Durability of biomass fly ash concrete: Freezing and thawing and rapid chloride permeability tests

Strict interpretation of ASTM C 618 excludes non-coal fly ashes, such as biomass fly ashes from addition in concrete. Biomass fly ash in this investigation includes (1) cofired fly ash from burning biomass with coal; (2) wood fly ash and (3) blended fly ash (wood fly ash mixing with coal fly ash). A set of experiments conducted on concrete from pure cement and cement with fly ash provide basic data to assess the effects of several biomass fly ashes on the performances of freezing and thawing (F-T) and rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT). The F-T tests indicate that all fly ash concrete has statistically equal or less weight loss than the pure cement concrete (control). The RCPT illustrate that all kinds of fly ash concrete have lower chloride permeability than the pure cement control concrete.     

Analysis and design of a stabilized fly ash as pavement base material

The main objective of this study is to utilize a class F fly ash as base material in road pavements. Since class F fly ashes do not manifest desirable engineering properties for this purpose, it was decided to stabilize the material with cement. Fly ash may be utilized with or without aggregate as a pavement layer. It should be noted that, in this research only aggregate free stabilized mixtures (fly ash and cement only) were used since the aim was to utilize high volumes of this waste material. Cement content in the stabilized, laboratory prepared samples were between 2%, 4%, 8%, and 10% by total weight. Initially, Texas triaxial test was carried out to justify the suitability of the fly ash as pavement material. Then, mechanical tests were performed to obtain the fundamental properties of the cement stabilized material in order to analyze the pavement structure. Under repeated wheel loading, fatigue cracking is the primary mode of failure of stabilized materials in which cracks initiate due to the repeated tensile stresses. Utilizing an accelerated full scale road test data for the fatigue performance of cement stabilized fly ash and performing a mechanistic-empirical design procedure, required layer thickness for different lives were obtained for different amount of cement content.     

Biomass fly ash in concrete: SEM, EDX and ESEM analysis

This document summarizes microscopy study of concrete prepared from cement and fly ash (25% fly ash and 75% cement by weight), which covers coal fly ash and biomass fly ash. All the fly ash concrete has the statistical equal strength from one day to one year after mix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) analysis show that both coal and biomass fly ash particles undergo significant changes of morphology and chemical compositions in concrete due to pozzolanic reaction, although biomass fly ash differs substantially from coal fly ash in its fuel resources.     

Hydration reactions of cement combinations containing vitrified incinerator fly ash

One treatment option for municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash (IFA) is vitrification. The process yields a material containing reduced levels of trace metals relative to the original ash. The material is glassy and potentially suitable as a cement component in concrete. This paper examines the vitrification of an IFA and studies the hydration reactions of combinations of this vitrified material and Portland cement (PC). Isothermal conduction calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG) and scanning electron microscopy were employed to study the hydration reactions. As the levels of vitrified ash increase, the quantities of AFt phase produced decrease, whilst quantities of AFm phase increase, due to the reduced levels of sulfate in the vitrified ash. The levels of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel (inferred from estimates of quantities of gel-bound water) remain constant at 28 days regardless of vitrified ash content, indicating that the material is contributing toward the formation of this product.     

矿物掺合料对碱式硫酸镁水泥耐硫酸盐腐蚀性能的影响

为了研究粉碱式硫酸镁水泥耐硫酸盐腐蚀性能,对不同材料组成的碱式硫酸镁水泥浸入水和硫酸钠溶液中各龄期抗折强度、抗压强度、质量变化及水化产物进行了分析.结果表明,在0.3 mol/L的硫酸钠溶液试验环境下,掺入粉煤灰对水泥抗折抗蚀性能改善较为显著,而掺入矿渣对水泥抗压抗蚀性能改善较为显著.掺入粉煤灰和矿渣的碱式硫酸镁水泥180 d的抗折抗蚀系数和抗压抗蚀系数与未掺加矿物掺和料的碱式硫酸镁水泥相比分别提高了0.61和0.15;掺入粉煤灰和矿渣的碱式硫酸镁水泥各龄期的吸水率均低于未加外掺料的碱式硫酸镁水泥的吸水率,同时粉煤灰和矿渣的掺入能有效抑制Mg(OH)2晶相的产生.     

