大跨度斜拉桥拉索阻力系数风洞试验研究

通过香港昂船洲大桥拉索风阻系数风洞试验研究,得到了各工况下不同直径及不同的表面形式拉索的阻力系数值,并对大跨度斜拉桥拉索的阻力系数特性进行了研究。结果表明：来流方向从顺桥向往横桥向变化时,阻力系数逐渐增大;来流方向沿纵桥向时,拉索倾角对阻力系数影响较大,风速对其影响较小;阻力系数随表面粗糙度的增加而增大,横桥向时表现更加明显,并且螺旋线表面阻力系数大于压花表面阻力系数;螺旋线表面拉索阻力系数受风速影响较小,压花表面阻力系数随风速的增大而增大;对比试验值与我国现行规范取值,规范取值偏于保守。     

大跨屋盖结构风洞试验模型的设计方法讨论

通过理论分析及风洞试验研究大跨屋盖结构风洞试验的模型设计问题。以气承刚度理论为主线阐述了内压传播方程及赫姆霍兹频率、四周封闭屋盖结构及墙面开孔屋盖结构的频移特性和气承刚度的相似性模拟准则,考虑了墙体柔度在理论分析中的关键作用。设计制作了大跨平屋盖刚性模型和气弹模型进行墙面开孔前后的风洞试验,试验结果与理论分析较为吻合。研究结果证明了气承刚度相似性模拟在大跨屋盖结构风洞试验中的基础性作用,并指出在模型设计中调整结构内部容积是模拟气承刚度最有效的措施,而保证刚度比的一致性则是试验成功的关键。     

Operational deformations in long-span bridges

Long-span bridges deform quasi-statically and dynamically under a range of operational conditions including wind, traffic and thermal loads, in varying patterns, at different timescales and with different amplitudes. While external loads and internal forces can only rarely be measured, there are well-developed technologies for measuring deformations and their time and space derivatives. Performance data can be checked against design limits and used for validating conceptual and numerical models which can in turn be used to estimate the external loads and internal forces. Changes in performance patterns and load–response relationships can also be used directly as a diagnostic tool, but excessive deformations themselves are also a concern in terms of serviceability. This paper describes application of a range of measurement technologies, focusing on response to extreme loads, for suspension bridges over the River Tamar (with 335 m main span) and Humber (with 1410 m man span). The effects of vehicular, thermal and wind loads on these very different structures are compared, showing that apart from rare extreme traffic and wind loads, temporal and spatial temperature variations dominate quasi-static response. Observations of deformation data and sensor performance for the two bridges are used to highlight limitations and redundancies in the instrumentation.     

大跨度曲面屋盖风压分布特性的试验研究

通过某机场航站楼的刚性模型风洞试验研究,得到了上下屋盖表面的平均、脉动风压系数,对其风压分布特性进行了研究。结果表明:上表面屋盖主要呈现负压,在屋盖迎风面边缘出现较大气流分离;下表面屋盖迎风面出现正压,背风面主要为负压,风压系数变化梯度较大,风荷载特性更加复杂。     

A pseudo-microsimulation approach for modelling congested traffic loading on long-span bridges

This paper investigates congested traffic loading on long-span bridges through the use of traffic microsimulation. Six months of Weigh-In-Motion free-flow traffic data (including cars) are used as input for the microsimulation of congested traffic. Key parameters that affect traffic loading are identified in the output of the microsimulation, and these parameters form the basis for a more computationally efficient ‘pseudo-microsimulation of congested traffic’ (PMCT) model. This PMCT model is shown to replicate the traffic loading from full microsimulation accurately and allows long-run simulations, equivalent to 1000 years of congested traffic, to be performed with an acceptably short duration. This reduces the significant uncertainties associated with extrapolating short-run simulation results to long return periods. The 1000-year simulated results from the PMCT are compared with the extrapolated results from full microsimulation, and with the traffic loading from some design codes, for different bridge lengths. Both types of microsimulation are also applied to calculate maximum lifetime loading for two typical long-span bridges – one cable-stayed and one suspension bridge – using influence lines determined from finite-element models.     

