Landscape Representation Validity: A Comparison between On-site Observations and Photographs with Different Angles of View

Some concern about the representation validity of photographs in visual landscape assessments has been expressed in literature. Mostly, studies consider one type of representation, using the mean ratings for only one preference variable, often scenic quality. Here, validity coefficients are calculated using several landscape preference variables. Three types of stimuli are compared: the in situ landscape, panoramic and standard normal photographs. Landscape vistas were evaluated on site during field excursions. The same scenes were represented as wide angle photographs and standard normal photographs in two other questionnaires. For half of the variables measured no difference in validity could be established between the stimulus types. Standard normal photographs appeared to be more suitable for measuring certain variables. The results demonstrated that both the preference variable being measured and the landscape being evaluated can determine the type of stimulus that is most appropriate to use in questionnaires on landscape assessment.     

Landscape heterogeneity correlates with recreational values: a case study from Swedish agricultural landscapes and implications for policy

Agri-environmental schemes are often targeted at heterogenic landscapes to support several ecosystem services besides food production. The question is whether heterogenic landscapes also support recreation values. Previous studies suggest this but statistical analysis of the relation between heterogeneity and recreation is lacking. To assess this, we used a quantitative Landscape Heterogeneity Index (LHI), developed for biodiversity conservation. We asked five different user groups to score 12 photographs of landscapes depicting different LHI. All user groups, especially conservationists and hunters, preferred the heterogeneous landscapes and this difference was statistically significant for all groups except farmers. Accessibility, in terms of roads, had no obvious impact on the recreational value conveyed by the photos. The paper provides evidence that the recreational value amplifies biodiversity-based values of heterogeneous landscapes and argues that such landscapes also provide resilience and insurance value buffering against unexpected risks. Implications for policy are discussed.

Highlights ? Recreational value was positively correlated to landscape heterogeneity.

? This correlation was statistically significant for all user groups except farmers.

? Accessibility, in terms of roads, had no obvious impact on the recreational value.

? The multi-functionality of heterogeneous agricultural landscapes including resilience and the insurance value should be better acknowledged in policy.

     

Analysis of Landscape Patterns in the Urban-Rural Integrated Area Based on Moving Window: A Case Study of Sanshui District in Foshan City

The urban-rural integrated area in Sanshui District of Foshan City was selected for research, and the impact of landscape pattern around the No.269 provincial highway was analyzed based on the land-use data in 2014 using the spatial analysis in GIS and the moving window method. The results showed that:(1) within the scope of a 2 km-range buffer zone, with a low degree of heterogeneity, land for construction use and water area were the dominant land-use types, while with a high degree of fragmentation, cultivated land, wooded land, grassland, garden land, land for other farm uses, and land unused were scattered;(2) the 250-m square moving window could well detect the change characteristics of landscape pattern on both sides of the road;(3) the gradient analysis of landscape pattern in urban-rural integrated area, which was conducted with the aid of a 750-m transect on both sides of the road, indicated that there were significant differences between landscape indexes both in the urban-rural integrated area and on both sides of the road;(4) the road that had an obvious cutting and fragmentation impact on the landscape was an important factor leading to the increasing fragmentation and heterogeneity to regional landscapes.     

Lens,mirror, window: interactions between Historic Landscape Characterisation and Landscape Character Assessment

Abstract

Contemporary wisdom holds that landscape research requires cross-disciplinary collaborations, and consideration of character has been seen as one way to achieve this, yet character-based methods of landscape assessment incline towards unidisciplinarity. This is the case in the UK, with two parallel methods in use since the early 1990s. Both have become influential across Europe in the drafting and implementation of the European Landscape Convention. This paper, a contribution to a special issue of Landscape Research, focuses on one of the methods, Historic Landscape Characterisation (carried out mainly by archaeologists and heritage managers), and compares it with Landscape Character Assessment (used by the landscape architects and geographers) to examine the concepts of both landscape character and interdisciplinarity. It concludes that although a single integrated method for landscape assessment could be desirable, there remain benefits in having separate methods, and the process of combining parallel landscape assessments can bring research benefits.     

