低温堆控制室安全审评与设计变更

反应堆控制室是反应堆人-机接口最集中的区域,也是反应堆误操作最多的地方。改进反应堆控制室设计是提高反应堆安全的关键因素之一。依据核电厂相关法规、标准,参照低温堆设计准则和功能要求开展低温堆控制室的安全审评。根据审评要求,进行相应的设计变更,进一步优化了低温堆控制室设计,提高了设施安全性。     

先进水冷零的发展趋势

基于１９９１年以来进行的可行性研究结果，印度尼西亚可能进入新的核时代，在我们的能源供应系统中引进几座核电厂。未来核电厂的开发需要分两步走。第一步是最近的将来即今后的５０年，核能系统将受以水堆或先进加压重水堆（Ａ－ＬＷＲｓ／Ａ－ＰＨＷＲ’ｓ）所支配。第二步是５０年后，那时新的反应堆系统将开始占支配地位。一体化反应堆概念从安全角度看提出了一种革命性改进，然而，它也带来一系列复杂的机械方面的和运行方面的     

关于修订《压水堆核电厂安全停堆设计准则》的技术分析与研究(上)

通过调研核电厂安全停堆设计国内外标准化现状、国内设计改进和运行核电厂安全停堆实际,对标准技术内容进行全面梳理分析和探讨,提出了标准术语定义、反应性控制、堆芯排热、反应堆压力边界完整性等方面存在的问题并给出了具体可行的修订建议.     

关于修订《压水堆核电厂安全停堆设计准则》的技术分析与研究(下)

文章通过调研核电厂安全停堆设计国内外标准化现状、国内设计改进和运行核电厂安全停堆实际,对标准技术内容进行全面梳理分析和探讨,提出了标准术语定义、反应性控制、堆芯排热、反应堆压力边界完整性等方面存在的问题并给出了具体可行的修订建议。     

基于SPND跳堆功能研究

反应堆保护系统的功能是保护三大核安全屏障（即燃料包壳、一回路压力边界和安全壳）的完整性。在发生设计基准工况DBC2～4工况下,反应堆保护系统自动启动,执行跳堆功能,使反应堆达到可控状态。目前在建的EPR反应堆跳堆功能,偏离泡核沸腾比低（LDNBR）和线功率密度高（HLPD）均是基于自给能中子通量探测器（SPND）测量的中子通量计算的结果。本文对EPR核电厂基于SPND跳堆功能进行了研究,进一步分析和研究反应堆保护功能的要求,以分析此设计是否满足标准法规对核电厂安全运行和审评的要求。分析结果表明,现有设计能满足标准法规的要求。     

“华龙一号”反应堆冷却剂系统调试研究与设计

本文介绍了NNSA、IAEA和NRC对反应堆冷却剂系统调试的相关要求,结合NRC对首堆试验的要求和核电厂运行经验反馈,确定了华龙一号反应堆冷却剂系统调试设计的总体思路。接着,介绍了部件试验、系统试验和首堆试验的试验阶段和主要试验内容。通过实施以上试验,可以验证"华龙一号"反应堆冷却剂系统和部件的性能符合设计和安全要求。     

冷却剂流量降低停堆保护系统整定值分析

在确保反应堆安全的基础上 ,尽量扩大电厂的运行区域是反应堆停堆保护系统设计以及整定值确定的原则。本文通过对电网运行要求的分析 ,得到了恰希玛核电厂主泵低转速和一回路低流量停堆整定值 ,随后的安全验证表明了其对冷却剂流量降低事故保护的有效性     

高温气冷堆技术的研究及发展

自1954年前苏联第一座SMW试验性核电站投运以来,核电在一些国家的电力工业中保持着重要作用。从世界核电下一阶段发展来看,重点仍是提高安全性和降低造价,主要发展的是先进的水堆技术和其他先进的反应堆技术,可以预测,高温气冷堆技术作为一种先进反应堆技术在未来的10～15年必将取得长足的发展。 高温气冷堆技术的发展和现状 气冷堆是国际上反应堆发展中最早的一种堆型,这种反应堆初期被用来生产军用钚,20世纪50年代中期以后发展成为商用核电站的堆型之一。气冷堆的发展大致可以分为四个阶段:即早期气冷堆(Magnox)、改进型气冷堆(AGR)、…     