粉煤灰对脱硫石膏-矿渣-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料力学性能的影响

通过研究粉煤灰自身在硫酸盐和石灰双重激发下产生的活性、粉煤灰的碱性以及颗粒Zeta（电位）等,分析不同粉煤灰对脱硫石膏-矿渣-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,粉煤灰的种类对复合胶凝材料的力学性能影响很大,粉煤灰本身活性的差异不是造成这种影响的主要原因,其主要原因是粉煤灰对矿渣粉的激发程度。粉煤灰的碱性对矿渣粉的激发影响很大,对于普通含钙粉煤灰,碱性越强,激发越好,复合胶凝材料力学性能越好。矿渣粉颗粒的Zeta电位为负,因此粉煤灰颗粒表面的正电荷密度过高,不利于矿渣粉活性的激发。     

The effect of the addition of chemical materials on the sintering of biomass ash

In this work the use of chemical materials (additives) in order to reduce the biomass ash sintering tendency is investigated. A total of seven additives (kaolin, limestone, lime, dolomite, calcined dolomite, ophite and alumina) and silica utilised as reference material were mixed in different proportions with the ash of five different biomasses, and then a laboratory sintering test was performed on the mixtures to determine the effect of the additives on the sintering. The biomasses studied in this work were: thistle biomass, brassica carinata biomass, barley straw, almond shell and orujillo (olive oil extraction residue). The sintering decrease among the additives was studied using X-ray diffraction.Kaolin, lime, calcined dolomite and ophite are proved to be suitable to reduce the biomass sintering in all the considered cases. Dolomite, limestone and, particularly, the tabular alumina, offer poorer results. The dilution of the biomass ash is considered the main process involved in the decrease of the sintering for most of the additives, with the exception of kaolin whose chemical reactions could be more important than the dilution effect.     

Steam pretreatment of Salix to upgrade biomass fuel for wood pellet production

Steam explosion (SE) pretreatment is served to separate the main components of woody biomass. In general there is a noticeable gap in literature in terms of application of steam explosion process to upgrade biomass fuel for wood pellet production. In order to study the influence of steam explosion pretreatment on biomass fuel, Salix wood chips was used as raw material. Four different SE experiments were performed by varying two key process factors; time and temperature. Elementary quality and ash properties of the pretreated residue were investigated. Moreover, physical and thermochemical properties of the pellet, produced from the residue, were also investigated. Reduction in ash content especially in alkali metals was observed in steam treated residue. Pretreatment of biomass also enhanced carbon content and reduced oxygen amount in the fuel which enhanced the heating value of the fuel. Moreover, pretreatment enhanced pellet density, impact resistance, and abrasive resistance of pellet. However, small degradation in ash fusion characteristics and char reactivity was also observed as the severity of the process increased.     

Biomass fly ash in concrete: Mixture proportioning and mechanical properties

ASTM C 618 prohibits use of biomass fly ashes in concrete. This document compares the properties of biomass fly ashes from cofired (herbaceous with coal), pure wood combustion and blended (pure wood fly ash blended with coal fly ash) to those of coal fly ash in concrete. The results illustrate that with 25% replacement (wt%) of cement by fly ash, the compressive strength (one day to one year) and the flexure strength (at 56th day curing) of cofired and blended biomass fly ash concrete is statistically equal to that of two coal fly ash concrete in this investigation (at 95% confidence interval). This implies that biomass fly ash with co-firing concentration within the concentration interest to commercial coal-biomass co-firing operations at power plants and blended biomass fly ash within a certain blending ratio should be considered in concrete.     

生物质灰对水泥硬化浆体抗压强度影响的试验研究

对比研究了生物质灰与普通粉煤灰在粒度分布、颗粒形态、化学组成、活性指数等方面的不同,并开展了不同掺量生物质灰对水泥硬化浆体抗压强度的影响研究.结果表明:生物质灰颗粒形状不规则、平均粒径及粒径分布范围较大,具有特有的细长纤维状颗粒,且其活性组分Al2O3不足普通粉煤灰的三分之一;生物质灰的火山灰活性小于普通粉煤灰;相同掺量下,生物质灰-水泥复合胶砂各龄期的抗压强度均小于普通粉煤灰-水泥复合胶砂,生物质灰掺量越大,复合胶砂的强度相比纯水泥组下降程度越大;与普通粉煤灰相比,掺加生物质灰的硬化水泥浆体微观结构更为疏松多孔,特别是其特有的细长纤维状颗粒的存在.     

