唐山市某办公建筑冬季采暖能耗测试分析

针对唐山市某典型办公建筑的冬季采暖能耗状况进行了测试与分析.结果表明,2012 ～ 2013年采暖季的建筑总耗热量为284GJ,折合单位面积耗热量为118.6kWh/(m2·a),折合单位面积采暖耗煤量为23.9kgce/(m2·a).在整个采暖期间,室内存在较为明显的过热现象,在一定程度上造成了采暖能量的浪费,这主要与温控阀调节不合理、散热器与采暖面积不匹配等因素有直接关系.采暖耗热量占全年总能耗量的67％,存在较大的节能潜力.     

两种太阳能采暖形式的对比与分析

太阳能供热采暖系统是近年来国内逐渐发展起来的太阳能热利用技术.目前,国内安装的太阳能供热采暖系统,大致分为太阳能低温热水地板辐射采暖和太阳能散热器对流采暖两种形式.     

大庆地区太阳能地板辐射采暖研究与经济分析

设计了太阳能地板辐射采暖系统,给出了系统的工作原理。探讨了集热器单位面积有效利用能和集热器效率的计算方法。通过经济分析,得到大庆市某60 m2平顶民房安装太阳能地板辐射采暖的年计算费用为1 485元;安装散热器采暖年计算费用为1991元。经济分析结果表明,太阳能地板辐射采暖系统具有良好的经济效益。     

联合供热冷凝式锅炉中央辐射供暖系统及其评价

暖浴两用冷凝式锅炉和地板辐射采暖联合供热系统在我国采暖领域还没有应用,文章给出了以联合供热型冷凝式锅炉为中央热源的低温地板辐射采暖系统,分析了该系统的主要型式及其工作原理,评价了系统的经济性和节能环保效益。     

北方采暖地区既有建筑节能改造问题研究

本文介绍了北方城镇建筑采暖能耗现状,分析了建筑采暖需要的热量、采暖系统的过量供热,以及热源和采暖系统的效率三大因素的状况和存在问题。对目前社会关注的我国建筑采暖的政策和技术的热点问题进行了专门讨论,对热计量和供热收费改革、天然气采暖、挖掘热电联产系统节能潜力、全面利用工业生产排出的低品位余热作为城市供热的主要热源等问题进行了分析研究。对2020年采暖的节能潜力进行了预测,并提出了全面推进供热体制改革的政策建议。     

地板辐射采暖分户热计量系统的应用

介绍了地板辐射采暖系统型式及特点,并根据实际工程对常规供热系统和本系统进行了经济技术分析,为地板辐射采暖分户热计量系统在住宅采暖中应用提供了依据。     

定形相变贮能式地板辐射采暖系统的实验研究

作者在北京采暖季节对相变贮能式地板辐射采暖系统进行了实验研究。该系统采用厚度为2cm，熔点和潜热分别为21．6℃和37J／g的定形相变材料。作为比较，也对普通地板采暖系统进行了对比实验研究，发现：相变贮能式地板辐射采暖系统在实验期间基本上每天开启8～10h，在维持室内温度高于对比试验的情形下，运行费用低于对比试验中的普通地板采暖系统。此外，由于相变材料具有较好的贮热能力，电加热系统的启停造成的室内温度波动较小，变化平缓；试验房间内各壁面温度较高，且波动很小，从而提高了室内的平均辐射温度，这也是地板辐射采暖舒适和节能的原因之一。     

低温地板辐射采暖系统中辐射板布置方式的优化

低温地板辐射采暖系统作为一种既节能又舒适的新型采暖方式，国内外对其节能性和节能能力进行了相当多的研究，但对如何进行低温地板辐射采暖系统优化设计的研究很少，本文基于热网模型．利用数值模拟，在等舒适度情况下对不同的辐射板的布置方式(周边布置和中心布置)和辐射板铺设位置的情况下的能耗进行分析，并进一步对如何优化辐射板铺设位置进行了探讨，从而可为低温热水地板辐射采暖系统的优化设计提供参考。     

