提高双低油菜籽利用价值的探讨

利用双低油菜籽生产冷榨双低菜籽油和热榨浓香型菜籽油,引入加拿大高油酸油菜籽生产高油酸菜籽油,不仅提升菜籽油的营养价值,还可提升菜籽油的市场价格。从双低油菜籽加工工艺、脱皮双低菜籽粕的利用、双低菜籽蛋白及双低油菜籽皮的利用方面对提高双低油菜籽的利用价值进行探讨。     

菜籽粕综合利用

该文阐述菜籽粕中菜籽蛋白、菜籽多酚、植酸、菜籽多糖利用价值,提出菜籽粕综合利用措施。     

进口双低菜籽粕的营养成分分析

我国是世界上最大的油菜籽生产国 ,其产量将近占到世界产量的近 1 / 3。但是 ,我国菜籽的品种大多是普通菜籽 ,菜籽中的芥酸和硫甙的含量都很高 ,其菜粕的营养价值大大低于进口双低菜籽。目前世界上的油菜籽种植国已全部选用双低品种 ,其菜粕中的硫代葡萄糖甙的含量低于2 0 μｍｏｌ/ｇ,可以大大提高在饲料中的添加量。因此 ,近几年我国双低菜籽的进口量都维持在一个较高的水平。本文主要研究进口双低菜籽粕的营养成分含量 ,并对进口双低菜籽粕中的抗营养因子的成分及含量进行了分析 ,提出了降低抗营养因子效果的方法 ,为进口双低菜籽粕在饲…     

油菜籽活性成分和功能特性的研究进展

综述了菜籽油和菜籽粕中具有生物活性物质的化学成分和生理功效的研究进展,为进一步高效利用油菜籽,优化菜籽加工产业结构提供一定的理论依据。     

菜籽清蛋白的主要成分分析及急性毒性试验研究

为了探讨菜籽清蛋白作为食品添加剂和蛋白强化剂的可能性,对从菜籽粕中提取的菜籽清蛋白进行主要成分分析和急性毒性试验。结果表明:相比于菜籽粕,超声辅助提取的菜籽清蛋白中的抗营养因子植酸、单宁和硫甙含量明显降低,蛋白质含量大幅提高,水分、灰分和粗脂肪含量有所降低;急性毒性试验结果初步表明菜籽清蛋白无毒,可考虑将其作为蛋白添加剂或营养强化剂应用于食品工业中。     

双低油菜籽制油技术及系列产品的开发

油菜籽是一种优质的油脂和蛋白质资源,通过对油菜籽脱皮、冷榨、新型溶剂浸出、酶法精炼、菜籽营养油及其粉末油脂的研究开发,可为人们提供健康、安全的双低油菜籽的油脂产品,扩大菜籽蛋白的利用,提高菜籽的利用价值。     

菜籽肽功效研究进展

正菜籽肽是一种植物源的生物活性肽,近些年来的科学研究显示菜籽肽具有调节血压、抑制癌细胞生长、抗氧化、抗HIV病毒等作用。本文就近年来菜籽肽功效学的研究进行综述。油菜是重要的油料作物之一,中国油菜产量居世界第一。一般情况下,油菜籽经加工可得约35%的菜籽油和65%的菜籽粕。菜籽粕的粗蛋白含量很高,一般在40%左右,而且是优质的植物蛋白。     

油菜籽加工技术研究进展

油菜籽是世界第三大油料,我国油菜籽种植面积和总产居世界首位。油菜籽是食用、饲用和能源用的重要原料,目前世界各国对油菜籽的高效加工利用技术均展开了广泛的研究。简要介绍了油菜籽脱皮冷榨膨化工艺技术,无有机溶剂油脂高效提取工艺技术,菜籽饼粕同步提取多酚、多糖、植酸和浓缩蛋白工艺技术,Burco食用菜籽蛋白制备技术等目前油菜籽加工技术研究的最新成果。     

超声辅助酶法制备及纯化菜籽蛋白工艺的研究

以脱脂菜籽粕为原料,用超声辅助碱提酸沉法提取菜籽蛋白。通过分别添加碱性纤维素酶、碱性果胶酶及糖化酶对菜籽粕进行酶解处理,有利于菜籽细胞内蛋白的提取,可有效提高菜籽蛋白的纯度(菜籽蛋白提取率达85.6%以上,菜籽蛋白纯度达91.7%)。     

高纯菜籽蛋白的制备及其相关性质研究

对脱毒后的冷榨菜籽粕进行蛋白提取,超滤纯化提取液获得高纯度的蛋白成品,并研究分析了蛋白的成分、氨基酸及其功能特性。脱毒后菜籽粕中蛋白提取率为67.97%,超滤后蛋白纯度可达70%～90%。成品蛋白中植酸与硫苷未检出,多酚含量随蛋白纯度增加而显著下降,甲硫氨酸+半胱氨酸是第一限制性氨基酸,其余必需氨基酸化学评分均高于FAO/WHO标准,却大多低于全蛋蛋白标准。菜籽蛋白的持水性、吸油性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性均与蛋白纯度呈正相关。     

