金刚石室温疲劳机理的试验研究

本文阐述了金刚石室温疲劳破坏现象的产生，简单介绍了研究金刚石室温疲劳的实验方法——软压头技术。分析了一般疲劳破坏的过程和机理，对金刚石室温疲劳破坏机理作了理论上的推导，提出了应力腐蚀使金刚石产生疲劳破坏的理论——应力集中提高表面原子活性引起应力腐蚀，在理论的基础上得到了金刚石疲劳速率公式。并采用软压头技术分别以PCD、CBN、Si3N4、Tib2等作为软压头材料，在自行研制的金刚石疲劳试验机上对不同氮含量的金刚石样品进行了疲劳实验，在实验数据的基础上绘制出了不同氮含量金刚石的疲劳曲线图，并对实验结果与疲劳破坏机理进行比较分析，得出结论：不同氮含量的金刚石，氮含量越高，金刚石疲劳破坏会越快出现，即疲劳强度越小，氮含量越低，裂纹扩展速度越慢，即疲劳强度越大。这从理论上和实验上论证了应力腐蚀引起金刚石室温疲劳的理沦。     

纳米压痕法测量Ti6Al4V钛合金室温蠕变应力指数

主要通过恒加载速率纳米压痕法的保载阶段测量了Ti6Al4V钛合金在室温下的蠕变应力指数n。通过给金刚石Berkovich压头施加不同的加载速率使其达到不同的最大载荷,观察加载速率和最大载荷对实验结果的影响。在最大载荷下,给压头保载5 min,通过保载过程中材料的压痕应变率和硬度之间的关系得到了该材料在常温下的蠕变应力指数n。结果表明,在特定范围内加载速率和最大载荷的变化对实验结果的影响微乎其微,可以忽略不计。最终测得Ti6Al4V钛合金在室温下蠕变应力指数的分布范围为7.0513~7.216。     

洛氏硬度HRA与HRC之近似理论关系

洛氏硬度A标尺和C标尺测试方法及所用金刚石压头相同,仅所加总负荷大小不同。按照标准,例如GB230-83,金刚石压头是顶角为120°的圆锥体,锥顶磨成半径为0.200mm的球面。由于这一原因,金刚石压头的高比完全为圆锥体形时差0.03094mm。这个差值与在洛氏A、C标尺硬度实用范围内的压痕深度相比要小得多。若忽略压头锥顶的形状变化,则A、C标尺的金刚石压痕便是几何相似。材料的硬度越大,同样负荷下压头压入的压痕深度越小。洛氏硬度本质上是用无量     

纳米压痕技术及其在薄膜/涂层体系中的应用

综述了纳米压痕技术的发展历程及其在薄膜领域的应用。介绍了当前实验室条件下主要采用的电磁驱动式纳米压痕仪的构造和工作过程。为了保证测试结果的准确性,要在合适的温度、湿度下进行压入实验,借助保载来消除一些可以避免的误差。阐述了压头的分类和选择原则,玻氏压头相比于维氏压头具有更小的中心线与棱面夹角,避免了尖端横刃对于压入结果准确性的影响,因此最常用的压头为玻氏压头;表征断裂韧性最合适的压头为立方角压头;表征微机电系统的弯曲采用楔形压头。总结了通过最大载荷和压入面积得到涂层力学参量的分析流程。归纳了将纳米压痕法应用于表征薄膜涂层的硬度和弹性模量、室温下蠕变性能、断裂韧性、残余应力、塑性性能等力学量的研究,如表征硬度和弹性模量的Oliver-Pharr法的应用,识别蠕变柔量的Lee-Radok模型的应用,分析断裂韧性的Lawn-Evans-Marshall模型的应用。在涂层制备过程中,制备参数的改变可以使得涂层具有不同的力学性能,涂层厚度远小于表面尺寸,硬度和弹性模量仍然存在各向异性,非晶态结构涂层具有更高的硬度和弹性模量。采用碳纳米管强化可以提高涂层的断裂韧性,涂层内存在适量的残余应力数值和合...     