Architecture in a Landscape of Unholy Unions

Abstract

Vernacular is difficult to define, but we usually know it when we see it. As landscape became conurbation, and necessity gave way to greater degrees and higher forms of artifice, vernacular forms were subjugated to the products of industry, trades people and professionals. In the production of most domestic, commercial and industrial buildings architects are involved minimally if at all. When they are they' re too often prisoner to repeated conventions that result in a bland contemporary vernacular unworthy of that name.     

重庆梁平区景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响

景观格局及其变化是生态系统服务价值(ESV)调控的关键因素之一,关系着区域生态安全和可持续发展。以梁平区1999、2009和2018年遥感影像为源数据,运用景观格局指数、ESV评估模型、热点分析等方法研究景观格局和ESV时空变化特征,并在此基础上探讨景观格局演变对ESV的影响。结果表明:(1)1999—2018年,耕地和水域面积总体呈减小趋势,而其他景观类型面积则呈增加趋势;研究区整体景观连通性降低、景观破碎度增大,空间异质性增加。(2)19年间研究区ESV增加6.47亿元;各景观类型中,林地ESV最高;单项生态系统服务价值中,水文调节ESV贡献率最大。ESV在空间分布上具有一定差异性:高值区主要集中分布于梁平区东部和西部高海拔林区及低海拔水域集中区;低海拔耕地和建设用地区为低值区。(3)ESV与景观格局密切相关,梁平区总ESV与景观形状指数、景观多样性指数、景观均匀性指数呈显著正相关,与蔓延度指数、散布与并列指数呈显著负相关。研究揭示了景观格局与总ESV变化的关系,可为梁平区资源可持续开发利用提供科学参考。     

Landscape of time and immobility

ABSTRACT

This paper sheds a light on the ephemeral landscape of Palestine. Under a deliberate process of ‘erasing, peeling, cutting and pasting’, the physical and mental maps of Palestine today are rapidly changing with the Palestinians being pushed out of the scene. This colonial project has been best represented by Sari Hanafi as ‘spacio-cidal’ as it targets the landscape and consequently the narrative of those who shape it.

Stemming from the need for an alternative discourse to narrate and redraw the map from a local lens, I use the village of Beit Iksa as an example to portray the spatial restructuring of the landscape. I show how ‘greening’ casts a shadow on the Israeli colonial strategies that lie beneath to alienate and ‘reinvent’ the rural scene. And yet, because for every strategy of control there is a tactic to resist, I show how through spatial interventions, I tried to rethink the rural and challenge its ideological transformation into a void; a leftover landscape shaped by time and immobility and yet is loaded with spatial potentials and open to change.     

浅谈园林中的桥

水是园林风景的眼睛,有水的地方就有桥,无论是传统的古典园林、或是新建的公园及风景游览区,都有桥的身影.文章阐述了桥的概念与本质,归纳总结了园林中的桥的类型、功能和艺术美,并从园桥建构方面进行初探,旨在为设计出更具人性化和趣味性的园桥景观提供一些参考.     

Landscape and heritage: trajectories and consequences

Abstract

The recent histories of heritage and landscape studies appear to be closely linked, with their epistemological, ideological and methodological twists and turns progressing amid a common broad intellectual and interdisciplinary space. This has not been a codependent evolution, but rather, a mutually supporting and often parallel endeavour of academic, policy and popular inquiry that explores the significance of landscape and heritage as meaningful categories of an emergent and processual nature. Despite such a parallel trajectory, however, the actual practices of landscape and heritage studies still have a good deal to learn from further conversation. In particular, the paper explores how a heritage sensibility might provide some supportive critical purchase for some recent work within landscape studies that draws on phenomenological and non-representational theories. Thus, the paper sets out the co-ordinates of how work within landscape studies and heritage studies can move forward through an interdisciplinary dialogue.     