菜籽饼粕蛋白的提取、功能特性及其在食品中应用的研究进展

菜籽饼粕作为油菜籽榨油后的副产物,其蛋白质含量丰富、氨基酸组成均衡,是一种优质的植物蛋白资源,但长期以来主要用于饲料行业,经济效益较低。从菜籽饼粕中提取的菜籽蛋白已被证明具有良好的乳化性、凝胶性等功能特性及降血压、抗氧化等生理活性。目前,菜籽蛋白已被欧盟及FDA批准作为新食品原料,可作为人类食用的优质植物蛋白资源。本文论述了菜籽饼粕蛋白的提取方法、功能特性及其在食品中的应用现状,旨在为菜籽饼粕蛋白的进一步开发与合理应用提供理论依据及技术支撑。     

脱皮双低菜籽粕的开发和饲用研究

介绍了脱皮双低菜籽粕的开发和饲用研究情况。采用双低油菜籽脱皮冷榨膨化新工艺生产出的脱皮双低菜籽粕质量优良,其在猪、鸡和草鱼中的饲用试验均表明可增加采食量、提高动物的生长速度。脱皮双低菜籽粕饲用价值显著高于普通双低菜籽粕,在动物饲料中的用量可进一步加大,并降低饲料加工成本。     

Composition of fatty acids of spare fat of ducks fattened with feed with the addition of rapeseed meal subjected to various technological treatment

The composition of fatty acids of duck spare fats has been determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The ducks have been fed for 8 weeks with feed containing rapeseed meal after various steam-thermic treatment. The control group feed did not contain any rapeseed meal and that of group II, III and IV was after optimal, hard and mild steam-thermic treatment, respectively. The composition of fatty acids of periintestinal, subcutaneous and suet fat tissue has been evaluated. The results of the experiment became the evidence that addition of rapeseed meal in ducks feed influenced the composition of fatty acids of spare fats, especially in the group of unsaturated fatty acids. No significant differences appeared in the fatty acid composition between the various kinds of spare fats. The univocal influence of various steam-thermic treatment of rapeseed meal on changes of fatty acids composition of duck spare fats has not been revealed.     

发酵前后菜粕的风味成分分析

菜粕是我国重要的饲料蛋白源。本实验采用固相微萃取-气质联用的方法分析了普通菜粕、脱皮低温压榨菜粕、发酵普通菜粕和发酵脱皮低温压榨菜粕的风味物质的组成。结果表明,硫甙降解产生的腈类和胺类物质是形成菜粕风味的重要化合物,其中最主要的分别是苯代丙腈和烯丙胺。经发酵后,不仅菜粕中硫甙含量降低,而且产生了酸类和醇类等有助于改善菜粕风味的物质。     

油菜籽中多酚的分布及加工过程对菜籽多酚含量的影响

对油菜籽壳粕和脱壳后的菜籽肉粕中提取液的总酚含量、对DPPH 自由基清除能力以及FRAP 抗氧化能力进行比较,并采用液质联用法对提取液中的主要成分进行鉴定,对其中的芥子酸和芥子碱进行定量分析。结果表明：菜籽肉粕提取液中的总酚含量、对DPPH 自由基清除能力以及FRAP 抗氧化能力约为菜籽壳粕中的两倍,芥子酸和芥子碱的含量分别为菜籽壳粕中的约2.5 倍和1.5 倍。通过对实验室溶剂除油的菜籽粕与工业高温粕比较发现,高温榨油过程会使菜籽的总酚含量、抗氧化性、芥子酸和芥子碱含量有所下降,其中总酚含量下降了12.06%,DPPH 自由基和FRAP 抗氧化值分别降低10.0% 和5.6%,芥子酸和芥子碱含量分别下降了5.6% 和21.12%。     

Quantitative analysis of the main phenolics in rapeseed meal and oils processed differently using enzymatic hydrolysis and HPLC

Rapeseed meal is the dry residue of the rapeseed de-oiling process. It contains more phenolic compounds than any other oilseed meal. In analysis, rapeseed phenolic esters, mainly sinapine, are usually hydrolyzed to free phenolic acids, because sinapine is not available as a commercial standard. In this study, the efficiencies of different enzymes and enzyme preparations in hydrolyzing sinapine to sinapic acid were explored. The main phenolics in rapeseed meal were sinapine and sinapic acid. In rapeseed oil, the main phenolics were vinylsyringol, sinapine and sinapic acid. In hydrolyzing rapeseed meal, ferulic acid esterase and Ultraflo L were as effective in hydrolyzing sinapine as sodium hydroxide. Over 90% of sinapic acid derivatives were hydrolyzed to yield sinapic acid. Compared to base hydrolysis, enzyme treatment was not only as efficient but also less destructive to the liberated phenolics. Thus, enzymatic hydrolysis is a recommended procedure for optimal analysis of rapeseed phenolics. In rapeseed oils, hydrolysis was best applied in crude post-expelled rapeseed oils with high phenolic content.     

