Power Conversion System Strategies for Fuel Cell Vehicles

PowerConversionSystemStrategiesforFuelCellVehiclesKaushikRajashekara(FellowIEEE;DelphiCorporation,MailCodeERC12 D35,P.O.Box9005,Kokomo,IN46904 9005,USA)Abstract:Powerelectronicsisanenablingtechnologyforthedevelopmentofenvironmentalfriendlyfuelcellvehicles…     

燃料电池在电动汽车中的应用前景

以石油燃料为动力的汽车,其尾气是空气污染的主要来源,以充电电池为动力的电动汽车是解决汽车尾气污染的途径之一.目前,由于充电电池贮能量比内燃机低而使电动汽车数量仍然很少.燃料电池是未来最有希望替代内燃机的汽车动力,它的运行效率高,能够使用甲醇、乙醇、天然气或氢气等非石油基燃料,还可以显著改善排气质量,减少大气污染.可用于电动汽车的燃料电池类型有磷酸型燃料电池、离子交换膜燃料电池和固体氧化物燃料电池.本文对上述燃料电池的原理和性能作了详细介绍,对世界各国的研究开发活动作了介绍.     

燃料电池发电技术介绍

介绍了各种类型燃料电池的工作原理和技术现状,并提出将燃料电池作为固定分布式发电技术的评价标准。指出磷酸燃料电池(PAFC)、熔融碳酸盐燃料电池(MCFC)、固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)最有可能作为分布式电源用于区域性供电。     

新能源与电能变换：系统集成、技术融合及应用展望

本文讨论了对于新能源供电系统与电能变换装置应用具有重要作用的问题，着重探讨电力电子变换、系统集成和技术融合。论文首先论述了风力发电、太阳能电池和燃料电池等几种新能源的供电方式，并提出电源变换在新能源电力系统中的核心作用是值得注意的共性问题和关键技术。为此，电能变换装置特别是直流变换器和交流逆变器被广泛地用于新能源电力系统，以组成集成供电系统。论文进一步提出了技术融合的思想，将现代电源技术、功率变换技术、控制方法、安全保护及智能管理等结合成一种综合方法来解决目前面临的问题，并展望了新能源电力系统的在混合供电、分布式电力系统和便携式电源等方面的应用前景。     

Renewable Energy Devices and Systems – State-of-the-Art Technology,Research and Development,Challenges and Future Trends

Abstract

In this paper, essential statistics demonstrating the increasing role of renewable energy generation are firstly discussed. A state of the art review section covers fundamentals of wind turbines and PV systems. Included are schematic diagrams illustrating the main components and system topologies and the fundamental and increasing role of power electronics as an enabler for renewable energy integration, and for the future power system and smart grid. Recent examples of research and development, including new devices and system installations for utility power plants, as well for as residential and commercial applications are provided. Fuel cells, solar thermal, wave generators, and energy storage systems are also briefly presented and illustrated. Challenges and future trends for 2025 are summarized in a table for on-shore and off-shore wind energy, solar power, including photovoltaic and concentering, wave energy, fuel cells, and storage with batteries and hydrogen, respectively. Recommended further readings on topics of electric power engineering for renewable energy are included in a final section. This paper also represents an editorial introduction for two special issues of the Electric Power Component and Systems Journal, 43(8–10) and 43(12), respectively.     

Recent R&D and future prospects of fuel cell technology in Taiwan

Fuel cells are a clean and efficient alternative fuel technology for transportation, residential and portable power applications. From political, social, economic, energy, environmental and technological considerations, the emerging fuel cell technology is undoubtedly well worthy of long-term investment in Taiwan. Indeed, the development of fuel cell technology also provides the opportunity to transform Taiwan's traditional industry into a high-tech industry. This article provides an overview of Taiwan's technological accomplishments in fuel cells, and makes recommendations for the country's future development and commercialization of fuel cell applications.     