CNP1000核电厂的安全性与经济性

核电厂的安全性是最重要的，但是没有经济性的核电厂是不受欢迎的。URD要求的15％的热工裕量不是法规文件。核安全部门关心的是反庆堆的安全而不是热工裕量。增大反应堆的热工裕量，就意味着在同等经济规模条件下的核电厂要降低其反应堆的热功率（经济性）。过去设计的反应堆都是严格按照核安全法规设计，而且采用非常保守的计算方法、公式和计算机程序进行设计，所得到的热工裕量非常小或者没有，但是这些反应堆仍然在安全运行着，如果现在采用新的计算方法、公式和计算机程序计算这些运行核电厂的热工裕量，应该是有所提高的。同时，用不同类型的计算方法、公式和计算机程序得到的热工裕量也是不相同的，所以热工裕量不是评价反应堆是否安全的标准。在经济不发达的中国，反应堆的安全性和经济性同样是非常重要。增大反应堆的热工裕量主要是为了防止核电厂在正常运行时偏离设计安全限值、增加反应堆应付事故和严重事故的能力。核电厂设计应该俦考虑如何保证在任何事故条件下反应堆能够及时停堆、不失电、提高ECCS的非能动能力和可靠性，同时使用那些被实验和实践证明的新设计方法、公式和计算机程序进行反应堆设计，切实提高反应堆的安全性和可靠性，在保证核安全的前提下充分提高核电厂的经济性。通过使用最新的子通道分析程序和最佳估算（方法）大破口失水事故分析程序对CNP1000核电厂（2775MW热功率，3.66m堆芯和3150MW热功率，4.27m堆芯）进行了DNBR裕量和大LOCA线功率裕量分析，计算的DNBR值和峰值包壳温度都满足验收准则的要求，其DNBR裕量和线功率裕量都满足15％的要求，反应堆是安全的。从安全和经济的角度，CNP1000核电厂应该选择3150MW热功率，4.27m堆芯为宜。     

秦山核电厂反应堆压力容器第三根辐照监督管试样断裂韧性试验

核电厂反应堆压力容器是堆内个可更换的重要部件,保证其安全可靠,对于核电厂口的安全运行具有重要意义。根据《秦山核电站反应堆压力容器材料辐照监督大纲》的要求,在反应堆压力容器中设置辐照监督管,监测反应堆压力容器环带区筒体及焊缝因中子辐照和热环境引起的材质性能变化。定期抽出辐照监督管,实测辐照监督试样延性断裂韧度JIC试验数据,作为判断压力容器材料辐照脆化程度的参考数据,并用于修定反应堆冷却剂压力-温度限值曲线,以防止压力容器发生脆断,从而保证反应堆安全运行。同时为压力容器以及核电厂的寿命评估和延寿积累数     

Nuclear power technologies at the stage of sustainable nuclear power development

It is not simple to solve the problem of competitiveness of nuclear power technologies in evolutionary upgrading the conventional nuclear power plants (NPP) such as light water reactors (LWR), which requires high expenditure for safety. Moreover, the existing LWRs cannot provide nuclear power (NP) for a long time (hundreds of years) because the efficiency of use of natural uranium is low and closing the nuclear fuel cycle (NFC) for those reactors is not expedient.The highlighted problem can be solved in the way of use of innovative nuclear power technology in which natural uranium power potential is used effectively and the intrinsic conflict between economic and safety requirements has been essentially mitigated.The technology that is most available and practically demonstrated is the use of reactors SVBR-100 — small power multi-purpose modular fast reactors (100 MWe) cooled by lead-bismuth coolant (LBC). This technology has been mastered for nuclear submarines’ reactors in Russia.High technical and economical parameters of the NPP based on RF SVBR-100 are determined from the fact that the potential energy stored in LBC per a volume unit is the lowest.The compactness of the reactor facility SVBR-100 that results from integral arrangement of the primary circuit equipment allows realizing renovation of power-units LWRs, the vessels’ lifetime of which has been expired. So due to this fact, high economical efficiency can be obtained.The paper also validates the economical advantage of launching the uranium-fueled fast reactors with further changeover to the closed NFC with use of plutonium extracted from the own spent nuclear fuel in comparison with launching fast reactors directly with on uranium-plutonium fuel on the basis of plutonium extraction from spent nuclear fuel of LWRs.     

