表面处理配方及工艺方案。     

轧制力与不锈钢多孔板孔隙性能的关系

本文用60-100目的316L不锈钢粉末为原料,在不同轧制力的条件下,研究了轧制力与轧制不锈钢多孔板孔隙性能的关系,得出轧制力在90-100KN的范围内,可以获得孔隙性能均匀一致的轧制不锈钢多孔板。