质子交换膜燃料电池的数学模型及其仿真研究

燃料电池在分布式发电系统中的作用日益增大,而为弥补单独采用燃料电池所带来的系统动态响应不足等缺点,引入了超级电容这一重要的储能元件。介绍了质子交换膜燃料电池和超级电容的原理,分析了燃料电池的经验和机理两种数学模型,利用MATLAB分别建立了燃料电池两种仿真模型,研究了燃料电池在不同输入条件下的输出特性,并与实际情况作比较分析。仿真结果表明:燃料电池仿真模型与实际情况相吻合,模型输出特性能够快速响应输入的变化且稳定运行,燃料电池输出特性的研究能够合理有效地设计控制器并使其工作在最优状态,作为微电源的一种为微网进一步研究提供了一定的参考价值。     

含分布式电源的配电网潮流计算

分布式电源（DG）的发展给传统的电力系统注入了新的活力。文中介绍了DG与电网互联的3种常见接口形式,对异步发电机、无励磁调节能力的同步发电机和燃料电池等几种典型DG的运行方式和控制特性进行了研究,建立了各自在潮流计算中所需的数学模型,并在此基础上提出了基于灵敏度补偿的配电网潮流计算方法,该方法适合包含各种不同DG形式的多电源配电系统。将提出的方法用于90节点配电系统进行测试,测试结果表明该方法是可行的。     

Performance of several types of fuel cells and factor analysis of performance

There are four types of fuel cells: Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFC), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC), and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). The performance of these fuel cells has not been compared. Equations that are able to express the performance of these fuel cells accurately were derived or modified from the latest published performance data. The cell voltages of the four fuel cells were estimated by these equations, resulting in high‐temperature fuel cells such as MCFC and SOFC having higher energy conversion efficiencies than low‐temperature fuel cells such as PEFC and PAFC. This difference originates from low cathode polarization, overcoming both a decrease of open circuit voltage with increasing temperature and higher Nernst losses for high‐temperature fuel cells of approximately 85 mV than those for low‐temperature fuel cells due to steam generation in the anode chamber in the high‐temperature fuel cells. A generalized relationship between cell voltage and operating temperature was derived, stating that the cell voltage is almost constant between 500 °C and 1000 °C. A fuel cell which has protons as a migration species in the electrolyte and works between 250 °C and 500 °C would give a performance comparable with high‐temperature fuel cells due to lower Nernst losses than those for high‐temperature fuel cells. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(1): 24–33, 2002     

一种新的水火电力系统优化潮流模型

提出了一种新的水火电力系统的优化潮流模型,该模型以最小化燃料费用和污染排放量为目标。模型中的约束条件考虑了网损和系统稳定性2个方面,其中网损用发电量和发电量转移分配系数表示,系统的暂态稳定性和静态电压稳定性分别用动态安全域和静态电压稳定域的方式表示。该文还就目标函数中考虑燃料费用和污染排放比例关系进行了研究。优化模型的雅克比矩阵由网损和各节点发电量之间的灵敏度因子以及动态安全域和静态电压安全域的系数构成。该模型的求解使用牛顿-拉夫逊迭代法实现,并采用一种新的初值设定方法以提高计算的收敛特性。通过2个标准系统算例验证了该模型的有效性。     

Magnetek,Plug Power for joint development

NY-based fuel cell developer Plug Power has selected Magnetek in Los Angeles to provide advanced power conditioners for its new generation of stationary fuel cells. Magnetek will deliver two prototype power conditioners in August.     

燃料电池发电装置能量管理控制系统设计

针对燃料电池动态响应上的不足,该文探讨了燃料电池发电系统中的能量管理控制系统的设计方法。讨论能量管理控制系统的结构和控制器的设计,提出了一种基于电流间接控制的能量管理控制方式。建立了能量管理控制系统的控制模型,重点分析了控制系统中电流控制环路的设计方法。针对能量管理的需求,设计了一套基于状态转移控制能量管理的控制算法用于管理超级电容中的能量。建立了5 kW燃料电池发电系统,通过实验验证了所设计的能量管理控制系统的有效性。     

燃料电池发电技术在电力工业中的应用及展望

介绍燃料电池发电技术的原理及特点,综述国内外各种燃料电池发电技术的发展与现状,并对我国燃料电池发电技术在电力工业中的应用进行展望。     

Comparative evaluation of different power management strategies of a stand-alone PV/Wind/PEMFC hybrid power system

This study presents different power management strategies of a stand-alone hybrid power system. The system consists of three power generation systems, photovoltaic (PV) panels, a wind turbine and a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). PV and wind turbine is the main supply for the system, and the fuel cell performs as a backup power source. Therefore, continuous energy supply needs energy storing devices. In this proposed hybrid system, gel batteries are used. The state of charge (SOC), charge-discharge currents are affecting the battery energy efficiency. In this study, the battery energy efficiency is evaluated with three different power management strategies. The control algorithm is using Matlab-Simulink®.     