热管冷却反应堆的兴起和发展

热管冷却反应堆采用固态反应堆设计理念,通过热管非能动方式导出堆芯热量。本文总结了热管冷却反应堆的概念初创、积极探索、重大突破的发展历程;分析了热管冷却反应堆的技术特点,包括固态属性、固有安全性高、运行特性简单、易于模块化与易扩展和运输特性良好等核心优势;归纳了热管冷却反应堆中热管性能、材料工艺、能量转换等技术现状,并提出热管冷却反应堆进一步发展将面临的材料、制造工艺、运行可维护性等挑战,从而明确了热管冷却反应堆未来的发展趋势,为革新型热管冷却反应堆技术的发展与应用提供良好的方向指引。总体而言,热管冷却反应堆在深空探测与推进、陆基核电源、深海潜航探索等场景中具有广阔的应用前景,有可能成为改变未来核动力格局的颠覆性技术之一。      

Analysis of decay heat removal from RBMK-1500 reactor in decommissioning phase by natural circulation of water and air

The main problem in nuclear energy is providing of safety at all stages of lifetime of nuclear installations in conditions of normal operation, accidents and at shutdown. Ignalina NPP, located in Lithuania, is one of the latest with RBMK reactors at highest capacity. Ignalina NPP has two units, both are closed for decommissioning now (in 2004 and 2009). Both units are equipped with RBMK-1500 reactors, the thermal power output is 4200 MW, the electrical power capacity is 1500 MW for each. In RBMK-1500 reactor the fuel assemblies remain for long time inside reactor core after the final shutdown. The paper discusses possibility of heat removal from the RBMK-1500 core at shutdown condition by natural circulation of water (1) and air (2) inside the fuel channels. In first case the decay heat from fuel assemblies is removed due to natural circulation of water and the piping above reactor core should be cooled by means of ventilation in the drum separator compartments. To warrant free access of air in to fuel channels (in the second case) the reactor cooling system should be completely dry out and the pressure headers and the steam discharge valves in steam lines should be opened. If mentioned conditions will be fulfilled, the reactor core will be cooled by natural circulation of water or air and fuel rods remain intact.     

Innovative nuclear technology based on modular multi-purpose lead–bismuth cooled fast reactors

Today's nuclear power is in the state of an intrinsic conflict between economic and safety requirements. This fact makes difficult its sustainable development.

One of the ways of finding the solution to the problem can be the use of modular fast reactors SVBR-75/100 cooled by lead–bismuth coolant that has been mastered in conditions of operating reactors of Russian nuclear submarines.

The inherent self-protection and passive safety properties are peculiar to that reactor due to physical features of small power fast reactors (100 MWe), chemical inertness and high boiling point of lead–bismuth coolant, integral design of the pool type primary circuit equipment.

Due to small power of the reactor, it is possible to fabricate the whole reactor at the factory and to deliver it to the NPP site in practical readiness by using any kind of transport including the railway.

Substantiation of the high level of reactor safety, adaptability of the SVBR-75/100 reactor relative to the fuel type and fuel cycle, issues of non-proliferation of nuclear fissile materials, opportunities of multi-purpose usage of the standard SVBR-75/100 reactors have been viewed in the paper.     

Development of technology-neutral safety requirements for the regulation of future nuclear power reactors: Back to basics

This paper explores the current trends as regards the development of technology-neutral safety requirements to be used in the regulation of future nuclear power reactors and the role of the quantitative safety goals in the design of reactor safety systems. The use of the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) on protection against potential exposure could form the basis of a technology-neutral framework for safety requirements on new reactor designs and could contribute to international harmonisation of nuclear safety assessment practices as part of the licensing processes for future nuclear power plants.     