Filler cement: The effect of the secondary component on the hydration of Portland cement: Part 2: Fine hydraulic binders

In Part 1 of this paper, it was shown that enhanced hydration was achieved by blending a fine non-hydraulic filler into an ordinary Portland cement. This enhancement was considered to be a particle size effect and associated with the presence of fine particles of filler which provided the additional nucleation sites. The filler, rutile, had a variable cement equivalence and reached a maximum value of 0.9kg/kg after hydration had proceeded for three days. In this second part, the same Portland cement was blended seperately with latent hydraulic binders (two pulverized fuel ashes and a ground granulated blastfurnace slag, a Lurgi slag and a volatilized silica). The apparent overall reactivity of these binders was seen to have two components, the first being the particle size effect with its influence on the hydration of the Portland cement and the second the inherent hydraulicity of the secondary material.     

水泥基体参数对水泥砂浆干缩性能的影响

采用干缩实验研究水灰比、灰砂比、水泥细度等水泥基体参数对水泥浆干缩性能的影响。结果表明,水灰比在0.35～0.60时,砂浆的干缩率随水灰比增大而增大;其它条件不变时,砂浆的干缩率随胶砂比增大而明显增大,随水泥细度提高而增大;高标号水泥的干缩率大于低标号水泥,水泥标号相同时,P.II>P.F>P.S;矿渣微粉比粉煤灰更适用于生产高性能水泥和高性能混凝土;减缩剂能明显减小水泥砂浆的干缩率。     

Brazilian fly ash based inorganic polymers production using different alkali activator solutions

Inorganic polymers are a relatively new class of inorganic binders of elevated mechanical strength and chemical resistance which can be produced from various industrial byproducts containing alumina and silica such as fly ash, slag and kaolin. In this work, fly ash from a Brazilian thermoelectric power station at Capivari de Baixo, Santa Catarina, was used to produce the inorganic cement. Different alkaline activator solutions were used in order to study their influence on the properties of the produced inorganic polymers. The results demonstrated that this fly ash is a viable starting material for the production of inorganic binders with compression strength higher than 40 MPa. It has been observed that the compression strength increased with increasing curing time of up to 28 days. Phase analysis by X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of new zeolithic phases during the polymerization process. The polymerization process was also confirmed by modifications of the binding structure, as indicated by altered and new absorption bands observed by infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, it has been found that physical properties, such as density and porosity, not only varied for different activator solutions, but also with curing time.     

富里酸环境下粉煤灰水泥土的腐蚀性试验研究

研究水泥土在腐蚀环境中的耐久性问题对建筑结构的安全性具有重要意义,粉煤灰作为土木工程材料的重要外加剂,可降低水泥的使用量并可改善水泥土搅拌时的和易性,在实际工程中被广泛使用.为研究掺入粉煤灰的水泥土在泥炭(质)土环境中的腐蚀性问题,针对昆明地区泥炭(质)土环境,通过室内试验模拟其腐蚀环境,将纯水泥土和掺入粉煤灰的水泥土在富里酸环境中浸泡,通过浸泡过程中两组试样的表观变化、耗酸量和腐蚀软化深度的对比,研究纯水泥土与掺入粉煤灰的水泥土在富里酸环境中的腐蚀变化状况.分析结果得出掺入粉煤灰的水泥土在富里酸环境中劣化更为严重,考虑到建筑结构的长期安全性,在泥炭(质)土环境中的水泥土构筑物不宜掺入粉煤灰.     

Hydration of fly ash cement

It is necessary to establish the material design system for the utilization of large amounts of fly ash as blended cement instead of disposing of it as a waste. Cement blended with fly ash is also required as a countermeasure to reduce the amount of CO₂ generation. In this study, the influences of the glass content and the basicity of glass phase on the hydration of fly ash cement were clarified and hydration over a long curing time was characterized. Two kinds of fly ash with different glass content, one with 38.2% and another with 76.6%, were used. The hydration ratio of fly ash was increased by increasing the glass content in fly ash in the specimens cured for 270 days. When the glass content of fly ash is low, the basicity of glass phase tends to decrease. Reactivity of fly ash is controlled by the basicity of the glass phase in fly ash during a period from 28 to 270 days. However, at an age of 360 days, the reaction ratios of fly ash show almost identical values with different glass contents. Fly ash also affected the hydration of cement clinker minerals in fly ash cement. While the hydration of alite was accelerated, that of belite was retarded at a late stage.     