Analysis of multiloop control strategies for LC/CL/LCL-filtered voltage-source and current-source inverters

Multiloop control strategies have commonly been used to control power inverters of both the voltage-source and current-source topologies for power conversion applications including uninterruptible power supplies and utility interfaces for distributed power generation. However, these control strategies tend to be developed and comparatively evaluated for a particular application, with strategies for other applications presented as independent new developments. This paper presents a generalized analysis of different multiloop control approaches using alternative feedback control variables for several popularly adopted system configurations, highlighting similarities and identifying a generalized optimal control-variable selection criterion that is applicable across most multiloop-controlled inverter systems. The generality of the presented optimal variable selection criterion has been verified through the close similarities between the time-domain waveforms of the different inverter systems simulated in MATLAB Simulink and implemented experimentally in the laboratory.     

Overview of Single-phase Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems

Abstract

A still booming installation of solar photovoltaic systems has been witnessed worldwide. It is mainly driven by the demand of “clean” power generation. Grid-connected photovoltaic systems will become an even more active player in future mixed power systems, which are linked by a vast of power electronics converters. To achieve reliable and efficient power generation from photovoltaic systems, stringent demands have been imposed on the entire photovoltaic system. In return, it advances the development of power converter technology in photovoltaic systems. This article thus takes an overview of the advancement of power electronics converters in single-phase photovoltaic systems, being commonly used in residential applications. Demands to single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic systems as well as the general system control strategies are also addressed in this article.     

燃料电池汽车基本技术及发展综述

燃料电池（FC）是将燃料中的化学能转换成电能的发电装置,它具有高效、清洁的特点,目前已经成为电力能源领域的研究热点,其中装备燃料电池的电动汽车是其主要的研究和应用对象。简介了燃料电池的能量转换电化学过程,归纳了燃料电池汽车（FCV）的结构和工作原理,并指出燃料电池汽车具有效率高、续驶里程长、绿色环保、低噪声的优点。基于现有研究,提出了燃料电池汽车整车总体设计、动力系统参数匹配、电机的控制技术、整车通信网络技术、增湿系统、车载供氢系统等的具体实现方案,分析了国内外燃料电池汽车研究和应用领域的现状,指出了我国燃料电池汽车存在的系列问题。未来燃料电池汽车技术将向FC模块化、动力系统混合化、燃料电池汽车产业联盟化的方向发展,以符合重点发展客车和专用车,降低成本和完善配套设施等应用需求。     

A Review of Power Electronics for Wind Power

The paper reviews the power electronic applications for wind energy systems.Main wind turbine systems with different generators and power electronic converters are described.The electrical topologies of wind farms with power electronic conversion are discussed.Power electronic applications for improving the performance of wind turbines and wind farms in power systems have been illustrated.     

Hybrid fuel-cell strategies for clean power generation

A hybrid power system consists of a combination of two or more power generation technologies to make best use of their operating characteristics and to obtain efficiencies higher than that could be obtained from a single power source. Since fuel cells directly convert fuel and an oxidant into electricity through an electrochemical process, they produce very low emissions and have higher operating efficiencies. Hence, combining fuel cells with other sources, the efficiency of the combined system can be further increased or extend the duration of the available power to the load as a backup power. In this paper, different types of fuel-cell hybrid systems and their applications are presented. An analysis of the combined cycle operation of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-microturbine is presented. A strategy for combining the thermophotovoltaic power generation unit and SOFC to obtain the hybrid power system that would have higher efficiency is proposed. The hybrid operation of wind power and solar power system with proton exchange membrane fuel cell is also presented.     

生物质直燃发电厂燃料组织关键问题分析

生物质燃料资源的可供性是影响生物质发电厂生存和发展的根本问题,生物质发电厂燃料组织的关键在于燃料的收集、储存、运输等,文章结合柳城生物质直燃发电项目的开展,对生物质电厂燃料供应、储存、运输、价格控制等关键问题进行了分析,提出了解决的思路和方案.