Density effect of reactivity in a heavy-water power reactor operating in the <Superscript>233</Superscript>U self-fueling regime

The void coefficients of the reactivity of different channel-type power reactors are compared. It is shown that a heavy-water channel reactor operating in a self-fueling regime within a uranium–thorium fuel cycle is just as nuclear-safe as CANDU type reactors. When composite fuel assemblies containing fuel elements with fuel and a ThO₂ target are used, such a reactor possesses negative void and therefore power coefficient of reactivity. Consequently, its nuclear safety is substantially higher than that of channel power reactors cooled by heavy or light water. Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 105, No. 5, pp. 249–254, November, 2008.     

模块式高温气冷堆核电站设计特点

模块式高温气冷堆具有安全、灵活、可靠、经济性好的优点,受到核技术先进国家的重视。本文着重介绍了美国新近推出的模块式高温气冷堆核电站的设计特点和安全特性。     

热管堆中分段式温差发电器的仿真分析

温差发电器（TEG）是一种能够直接将热能转化为电能的器件设备,因此可在热管堆中将TEG作为能量转换系统。但当热管堆堆芯的平均或最高温度超过1 000 K后,TEG的缺陷就会暴露出来。分段式温差发电器（STEG）可解决这一问题。本文在COMSOL软件中搭建了STEG模型,确定了数值模拟方法,并对STEG的几何形状和热电性能进行了优化设计,将热管与STEG组合成单通道模型来进行仿真计算。对STEG进行了稳态的仿真计算,得到STEG的几何优化设计,并探究了热电和热力性能,热电转换效率最高可达15.75%,最大应力约为270 MPa。在单通道模型中,结合STEG的最优几何设计,热电转换效率最高可达15.63%。本文工作可为STEG与热管堆结合的数值模拟提供相应的基础。     

Thermal hydraulic analysis of the IPR-R1 TRIGA research reactor using a RELAP5 model

The RELAP5 code is widely used for thermal hydraulic studies of commercial nuclear power plants. Current investigations and code adaptations have demonstrated that the RELAP5 code can be also applied for thermal hydraulic analysis of nuclear research reactors with good predictions. Therefore, as a contribution to the assessment of RELAP5/MOD3.3 for research reactors analysis, this work presents steady-state and transient calculation results performed using a RELAP5 model to simulate the IPR-R1 TRIGA research reactor at 50 kilowatts (kW) of power operation. The reactor is located in the Nuclear Technology Development Center (CDTN), Brazil. It is a 250 kW, light water moderated and cooled, graphite-reflected, open pool type research reactor. The development and the assessment of a RELAP5 model for the IPR-R1 TRIGA are presented. Experimental data were considered in the process of the RELAP5 model validation. The RELAP5 results were also compared with calculated data from the STHIRP-1 (Research Reactors Thermal Hydraulic Simulation) code. The results obtained have shown that the RELAP5 model for the IPR-R1 TRIGA reproduces the actual steady-state reactor behavior in good agreement with the available data.     

Channel reactors: Status and prospects

Conclusions The prospects for nuclear power plants with channel reactors depend on the significant experience accumulated in building and operating such plants. Among the characteristics of the design and construction of nuclear power plants with RBMK reactors, classified, under deep analysis, as deficiencies in the light of the Chernobyl accident, not one was specific to the channel idea. The MKéR-800 design shows how the deficiencies of the RBMK construction can be avoided and how the advantages of the channel idea can be most fully realized. The current trends in the development of the traditional reactor designs, while certainly increasing the safety of the next generation of nuclear power plants, still do not take into account the materialization of the most severe accidents at the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power plants. Therefore we are justified in considering the strategic problem of developing inherently safe reactors (operating on fast neutrons) in order to achieve a radical solution to the problems of safety, wastes, ecology, and the future fuel supply. Scientific-Research and Design Institute of Energy and Fuels. Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 302–310, April, 1994.