玉米生料发酵生产燃料乙醇工艺研究

对玉米生料发酵生产燃料酒精工艺进行了研究.通过正交试验得到生料发酵工艺最佳条件:酵母0.3%,糖化酶200 U/g,纤维素酶0.15%,料水比1:2.5,搅拌为140 r/min,发酵温度29℃.在此条件下,进行10L发酵罐试验,发酵时间120 h左右,最终淀粉利用率为93%左右.考虑到综合技术与经济效益,最终的最佳条件确定为:酵母0.2%,糖化酶250 U/g,纤维素酶0.1%,料水比1:2.5,搅拌为140 r/min,发酵温度29℃,发酵时间为85 h～95 h.     

响应面法优化小麦淀粉生料酒精发酵工艺条件

在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法优化小麦淀粉生料酒精发酵工艺。单因素试验确定淀粉浓度为22%,糖化酶加量为330u/g淀粉,发酵温度为35℃,接种量为4.0%。响应面法优化最佳条件为：淀粉浓度21.91%,糖化酶加量322.36U/g淀粉,发酵温度34.52℃,酵母接种量4.45%,理论酒精度为12.73%vol,验证试验后得到酒精度为12.6%vol。糖化酶加量和发酵温度、糖化酶加量与接种量、淀粉浓度与发酵温度的交互作用具有显著性。     

玉米生料发酵生产乙醇的研究

通过单因素试验和正交试验分析了不同因素对生料发酵法的发酵醪乙醇体积分数、淀粉利用率等指标的影响,提出了生料发酵生产乙醇的优化条件为:糖化酶添加量250U/g,酵母添加量0.1%,水料比3 mL/g。试验证明,生料发酵生产乙醇不仅简化了生产工序,而且淀粉利用率和发酵醪中乙醇体积分数均高于熟料发酵生产乙醇。     

微粉碎甘薯原料的生料发酵

采用糖化酶和酵母菌,对粗粉碎、微粉碎两种不同粒径的甘薯进行生料发酵,探讨微粉碎甘薯生料发酵的可行性;并通过正交试验,调查中温α-淀粉酶、糖化酶和酒精酶三种酶用量对微粉碎甘薯生料发酵影响的显著性。试验结果表明,微粉碎甘薯生料发酵的速率和酒精度均显著高于粗粉碎甘薯;初始pH在5.0~5.5的范围内,发酵效果最好;酒精酶对微粉碎甘薯生料发酵具有显著性影响,在中温α-淀粉酶10 u/g、糖化酶500 u/g和酒精酶0.2%的条件下生料发酵,最高酒精度为10.7%,其原料淀粉的转化率达到82.5%。由此可见,通过微粉碎,可实现甘薯的生料发酵。     

薯干补料生料发酵制燃料酒精技术研究

采用补料生料发酵法以薯干为原料制燃料酒精。采用单因素方法对影响发酵的工艺条件进行了初步研究。结果表明:料水比是制约发酵的关键因素;采用补料方式时,在料水比为4.5时,发酵醪液中酒精含量和淀粉出酒率都得到大幅度提高;醪液初始pH值对发酵影响不大;醪液中溶解氧含量以及醪液黏稠度对发酵有明显影响。补料生料发酵从薯干制取燃料酒精具有工业生产潜力。     

大米生料发酵产乙醇工艺条件优化

选取大米生料发酵过程中的主要因素,以发酵结束后的乙醇含量为评价指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验,对大米生料发酵产乙醇的工艺条件进行了研究。结果表明,大米生料发酵产乙醇的最佳工艺条件为原料颗粒度50目,料水比1∶3.0（g∶mL）,α-淀粉酶添加量10 U/g,糖化酶添加量200 U/g,酸性蛋白酶添加量30 U/g,酵母液接种量1%,硫酸铵添加量0.8%。在此优化工艺条件下,乙醇含量为10.89%。     

小麦淀粉清液生料发酵酒精工艺的研究

对小麦淀粉清液生料发酵酒精工艺中的关键问题进行研究,结果表明,采用超级酿酒高活性干酵母菌种,小麦淀粉清液浓度为22%,每200mL清液中添加0.18g糖化酶,35℃发酵,小麦淀粉生料发酵的酒精度较高、残余淀粉量少,并可有效改善传统蒸煮发酵引起的粘度高过滤困难等问题。     

玉米生料发酵制乙醇

提出了以玉米为原料,生料发酵制乙醇的工艺。对各个影响条件进行了研究,获得了最佳的工艺条件：原料与水的比为1∶2.0;原料粒度小于0.45mm;糖化酶、液化酶和酸性蛋白酶的添加量分别为250u/g、5u/g和10u/g。在此条件下,醪液中乙醇浓度可达16.6%vol,淀粉利用率为92.7%。通过对发酵过程的分析,发现残余还原糖一直处于低水平,表明生料发酵工艺具有自身避免染菌的优势。实验表明,玉米生料发酵工艺简单、原料利用率和醪液酒精浓度均超过传统工艺。     

马铃薯渣生料同步糖化发酵生产乙醇工艺研究

采用生料同步糖化发酵法,将马铃薯提取淀粉后的废渣进行发酵制备乙醇,对各影响因素进行了探讨,获得了最佳发酵工艺条件.结果显示:适宜发酵条件为水料比3.5∶1.0、初始pH4.5、酵母接种量0.4％、发酵温度32℃、糖化酶添加量160U/g,α-淀粉酶添加量10U/g、纤维素酶添加量10U/g、原料粒度0.40mm.     

生料酿酒酒曲配方的优化研究

通过正交试验确定生料酿酒酒曲的优化配方，并与市售生料酒曲作了对比，结果表明，市售生料曲发酵200g原料的酒精产量为64.328ml，而正交试验曲发酵200g原料的酒精产量是72.539ml，多产酒精8.211ml，且缩短发酵时间1天。试验曲的最佳理论配比为A2，BS，C3，D2，即糖0.6g（5万u/g），液化酶0.6g(1万u/g），蛋白酶0.1g(3万u/g），酶母1.2g（安琪），纤维素酶6g(200u/g)。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the