低温热水地板辐射采暖的Yong分析

本文建立了采暖系统的Yong分析模型，利用所建立的模型，对地板辐射采暖和传统的散热器采暖两种采暖方式进行了Yong分析。结果表明，当地板辐射采暖的供回水温度为45℃／35℃时，与传统的散热器采暖相比，其Yong效率大约高18％，地板辐射采暖所需供水温度低，可以充分利用各种低温热源及工业废热等低品位能量，是一种具有发展潜力的节能型采暖方式。     

北方34%供热计量装置闲置

据住房和城乡建设部对北方采暖地区供热计量工作专项监督的通报,已安装供热计量装置但未实现供热计量收费的面积约为5．1亿平方米,约占全部装置安装面积15亿平方米的34％,造成了严重浪费。专项监督发现,部分省区市新建建筑没有安装供热计量装置。新竣工建筑面积4．09亿平方米,其中未安装装置的面积占21％。     

武汉某三甲医院节能改造分析

以武汉某三甲医院为研究对象,审计了该医院的用能情况,得到了单位面积建筑能耗为27 kgce/m2（当量值）、40 kgce/m2（等价值）;分析了该医院用能存在的主要问题,并借助模拟软件Designbuilder,在满足室内舒适度的情况下,分析该医院典型建筑外围护结构、照明系统、集中采暖空调系统对医院耗能的影响。给出了优先采取锅炉烟气余热利用,冷凝水回收利用,自然光利用,外窗改造以及安装分项计量系统的节能改造措施的结论,综合改造的节能率为31.71%（当量值）、29.06%（等价值）,节能量为318.0 1tce（当量值）、454.41 tce（等价值）,总投资为439.48万元,投资回收期为2.53～3.47年。     

Technology line and case analysis of heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in Northern heating areas of China

The building area in northern heating areas accounting for 70% of the total land area in China is 6,500,000,000 m². The average heating energy consumption in northern China is 100–200% times more than developed countries in the same latitude. This paper introduced firstly the heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit background of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of China organized by mohurd and MOF, and then put forward the total principle and contents of retrofit. Through analyzing some retrofit cases in Germany, Poland and China, some technological experiences were summarized and finally a technology line suitable for heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of China which involved retrofit for heat metering and temperature regulation of heating systems, heat balance of heat source and network, and building envelope was described to provide a systematic, scientific, technological guide for the retrofit projects of 0.15 billion m² in “the Eleventh Five-Year Plan” period.     

一个供暖工程改造的范例

介绍一个具有代表性的优秀的供暖系统.该厂对原有供热系统进行全面的技术改造后,消除了系统水力失调现象,大大地提高了锅炉的出力和运行效率,提高了热能有效利用率.59万m^2建筑面积采暖,一个采暖期只耗7 200 t标准煤,单位面积采暖耗标煤仅为12.2 kg/m^2,循环水泵功率只有132 kW,且供暖效果好.     

Heat planning for fossil-fuel-free district heating areas with extensive end-use heat savings: A case study of the Copenhagen district heating area in Denmark

The Danish government plans to make the Danish energy system to be completely free of fossil fuels by 2050 and that by 2035 the energy supply for buildings and electricity should be entirely based on renewable energy sources. To become independent from fossil fuels, it is necessary to reduce the energy consumption of the existing building stock, increase energy efficiency, and convert the present heat supply from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. District heating is a sustainable way of providing space heating and domestic hot water to buildings in densely populated areas. This paper is a theoretical investigation of the district heating system in the Copenhagen area, in which heat conservation is related to the heat supply in buildings from an economic perspective. Supplying the existing building stock from low-temperature energy resources, e.g. geothermal heat, might lead to oversized heating plants that are too expensive to build in comparison with the potential energy savings in buildings. Long-term strategies for the existing building stock must ensure that costs are minimized and that investments in energy savings and new heating capacity are optimized and carried out at the right time.     