Landscape design as research: an emerging debate

How I Made the World: shaping a view of landscape

Jay Appleton

Hull, University of Hull Press, 1994, ISBN 0–85958–620–0, 255 pp.

Regency Gardens

Mavis Batey

Princes Risborough, Shire, 1995, ISBN 0–7478–0289–0, 96 pp, £5.99

Walter Burley Griffin: landscape architect

Peter Harrison, edited by Robert Freestone

Canberra, National Library of Australia, 1995, 105 pp., ISBN 0–642–10644–4 (pb); 0–642–10645–2 (hb)

Landscape Review, 1995 Issue 2, ‘Languages of Landscape Architecture‘

Canterbury (NZ), Lincoln University Press, ISBN 0–909049–01–7, 64 pp

Land Art

Gilles A. Tiberghien

London, Art Data, 1995, 311 pp., col. and b. &; w. illus., ISBN 09–488–3517–6, $45.00

Geomorphology of Desert Dunes

Nicholas Lancaster

London, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0–415–06093–1, £55.00, hb, ISBN 0–415–06094‐X, £17.99, pb     

Editorial: Landscape & Mining

Distributed widely in North Wales, especially in Anglesey (where some of the best examples are to be found), cloddiau (or clawddai) are an often unrecognized component of the North Waleian agricultural landscape. This is largely due to the decline in the care and management of these traditional boundaries in favour of the greater flexibility offered by ‘wire’ stock fencing. Landscape survey work currently being undertaken in Anglesey has highlighted the range and condition of these features and the extent to which they influence field and ultimately landscape patterns.     

Foraging for identity: the relationships between landscape activities and landscape identity after catastrophic landscape change

ABSTRACT

In this article, we deal with landscape activities in relation to changing landscape identity after a major wildfire in Sweden in 2014. The aim was to investigate the relationships between 22 landscape activities (before the fire) and 2 components (emotion and cognition) of landscape identity (before and after the fire). A total of 656 respondents living nearby the fire area participated in this study. Before the fire, a positive association was found between the activities of enjoying nature and foraging, and both components of landscape identity. This suggests that the more participants enjoyed nature and picked berries and mushrooms, the stronger their attachment to the landscape (emotion), and the more they remembered and reasoned about the landscape (cognition). Post fire, these relationships were found only between the two components of landscape identity and foraging. This implies a significant role of this type of activity for keeping ‘alive’ landscape identity.     

Placing Livestock in Landscape Studies: Pastures New or Out to Graze?

Abstract

This paper reviews research on livestock and landscape. It argues that farm animals have started to occupy a central position in landscape studies, opening up many new pastures for research. Using the example of cattle in the UK, we consider how livestock have been understood as text, as social constructions and as beings with their own lives. In each case, we note how the position of farm animals is contested and there is a need for a diversity of theoretical approaches to understand these differences. The article calls for academics, practitioners and policy-makers to pay greater attention to the myriad ways in which livestock and landscape are intertwined.     

Senses of Place,Senses of Time: Landscape History from a British Perspective

Abstract

A vast and varied literature exists on the history and archaeology of vernacular landscapes, yet still heritage ‘value’ is often weighted towards the extravagant landscapes created by powerful elites. This article is concerned to bring the wealth of historic landscape and archival research closer together with recent theoretical writing on landscape and dwelling, by focusing on the early modern period in particular. Recent theoretical approaches open up creative space for thinking through the archival material and invites landscape historians to think in terms of movement and dwelling as essential to understanding landscape at the human scale. As this article attempts to show, this is by no means a one-sided dialogue; rather historical landscape research can inform theoretical work in new and productive ways. Bridging the gaps between research areas has the potential to enrich our understanding of everyday landscapes as heritage, created by ordinary people going about their day-to-day activities. The paper argues for the importance of recasting mundane, commonplace features of the landscape—roads, fields and boundaries—as an essential part of our social and cultural landscape heritage. Read in this light, the archival sources suggest that the meanings afforded to the extant remains of the past in the landscape were made through intangible heritage practices, customs, memories, naming, rituals and performances by ‘ordinary’ people.     