菜籽粕替代鱼粉对银鲫生长性能及饲料利用率的影响

为评估硬颗粒饲料和膨化饲料中菜籽粕替代鱼粉对银鲫生长及饲料利用率的影响,试验设计了4种等氮、等能的饲料,分别用菜籽粕替代饲料中0％(对照组)、25％、50％、75％的鱼粉,利用挤压膨化技术和环模制粒技术加工成4种膨化饲料和4种硬颗粒饲料,对银鲫进行为期50 d的饲养试验.结果显示:菜籽粕替代鱼粉饲喂银鲫后的生长性能及饲料利用率都呈现下降的趋势;相同饲料配方,饲喂膨化饲料的银鲫生长性能及饲料利用率优于饲喂硬颗粒饲料的银鲫.研究结果表明,菜籽粕替代银鲫饲料中适量的鱼粉是可行的,膨化饲料饲喂银鲫的效果优于硬颗粒饲料,利用膨化加工工艺可以显著提高银鲫饲料中菜籽粕对鱼粉替代量.     

Rapeseed protein concentrate as a potential ingredient for meat analogues

The potential for using rapeseed protein concentrate (RPC) as a novel protein source for meat analogues was investigated using shear cell technology with RPC-only and RPC-wheat gluten (WG) mixtures. The resulting products were characterized by texture analyser, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and X-ray microtomography. Soy protein concentrate (SPC) was chosen as the benchmark because of its known capacity to create fibrous structures. Both RPC-only and RPC-WG mixtures could be transformed into fibrous products when processed at 140 °C and 150 °C with 40 wt% dry matter. The fibrous structure was improved by adding of WG into RPC at 140 °C and the colour of the RPC-WG product became lighter with more WG added. CLSM images revealed that the protein formed a continuous phase, and the RPC inherent polysaccharides acted as a dispersed phase. Overall, RPC is concluded as a promising alternative protein source after SPC for meat analogue applications.Industrial relevanceRapeseed meal, which is a by-product from extraction of rapeseed oil, is currently mainly used as animal feed and seldom applied as a food ingredient. This study provides valuable insights into the potential of rapeseed protein concentrate produced by washing rapeseed meal with aqueous ethanol as an alternative plant protein for meat analogues. The outcomes of this study demonstrated the potential of rapeseed protein concentrates for structuring purposes, which is a step towards its commercial use as an environmentally sustainable meat analogue ingredient.     

DEVELOPMENTAL GENETIC ANALYSIS FOR CRUDE FIBER CONTENT AND CRUDE ASH CONTENT OF RAPESEED MEAL IN TWO DIFFERENT GROWING YEARS

ABSTRACT

Developmental genetic analyses method for diploid seed quantitative traits was used to determine the unconditional and conditional genetic main effects and genotype × environment interaction effects from embryo, cytoplasm and maternal genetic systems on crude fiber content (CFC) and crude ash content (CAC) of rapeseed meal in two growing years. The results suggested that the performance at most developmental times/stages for CFC and CAC was mainly affected by the genetic main effects. By using the conditional analysis method, for the different genetic systems, CFC and CAC were simultaneously controlled by the genetic effects from three genetic systems, especially for the maternal main effects. Also, the additive effects were more prominent at most developmental times/stages, and the improvement of both traits could be expected in earlier generation(s) in rapeseed breeding programs. The heritability analysis revealed that the maternal heritability was more prominent during seed development times, especially at maturity. Thus, it suggested that maternal plant selection could be utilized to reduce CFC and increase CAC in rapeseed meal breeding programs. The study further suggested Youcai 601 could be used for reducing CFC, while Huashuang 3 and Zhongyou 821 were suitable for increasing CAC in rapeseed, as evidenced from their predicted parent effects.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Rapeseed is an industrially and commercially important oilseed crop. For the oilseed industry, the meal remaining after oil extraction represents a product of a value equal to that of the oil itself. It represents a very valuable protein component of feed mixes that are, in turn, indispensable in modern monogastric animals raising for intensive production of meat, eggs and milk. In certain cases, the oilmeal is further processed to produce concentrates (with 50–60% of crude protein) or isolates (nearly pure protein) for use in human food. Rapeseed flours, protein concentrates and isolates are lower in protein but higher in crude fiber and ash contents than corresponding soybean products. Also, rapeseed or canola meal has been used as fermentation substrate, as an additive in compost for commercial button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production and also as substrate for xylanase production by Trichoderma reesei. Oilmeals are mainly valued for low fiber content, high protein content of good quality and absence or low presence of toxic and antinutritional compounds. One drawback of rapeseed meal is its higher crude fiber content, which results in lower digestible energy, especially for non‐ruminants. Decreasing the crude fiber and improving the crude ash (an indicator of the mineral content) could increase the demand for rapeseed meal as a feed source for livestock.