Heat prices for public buildings in Tianjin

Energy-saving awareness of heat users and heating enterprises can be stimulated by implementing heat metering for public buildings and by establishing scientific and reasonable policies for heat prices in China. In this paper, a two-part heat price for public buildings in Tianjin is introduced, which divides the heat price into a basic part and a metering part. According to the statistical analysis of information collected from two pilot heating enterprises, the specific heat load for public buildings in Tianjin is calculated, and three candidate schemes of heat price are proposed. A simulation of heat cost is also conducted, and the benefits for both heat users and heating enterprises are balanced. Finally, the two-part heat price for public buildings in Tianjin is determined: the basic heat price is recommended to be 20 CNY/m², and the metering heat price is recommended to be 76.10 CNY/GJ. Such a price could be implemented in the initial stage of heat metering for public buildings in Tianjin.     

HYSYS流程模拟技术在丁辛醇装置用能优化方面的应用

分析了大庆石化公司丁辛醇装置工艺流程中用能优化的潜力,即可增没换热器,实现温度较低的精EPA与温度较高的粗EPA的换热,充分利用内部循环热能,同时可节约冷却水和加热蒸汽用餐。介绍了利用HYSYS流程模拟技术．通过采用定义虚拟组分来计算增设换热器换热面积的计算方法。根据模拟计算结果,采用换热面积为35m^2的新增换热器,每年节约1．3MPa蒸汽1×10^4t、冷却水28×10^4t。     

The role of district heating in future renewable energy systems

Based on the case of Denmark, this paper analyses the role of district heating in future Renewable Energy Systems. At present, the share of renewable energy is coming close to 20 per cent. From such point of departure, the paper defines a scenario framework in which the Danish system is converted to 100 per cent Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in the year 2060 including reductions in space heating demands by 75 per cent. By use of a detailed energy system analysis of the complete national energy system, the consequences in relation to fuel demand, CO₂ emissions and cost are calculated for various heating options, including district heating as well as individual heat pumps and micro CHPs (Combined Heat and Power). The study includes almost 25 per cent of the Danish building stock, namely those buildings which have individual gas or oil boilers today and could be substituted by district heating or a more efficient individual heat source. In such overall perspective, the best solution will be to combine a gradual expansion of district heating with individual heat pumps in the remaining houses. Such conclusion is valid in the present systems, which are mainly based on fossil fuels, as well as in a potential future system based 100 per cent on renewable energy.     

延迟焦化装置的能耗分析及节能优化实践

中国海油惠州炼油分公司420× 104t/a延迟焦化装置通过停用解吸塔上重沸器3.5MPa蒸汽、停用柴油汽提塔1.0MPa汽提蒸汽、降低循环比、采用先进控制(APC)提高加热炉热效率、降低高压水泵和罐区减渣原料泵电耗、提高水的回用率、加大装置处理量等工艺优化措施,装置综合能耗比设计能耗39.03kg标油/t原料降低3kg标油/t原料.为了进一步降低装置能耗,达到国内其他先进装置的能耗水平,该装置在2011年利用检修时机,通过加热炉节能改造降低排烟温度、利用柴油低温热发生0.45MPa蒸汽、焦化富气压缩机叶轮更换、焦炭塔区特阀汽封线改造等节能改造措施.加热炉热效率由89％提高至91.5％,节约3.5MPa蒸汽用量约6.5t/h,同时减少了燃料气、蒸汽和电的消耗,使装置能耗总体降低3.16kg标油/t原料.装置节能改造每年可增加4000万元的经济效益.     

屋顶集热式太阳房供暖系统研究

研制了一种屋顶集热式太阳房供暖系统,对该系统进行了结构设计优化和试验测试,结果表明,在冬季晴朗的白天,对于保温较差的试验平房（热负荷约为120W／m^2）,利用1／2的屋顶面积集热,室内温度最高达到20℃,平均温度约18℃,比对照房温度高约6℃;对于保温较好的建筑物（采暖期热负荷约为20W／m^2）,太阳能供暖系统在冬季白天可有效地为房间供热,多余的热量利用储热装置储存以满足夜间供暖的需要,从而实现冬季24小时为建筑物供热的目标。