Recycling of bottom ash from biomass combustion in porcelain stoneware tiles: Effects on technological properties,phase evolution and microstructure

This work aims to evaluate the use of bottom biomass ash as an alternative raw material in porcelain stoneware bodies. For this purpose, ash coming from a biomass thermoelectric power plant in Emilia-Romagna (Italy) was selected and its chemical, mineralogical and thermal properties determined. Data indicated its technological role as a flux, so it was introduced in a porcelain stoneware batch in partial replacement of feldspars and experimented at laboratory scale. A bottleneck, relative to the rheological behavior of the slips, was overcome by a slight deflocculant increase. The powder compacts were fired from 1000° to 1220 °C in order to follow the evolution of the technological properties, phase composition (XRPD-Rietveld) and microstructure (SEM). The introduction of ash allowed to lower the firing temperature by 20 °C, while keeping the technological properties comparable with those of the benchmark. Moreover, the mineralogical and microstructural data revealed different sintering kinetics.     

An investigation into physicochemical characteristics of ash produced from combustion of oil palm biomass wastein a boiler

Ash derived from combustion of Malaysian oil palm biomass (empty fruit bunches consisting of fibers) was physically and chemically characterized in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of its specific properties in terms of toxicity, compositions and reusability. Principal analyses conducted include particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopy, elemental dispersive X-ray, elemental analysis, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) as well as thermogravimetric, X-ray diffractometry and Fourier-transform infrared analyses. TCLP result indicated that the oil palm ash (OPA) should not be classified as toxic wastes in terms of heavy metal leachability since leachable copper, cadmium, lead and nickel concentrations were detected below the stipulated leachability limits. It was determined that the OPA contained high amount of potassium as well as presence of silica which implied its suitability to be reused as crude fertilizer or cement replacement material.     

用机械力化学原理提高水泥混合材掺量

利用机械力化学原理,改变传统的水泥粉磨工艺为两级粉磨,充分激发熟料及混合材在水化过程中的潜在活性,并据此用５２５＃立窑熟料试制出了掺７０％（质量百分数,以下同）的４２５＃矿渣水泥和掺４５％的４２５Ｒ粉煤灰水泥。     

不同矿物掺合料对改性硫氧镁水泥性能影响的研究

为探究矿物掺合料对改性硫氧镁水泥的影响及作用机理,分别将不同掺量的粉煤灰、矿粉掺入改性硫氧镁水泥中,对其力学性能、耐水性和耐酸性进行测试,并结合X射线衍射和扫描电镜对其物相组成及微观形貌进行表征和分析。研究结果表明:粉煤灰的掺入会提高改性硫氧镁水泥的3 d强度,但后期强度有所下降,当粉煤灰掺量大于20%(质量分数)时,其28 d抗压强度相较于基准组损失了14.7%;掺入矿粉对改性硫氧镁水泥的前期强度影响较小,并导致后期强度下降,当矿粉掺量为30%~40%(质量分数)时,水泥的28 d强度损失率高达17.3%。适量的粉煤灰与矿粉均能够提升改性硫氧镁水泥的耐水性和耐硫酸腐蚀性,其中水泥的耐硫酸腐蚀性随着粉煤灰掺量的增加而增强,耐硫酸腐蚀效果最好时矿粉掺量为20%。     

利用城市垃圾焚烧飞灰研制阿利尼特水泥熟料

以城市垃圾焚烧飞灰(以下简称焚烧飞灰)为主要原料,在实验室电炉里成功烧成了阿利尼特水泥熟料,分析了熟料烧成所需适宜的生料组成和最佳煅烧温度,并研究了石膏掺量对阿利尼特水泥强度影响,以及阿利尼特水泥的标准稠度用水量和凝结时间.结果表明:以焚烧飞灰为主要原料合成阿利尼特水泥熟料无需外掺MgO;较适宜的生料化学组成为CaO 55%～59%,SiO2 17%～20%,Al2O3 3%～5%-MgO 0.5%～3%,Cl 8%～10%最佳煅烧温度为1200℃;添加适量石膏有助于提高阿利尼特水泥早期抗压强度;阿利尼特水泥较硅酸盐水泥有较低的标准稠度用水量和较短的凝结时间.