单晶锗纳米切削过程分子动力学仿真与实验研究

为深入理解单晶锗纳米切削特性,提高纳米锗器件光学表面质量,采用三维分子动力学(MD)模拟方法研究了单点金刚石压头与单晶锗表面的接触和滑动过程。研究了压头在滑动切削过程中的材料变形、切削力、切屑堆积、表面形貌尺寸。仿真结果表明,随着垂直载荷的增加,切削力、表面形貌尺寸、切屑堆积在接触过程中逐渐增加,且与切削速度无明显关联。切削过程中切削力波动的根本原因是由于单晶锗晶格破坏引起位错的产生和能量波动。为了验证仿真结果的正确性,使用纳米划痕仪对单晶锗进行了纳米切削实验。实验结果与仿真结果一致,验证了MD模型的正确性和有效性。     

单晶锗纳米切削过程分子动力学仿真与实验研究（英文）

为深入理解单晶锗纳米切削特性,提高纳米锗器件光学表面质量,采用三维分子动力学(MD)模拟方法研究了单点金刚石压头与单晶锗表面的接触和滑动过程。研究了压头在滑动切削过程中的材料变形、切削力、切屑堆积、表面形貌尺寸。仿真结果表明,随着垂直载荷的增加,切削力、表面形貌尺寸、切屑堆积在接触过程中逐渐增加,且与切削速度无明显关联。切削过程中切削力波动的根本原因是由于单晶锗晶格破坏引起相变的产生和能量波动。为了验证仿真结果的正确性,使用纳米划痕仪对单晶锗进行了纳米切削实验。实验结果与仿真结果一致,验证了MD模型的正确性和有效性。     

异种钢焊缝中开裂的脆性-延性破坏迁移

0前言即使在室温下发生延性破坏的材料,随着温度的降低也会迁移至脆性破坏。而且,众所周知,在发生脆性破坏的低温和室温间存在着脆性-延性迁移温度区域,在此区域中破坏临界值随温度而急剧变化。因此,在低温下使用材料时,在弄清该区域破坏迁移状况的同时,明确地把握其破坏临界值的变动特性是很重要的。宇都宫登雄等人此前曾对室温下屈服应力不同的两种钢材的焊缝中央或其附近有裂纹的试样进行了破坏实验。即使在拉伸型负荷下进行,按模型Ⅱ(面内剪断型)的破坏方式,也显示出有裂纹开始扩展的情况。如果考虑到这一事实以及伴随着温度变化的脆性-…     

压实力,压头形状及压下速度对砂型表面硬度的影响

在生产铸铁暖气片过程中存在着铸件质差废品率高,经济效益差的难题,分析主要原因是砂型表面硬度低。为此进行改革造型机压头形状和压下速度。实验结果是提高压头压下速度有提高砂型表面硬度的好结果,进而提高了铸件质量。得出的结轮是提高压头压下速度能提高砂型表面硬度。     

洛氏硬度和表面洛氏硬度

材料的硬度可理解为材料抵抗硬物压入的能力。按硬度试验有静力压痕试验、动力压痕试验、回跳试验和刻划试验等多种 ,硬度更确切应定义为在材料局部区域抵抗塑性变形、弹性变形或破坏的能力。几种试验方法中洛氏硬度使用最广泛。1.洛氏硬度Ｒｏｃｋｗｅｌｌｈａｒｄｎｅｓｓ洛氏硬度试验的原理是在初始试验力Ｆｏ及总试验力Ｆ(Ｆｏ +主试验力Ｆ1)的先后作用下 ,将金刚石圆锥体或钢球压头压入试样表面 ,经规定保持时间后 ,卸除主试验力Ｆ1,用测量残余压痕深度增量来表征硬度。残余压痕深度增量以 0 .0 0 2ｍｍ为单位表示。为了符合材料硬度高…     

金刚石复合片显微硬度分析

本文采用维氏压头和努普压头施加4.9 N、19.6 N、29.4 N负荷,对HV5维氏显微硬度计的标准块进行了硬度检测.通过对比发现:采用努普压头、4.9 N负荷能较精确的测量出硬度值.因此采用此法对金刚石复合片进行了努普硬度检测,及磨耗比检测.分析结果发现:沿径向从边缘到中心硬度逐渐减少,与磨耗比有相似的变化规律,在穿晶断裂为主的区域,显微硬度和磨耗比明显高于以沿晶断裂为主的区域.所以要合理的控制合成工艺,从根本上提高金刚石颗粒间的结合能,形成更多的强D-D结合,以提高金刚石复合片的质量.     