武汉体育中心体育馆表面风压的风洞试验研究

介绍了武汉体育中心体育馆风洞试验模拟方法和试验结果,讨论了不同风向角下屋盖表面风压的分布,并得出风荷载的分布规律。在考虑了上游有建筑物影响的情况后,分析了周围建筑对屋盖表面风压的干扰效应。围护结构的设计风压分别由我国规范和基于随机振动理论的标准方法计算所得,通过两种方法的比较,得到了若干结论。     

数值模拟引导下的建筑风洞试验研究

提出了采用"数值模拟引导下的风洞试验"这一新方法来研究复杂建筑结构的风荷载问题,并以内蒙古博物馆与乌兰恰特大剧院工程为例,介绍了这种方法的实现过程及其优点。通过在先进的数值模拟平台上建立适当的数值风洞模型,对建筑物在若干个主导风向角下的平均风荷载分布进行数值模拟仿真计算;参照计算结果,对结构的风压分布趋势作出科学的判断,找出最不利的风压分布区域,以对刚性模型测压风洞试验的测点布置方案进行优化,使试验能捕捉结构的最不利风荷载;最后将风洞试验结果与数值预测结果进行相互比较和验证,在此基础上给出静力风荷载的设计建议。工程应用表明,这种新方法指导的结构风荷载风洞试验研究更具有针对性,测点位置和数目得到优化而使试验方案更加合理,因此试验结果也更加可靠。     

移动荷载作用下大跨度铁路斜拉桥纵向共振机理

列车荷载作用下铁路斜拉桥将在不同方向上发生振动,列车竖向荷载作用下导致的主梁纵向振动将影响道床稳定性和伸缩装置的使用,甚至影响行车安全性和舒适性。采用等效纵向荷载研究移动荷载作用下斜拉桥纵向振动机理,推导纵向共振速度估算公式。以一大跨度铁路斜拉桥为实例,分析了不同速度的移动荷载作用下结构动力响应。结果表明,当移动荷载速度与估算纵向共振速度接近时,移动荷载通过桥梁时的纵向加载频率与桥梁一阶纵向振动频率接近,斜拉桥发生纵向共振现象,主梁和桥塔动力响应显著增大。     

青岛某超高层住宅的风洞试验研究

为了研究超高层建筑在使用阶段的抗风安全性,基于青岛某超高层住宅工程,对设计风速作用下结构的风荷载分布规律、结构的位移、加速度响应进行风洞实验研究,并根据风洞试验结果,对结构的抗风安全性、结构三维风振特性及舒适性进行分析,研究结果为该项目的结构设计提供了依据。     

Optimal passive and semi-active control of a wind excited suspension bridge

Herein, a model of an existing suspension bridge is developed at the numerical level in the ANSYS finite element code starting from original data, and it is used (a) to simulate the structural response under strong wind excitation; (b) to assess the efficacy for the bridge protection of passive and on/off Skyhook semi-active control laws, here presented in a modified version, with due attention on their feasibility and reliability. Their efficacy is shown and the factors contributing to their positive performance are highlighted. Wind loading, corresponding to the extreme event, derives from generated 3D turbulent wind fields, non-homogeneous in space to consider the atmospheric boundary layer.     

张力腿基础刚度对大跨浮式悬索桥风-浪动力响应的影响

采用张力腿基础的大跨度浮式桥梁是一种新型跨海桥梁体系,由于张力腿结构横向刚度弱,风-浪作用下结构响应受基础设计的影响大。该文构建了浮式桥梁风-浪荷载计算及结构运动响应有限元分析方法,以某采用张力腿基础的浮式悬索桥为对象,分析了张力腿基础淹没深度、张力腿拉索倾角等设计参数对张力腿基础横、竖向刚度以及风-浪作用下浮桥动力响应的影响。结果表明,风荷载对浮桥主梁的动力响应起主导性作用;通过增加张力腿基础的淹没深度增大结构的竖向刚度,能直接有效地减少大跨浮桥的动力响应;调整张力腿拉索倾角为75°～80°时可以有效降低结构的横、竖向运动响应,过小的倾角虽然可以提供较大的横向刚度,但会增大主梁的运动响应。因此,张力腿基础刚度是大跨浮式桥梁结构动力响应的控制性因素,应对基础设计参数开展重点研究。     