Forty years of Landscape Research

Papers of four decades published in Landscape Research are reviewed in order to chronicle the journal’s development and to assess the academic performance of the journal relative to its own aims. Landscape Research intends to reach a wide audience, to have a broad thematic coverage and to publish different types of papers with various methodological orientations. Cutting across these first aims are the interdisciplinary ambition of the journal, and its overall focus on landscape. These aims are evaluated based upon categorisation of article content, authorship and methodology, using data derived through interpretative inquiry and quantitative analyses. The results tell the story of how Landscape Research has developed from a newsletter of the Landscape Research Group, mainly aimed at practitioners, into an interdisciplinary, international journal with academic researchers as its primary community of interest. The final section discusses the current profile of the journal and identifies issues for its future direction and development.     

城市公园植物景观空间声景感知特征及 影响因素研究

植物景观空间是城市公园的重要组成部分,其声景品质直接影响游客的游憩满意程度。对福州市5个城市公园进行实地调研和公众问卷调查,探究不同类型植物景观空间在游客声景感知方面的差异及影响总体声景感知的主要因素。结果表明：不同类型植物景观空间声源优势度感知差异最明显,尤其是交通声,但是声源和谐度感知差异不明显。植物景观空间的总体声景感知在愉悦度与宁静度2个维度均有显著差异。影响各类空间总体声景感知的主要声源感知特征不同,与声景愉悦度和宁静度关系最为密切。半开敞空间的植物色彩和密闭空间的郁闭度分别与声景丰富度和愉悦度有密切关系。密闭空间中声景宁静度营造需考虑不同教育背景的游客的需求。研究结论可为提升城市公园植物景观空间声景品质提供理论参考。     

时空视野下桂林山水园林形塑过程与机理

桂林山水园林是喀斯特地貌下区域风景营建的优秀代表,体现着城市、人与风景要素协调共生的人居理念。通过古代文献解读与地理时空分析,探究在人文与自然联动作用下桂林山水园林形塑的时空过程与内在机理。研究表明：1）桂林山水园林依托于具有喀斯特地貌特征的独特风景基底而建设,营建数量和规模由唐至清持续增长,宋元为营建高峰;园林类型随时间逐渐丰富完善,公共园林长期占据主导地位;2）桂林山水园林的形塑过程在时间上可分为由山水到园林的初步建构（唐至宋元）和园林体系的完善（明清）2个阶段,最终形成了类型多样、风格鲜明的地域园林体系。在空间上,从散点式发展逐渐转化为城景相融一体化发展,形塑出桂林城园一体的风景面貌;3）山水环境支撑、政治经济影响、城市建设发展及游赏文化助推4方面的综合驱动作用,塑造了具有真山真水、类型多元、城景相融、开放共享等显著特征的桂林喀斯特区域风景园林系统。研究有利于促进区域风景特征的保护与文化传承,并对当代山水城市景观塑造具有一定参考意义。     

Hardscrabble Heritage: The Ruined Blackhouse and Crofting Landscape as Heritage from below

Abstract

This article explores a particular materialisation of the relationship between landscape, heritage and identity. Understood as heritage from below, the emphasis is on the role of non-elites in the constitutive processes of landscape and the place/space of the past in the present. The landscape at the heart of this study is that of the ruined blackhouse, an intrinsic part and mnemonic of crofting identity in the Scottish Highlands. These quotidian and mundane spaces are constituted by routine habits which, together with the material ‘left-behinds’ of a past way of life, comprise landmarks to place making from below and within. For members of the crofting community, the blackhouse is understood and experienced as inheritance from the past and source of everyday affectual and sensual entanglements. This rural ruin is thus an intrinsic part of the crofting taskscape, the past drawn into the present as a form of cultural heritage from below.