A PROBABILISTIC ASSESSMENT OF TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF 1Cr_(18)Ni_9Ti STEEL WELD METAL

1.IntroductionFatigueistakenasapotentialfailuremodeintheRulesforConstructionofNuclearPowerPlantComponentsofASMESectionill[1].ThedesignS-NcurveisdevelopedfirstlybyusingtheLangerS--Nmodel[21fittingthedataofvirtualstressamplitudeandcyclestocrackinitiation,whichareobtainedfromuniaxialstrain-controlledtestonsmall-sizepolishedbarspecimensinairenvironment,toobtainameanbest--fitcurve.Next,twotypesofcorrection,ameanstresscorrectionandatemperaturecorrection,areappliedtothemeancurve.Then,thedataar…     

In situ observation on fatigue crack growth in SCS-6/Ti-15-3 composite at elevated temperatures

Direct observation on fatigue crack growth behavior in SiC (SCS-6) fiber-reinforced Ti-15-3 alloy matrix composite subjected to a constant tension–tension loading mode was performed by scanning electron microscope using a single edge-notched specimen in vacuum at room temperature and 550 °C. The fatigue crack growth rate at 550 °C was lower than that at room temperature, and the difference between the fatigue crack growth rates at room temperature and 550 °C increased with increasing fatigue cycles. The crack opening displacement at 550 °C was smaller than that at room temperature when the crack length exceeded a definite value, though the interface friction stress between the fiber and matrix at elevated temperature was much smaller than that at room temperature. The above results were explained qualitatively by a residual stress mechanism at the crack front and the crack closure behavior at crack wake, which could be produced by matrix creep asymmetry in tension and compression at elevated temperature during each fatigue cycle.     

Effect of pre-strain on fatigue crack growth of 2E 12 aluminum alloy

The influences of pre-strain on the mechanical property and fatigue crack growth of 2E12 aluminum alloy were evaluated by SEM, TEM, mechanical property and fatigue tests. The axial fatigue tests were conducted under a constant amplitude sinusoidal wave loading at stress ratio of 0.1 in laboratory air and salt fog at room temperature. The results show that the yield stress of pre strain material is higher than that of the material without undergoing pre-strain, but pre-strain can not make the increase of the growth rate of fatigue crack. Fatigue crack growth rates of the alloy in salt fog are higher than those in air. The increased fatigue crack growth of the alloy in a given environment and more brittle striations can be observed in salt fog.     

Microstructural extremes and the transition from fatigue crack initiation to small crack growth in a polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy

The fatigue behavior of the nickel-base superalloy René 88 DT has been investigated at room temperature with fully reversed loading in an ultrasonic fatigue apparatus operating at a frequency close to 20 kHz. A characterization protocol based on the electron backscatter diffraction technique has been developed to identify the combination of microstructural features within crack initiation sites and surrounding neighborhoods that leads to the transition from initiation to early small crack growth. Surface grains that were more than three times the average grain size, that were favorably oriented for cyclic slip localization and that also contained Σ3 twin boundaries inclined to the loading axis were most favorable for fatigue crack initiation. Fatigue cracks subsequently grew in grain clusters within which grains are misoriented by less than 20° relative to the initiation grains. More highly misoriented neighboring grains resulted in crack arrest. The material characteristics that promote crack initiation and small crack growth exist only at the extreme tails of the microstructural distributions. The implications for modeling of fatigue life and fatigue life variability are discussed.     

TB6钛合金疲劳及裂纹扩展性能研究

本文对TB6钛合金锻件弦向和径向两种取样方向分别进行了室温和200℃下旋转弯曲高周疲劳、轴向低周疲劳和疲劳裂纹扩展性能试验研究。试验结果表明,弦向（C）和径向（R）两种取样方向对该合金锻件的旋转弯曲高周疲劳、轴向低周疲劳性能和疲劳裂纹扩展性能没有影响;温度升高可加速该合金锻件的疲劳裂纹萌生,但在裂纹扩展阶段,该合金高温下的韧性优势与屈服强度降低的劣势平衡的结果使其在室温～200℃温度范围内的疲劳性能基本不受温度的影响;在10—20mm的厚度范围内,厚度对该合金的疲劳裂纹扩展性能没有影响;在3．5％NaCl盐雾环境中。腐蚀介质对TB6钛合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率在初始阶段有迟滞作用,但在应力强度因子范围大于14MPa m后有加速作用。     