青岛颐中体育场膜结构风洞试验研究

通过风洞试验研究了在B类场地条件下 ,青岛颐中体育场膜结构挑篷建筑的风荷载特性 ,探讨了挑篷上各处膜面平均风荷载随来流风向角的变化规律 ,及其在各风向角下的表面风荷载的分布规律 ,确定了该设计方案随膜顶形状变化的风载体形系数 ,为进一步的结构计算提供了科学依据。     

复杂体型大跨屋盖风荷载特性的风洞试验研究

通过对吉林火车站的刚性模型风洞试验研究,得到了在有无周边建筑群干扰下屋盖表面的风压系数等值线图、脉动风压系数与屋盖的升力系数随风向角的变化曲线,对其风压分布特性做了详细的对比分析研究。研究结果表明:大跨屋盖结构表面主要呈现负风压(风吸力),屋盖合力升力系数均为负值。主站楼在迎风区屋檐、悬挑区域及屋面凸起的天窗位置气流分离较大,风压变化明显,出现较大的负风压系数;由于站台雨篷四周开敞,气流流经站台雨篷时较为顺畅,气流分离较小,因而站台雨篷风压系数较小。     

Wind effects on a long-span beam string roof structure: Wind tunnel test, field measurement and numerical analysis

The Guangzhou International Convention & Exhibition Center (GICEC) with roof dimensions of 210 m wide and 457 m long is the largest exhibition center in Asia and the 2nd largest of this kind in the world. This paper presents results from a combined study of wind tunnel test, full-scale measurement, and numerical analysis of wind effects on the long-span beam string roof structure. In the wind tunnel test, wind-induced pressures including mean and fluctuating components were measured from the roof of a 1:300 scale GICEC model under suburban boundary layer wind flow configuration. The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method and the quasi-steady approach as well as probability analysis were adopted to estimate the characteristics of the fluctuating wind pressures on the roof. On the other hand, full-scale measurements of wind actions and wind-induced structural responses of the roof were conducted during the passage of Typhoon Nuri. The field data such as wind speed, wind direction, and acceleration responses, etc., were continuously and simultaneously monitored from a wind and structural response monitoring system installed on the roof structure during the typhoon. Detailed analysis of the field data was performed to investigate the characteristics of the typhoon-generated wind and the wind-induced vibration of the long-span roof structure under typhoon condition. The dynamic characteristics of the roof were determined from the field measurements and comparisons with those calculated from the finite element model (FEM) of the structure were made. The damping ratios of the roof structure were estimated by means of the random decrement method and the amplitude-dependent damping characteristics were presented and discussed. Finally, the full-scale measurements were compared with the model test results to examine the accuracy of the wind tunnel test results and to identify possible modelling errors in the numerical study. The results presented in this paper are expected to be of considerable interest and of use to researchers and professionals involved in designing long-span roof structures.     

温州东海广场风荷载数值模拟与风洞试验研究

对温州东海广场工程这一具有较大截面长宽比的复杂高层建筑进行了风荷载数值模拟和风洞试验研究。首先,在工程预研阶段用数值模拟方法计算得到了主要风向角工况下结构表面的平均风荷载分布。然后,参考数值模拟计算结果,引导进行风荷载风洞试验的测点布置方案,进行风洞模拟试验研究。最后,将数值计算结果和风洞试验数据进行了对比,显示数值模拟计算和风洞试验结果两者吻合较好。研究表明,综合采用数值模拟和风洞试验研究,可以较为准确地把握复杂建筑结构的风荷载分布,这种方法有助于提高结构抗风研究的水平。     

大跨度铁路站房屋盖结构风洞试验与等效静风荷载研究

以哈尔滨西客站站房屋盖结构为研究对象,采用刚性模型同步测压风洞试验对建筑表面的平均及脉动风荷载进行测定,结合本征正交分解技术对风压场进行重构及预测,解决了风压测点与结构有限元模型节点的不匹配问题。分别建立整体结构和屋盖结构有限元模型,利用时程分析方法考察了下部结构对风致响应的影响,研究表明下部结构会导致屋盖结构的刚度弱化,建模中忽略下部结构可能导致对屋盖结构位移和内力响应的低估。引入多目标等效静风荷载分析方法,以结构在风荷载作用下的最大动力响应为控制指标获得针对多个等效目标的静风荷载分布,并对等效结果进行了验证,结果表明该方法可以实现以少量静风荷载分布形式实现所有响应均与动力极值响应等效。     