Prediction of Cold Dwell-Fatigue Crack Growth of Titanium Alloys

The dwell effect of the material can reduce the fatigue lives of titanium alloys at room temperature. A unified fatigue life prediction method developed by the authors' group is modified in this paper to predict dwell-fatigue crack growth taking into account the effects of dwell time and maximum stress. The modified model can be successfully used to predict the crack growth rate and calculate the fatigue life of different titanium alloys under pure fatigue and dwell-fatigue conditions. It is validated by comparing prediction results with the experimental data of several titanium alloys with different microstructures, dwell time, hydrogen contents, stress ratios and stress levels.     

Damage mechanism of a nodular cast iron under the very high cycle fatigue regime

Fatigue behaviour in the very high cycle regime (VHCF) of 10¹⁰ cycles were investigated with a cast iron (GS51) under ultrasonic fatigue test system (20 kHz) in ambient air at room temperature with a stress ratio R = −1.

The influence of frequency was examined by comparing similar data generated on conventional servo hydraulic test systems. An advanced, high-speed, and high-sensitivity infrared imaging system was used to measure the temperature changes during ultrasonic fatigue test at various load levels caused by internal damping due to a very high frequency cycling. The temperature field on the surface specimen was determined by using a non-destructive measurement technique called infrared pyrometer. An infrared camera made up of a matrix of 320 × 240 detectors was used.

The S-N curves obtained show that fatigue failure occurred beyond 10⁹ cycles, fatigue limit does not exist for the cast iron and there is no evidence of frequency effect on the test results. A detailed study on fatigue specimens subjected to ultrasonic frequency shows that the temperature evolution of the cast iron specimen is very evident, the temperature increased just at the beginning of the test, the temperature increased depending on the maximum stress amplitude. Under the current test conditions, the high cycle fatigue (VHCF) behaviour of the cast iron exhibited a typical fatigue crack growth process, that is, fatigue initiation takes place always at the surface graphite or subsurface void; the distinctive stable fatigue crack growth zone can be found around the fatigue crack initiation site, the change of fatigue initiation site from surface to subsurface is associated with the complex effects of applied maximum stress level, surface condition.

Under lower stress amplitude and high cycle condition, surface graphite fatigue initiation is predominantly depended on cyclic stress amplitude; subsurface void fatigue initiation is determined by maximum cyclic stress.

In the process of small crack propagation, the temperature in local plastic zone increase very sharply. The temperature field of ultrasonic fatigue specimen can be changed with the cooling condition; internal heating can accelerate surface fatigue crack initiation and propagation.

Fatigue properties in VHCF regime were studied for cast iron (GS51) at 20 kHz frequency and for the first time, crack initiation and propagation stages were analyzed using a high-sensitivity infrared camera. The new Paris's model for fish eye formation in the gigacycle fatigue were also confirmed by this study.     

Damage tolerance of wrought alloy 718 Ni- Fe-base superalloy

The influence of a modified heat treatment (MHT) and the standard heat treatment (SHT) on the damage tolerance of alloy 718 turbine disk material has been studied over a range of temperatures— from room temperature to 650 °. The influence of these heat treatments on creep, low-cycle fatigue (LCF), notch sensitivity, cyclic stability, and fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) properties has been studied. The microstructure developed through the MHT sequence is shown to be damage tolerant over the temperature range studied. Shot peening leads to a marked improvement in the LCF crack initiation life of the MHT material relative to the SHT material at 650 °. Serrated grain boundaries formed through controlled precipitation of grain-boundary 5 phase are beneficial to elevated- temperature FCGRs. The S-phase precipitates formed at an angle to the grain boundaries do not make the material notch sensitive.     

TA12钛合金电子束焊接接头性能和断口分析

利用电子束焊接方法,焊接厚6mm的TA12钛合金板材.通过拉伸实验、持久实验和疲劳实验对焊接接头的力学性能进行研究,同时对疲劳断口进行分析.结果表明:在室温和550℃时,焊接接头强度与母材相当;在室温时,焊接接头的塑性与母材存在明显差异,焊接接头的延伸率与母材相比有所下降;而在550℃时,焊接接头塑性与母材相当或略大....