L形和一字形双层幕墙平均风压分布特性的试验研究

双层通风幕墙的抗风设计需考虑外层幕墙的内、外表面风压以及内层幕墙的外表面风压,其风荷载取值不同于普通单层幕墙,使得其风载取值变得复杂。通过多个不同截面形式的模型进行双层幕墙压力分布风洞试验研究。介绍风洞试验模型的设计及数据处理方法,着重分析一字形双层幕墙和L形双层幕墙的内外层幕墙的平均风压分布。试验结果表明:L形双层幕墙和一字形双层幕墙的平均风压分布有很大的不同。对于一字形双层幕墙,无论是正风压还是负风压,都主要作用在内幕墙上,外幕墙除拐角区域外所承担的风压很小。对于L形双层幕墙,其外幕墙的正风压要比内幕墙的风压大;负风压时,L形双层幕墙的短边区域是外幕墙所承担的风压大于内幕墙,其长边区域则是内幕墙所受的风压要大于外幕墙。     

台风风场作用下体育场罩棚风压分布风洞试验研究

通过刚性模型测压风洞试验研究了台风风场高湍流、强变异性等特征对大跨结构风压分布特性的影响。以某体育场罩棚为原型制作1∶300刚性模型,进行了常规B类风场和台风风场作用下的测压对比试验。基于试验数据,从测点风压和总体升力角度对两类风场作用下体育场罩棚结构的风压分布总体特性进行了分析,重点比较了典型测点在典型风向角下的风压分布规律及相互关系。结果表明：两类风场作用下平均风压的分布规律基本类似,但各风向角下台风风场中的屋盖总体升力比B类风场增大8%~25%;台风风场的高湍流特性导致基于极值负风压求得的各风向角下屋盖总体升力比B类风场大27%~46%,各测点的极值风压均明显高于常规B类风场作用下的对应值,比值约为1.13~1.70,因此对于台风多发地区的大型体育场屋盖设计,必须考虑台风风场高湍流所致的脉动风压增大效应。     

Multi-scale damage analysis for a steel box girder of a long-span cable-stayed bridge

Accurate evaluation of the effect of possible damage in critical components on the dynamic characteristics of a structure is of critical importance in developing a robust structural damage identification scheme for a long-span cable-stayed bridge. The strategies of finite element (FE) modelling of a long-span cable-stayed bridge for multi-scale numerical analysis are first investigated. A multi-scale model of the Runyang cable-stayed bridge is then developed, which is essentially a multi-scale combination of a FE model for modal analysis of the entire bridge structure and FE sub-models for local stress analysis of the selected locations with respect to the substructuring method. The developed three-dimensional global-scale and local-scale FE models of Runyang cable-stayed bridge achieve a good correlation with the measured dynamic properties identified from field ambient vibration tests and stress distributions of a steel box girder measured from vehicle loading tests, on the basis of which the effectiveness of some damage location identification methods, including a modal curvature index, a modal strain energy index and a modal flexibility index, are evaluated. The analysis results show that the effect of the simulated damage in various components of the steel box girder on the dynamic characteristics of a long-span cable-stayed bridge should be properly considered in structural damage analyses using multi-scale numerical computation.     

大连市贝壳博物馆表面风压分布特性风洞试验研究

为了满足大连市贝壳博物馆的抗风安全需要,进行了刚性模型表面风压分布特性风洞试验研究。详细介绍了试验所采用的主要技术参数与基本的数据处理方法,给出了典型风向角下结构表面风压分布的等值线图和结构典型测点在不同风向角下的风压变化规律;分析了各风向角下绝对值最大的局部体型系数及其出现的位置,并将屋盖的局部体型系数与现行《建筑结构荷载规范》(GB 5009—2001)进行了对比。结果表明:屋面上表面的风荷载主要表现为负压,顶部迎风挑檐边缘较大,屋面的尾流区域较小或为正压。屋面两侧的悬挑部分及主入口处迎风时分布有大面积正压,以靠近拐角部分最大,且这部分屋面对风作用反应敏感,设计时应考虑体型系数的变号情况。