Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene-poly(arylene ether sulfone)-polystyrene triblock copolymer for proton exchange membrane applications

The polystyrene-poly(arylene ether sulfone)-polystyrene (PS-PAES-PS) coil-semirod-coil triblock copolymer was synthesized by the condensation reaction of PS-COCI and H2N-PAES-NH2 telechelic polymers. The reaction was facile characterized by high yields with a perfect control over the block lengths. Following a known reaction protocol it was possible to selectively sulfonate the PS block of the triblock copolymer that led to the sulfonated copolymer sPS-PAES-sPS. Studies on its proton conductivity and methanol permeability were carried out to evaluate its use as the proton exchange membrane in direct methanol fuel cells. Proton conductivity of the membranes was increased depending on the sulfonic acid group content in the sulfonated polymer. The membranes exhibited good dimensional and thermal stability, and low methanol permeability compared to Nafion 117.     

一种新型的磺化聚芳醚酮质子交换膜材料

利用先聚合后磺化的方法合成了一种新型磺化聚芳醚酮,FTIR和HNMR结构表征表明,其磺酸基只连在悬挂侧链上.利用浇铸法将该材料制备成膜,对膜的离子交换容量(IEC)、平均当量重量(EW)、磺化度(SD)、吸水性、线性膨胀率及其电导率进行了表征,结果表明这种膜材料具有良好的吸水性和较低的线性溶胀率,所制得的膜在100℃、100%相对湿度时的质子电导率与Nafion-117~(R)膜相近,有望作为质子交换膜使用.     

一种新型含氟含芴聚芳醚酮质子交换膜的合成和表征

以双酚芴、十氟联苯和磺化二氟酮为单体,合成磺化含氟聚芴醚酮(Sulfonated-fluo-rinated fluorene-containing poly(arylene ether ketone)s,SFPEEK).SFPEEK可溶于极性有机溶剂,具有较高的黏度,易于浇铸形成柔韧透明的薄膜.用其制成的质子交换膜表现出良好的热稳定性和抗水解、抗氧化性能.在相同测试条件下,SFPEEK膜具有与杜邦公司Nation 117膜相当的质子电导率,同时,具有比Nafion 117更好的耐甲醇渗透性能.直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)单池测试表明,放电到0.2 V时,用SFPEEK膜制备的单池电流密度可达66 mA/cm2,电池性能优于相同条件下用Nafion117膜组装的单池(电流密度60 mA/cm2).     

SPPESK/SPEEK共混质子交换膜的制备与性能

以耐溶胀性能较好的磺化聚芳醚砜酮(SPPESK)和吸水性较强的磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)为原料,制备了SPPESK/SPEEK共混质子交换膜。考察了共混膜的水吸收率,水溶胀度,甲醇水溶胀度,甲醇渗透率及质子传导率和力学性能。80℃时,共混膜具有适当的水吸收(101%)和溶胀度(34%),较低的甲醇水溶胀度(20%),较高的质子传导率(0.212 S/cm),与SPPESK膜相比,质子传导率提高了18%。SPEEK的加入改善了共混膜的柔韧性,断裂拉伸应变从16.48%提高到30.43%。     

磺化聚芳醚酮酮的制备及磷酸硼复合膜的性能

通过亲核缩聚反应合成含二氮杂萘酮结构的磺化聚芳醚酮酮(SPPEKK),并经原位复合制备了磺化聚芳醚酮酮/磷酸硼(SPPEKK/BP04)复合质子交换膜.用核磁共振谱(1H-NMR)和FT-IR光谱表征纯膜及其复合膜结构,研究了BPO4的含量对复合膜的保水能力、热稳定性能、质子传导率以及复合膜中BPO4稳定性能的影响.结果表明,随着BPO4含量的增加,SPPEKK/BPO4的复合质子交换膜质子传导率逐渐增大.当BPO4含量达到30%时,质子传导率达到6.3×10-2S/cm(90℃).用原位生成法制备的SPPEKK/BPO4在保持一定尺寸稳定性和热稳定性的前提下,膜的导电性能明显改善.     

Dihydrogenimidazole modified silica-sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) hybrid materials as electrolyte membranes for direct ethanol fuel cells

The present study reports on dihydrogenimidazole modified inorganic-organic mixed matrix membranes for possible application as a proton exchange membrane in direct ethanol fuel cells. The polymeric phase consisted mainly of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) with a sulfonation degree of 55%. The inorganic phase was built up from hydrophilic fumed silica particles interconnected with partially hydrolyzed and condensed tetraethoxysilane with a total inorganic loading of 27.3%. This inorganic phase was further modified with N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole (DHIM), which consists of an hydrolyzable inorganic part and a functional organic group. The influence of the modifier on the mixed matrix system was studied by means of various modifier concentrations in various aqueous-ethanolic systems (water, 2 M and 4 M ethanol). Modifier concentration and ethanol concentration of the ethanol-water mixture exhibited significant but opposite effects on the liquid uptake of the mixed matrix membranes. The proton conductivity as well as the proton diffusion coefficient as a function of modifier content showed a linear decrease. The proton conductivity as a function of temperature showed Arrhenius behavior and the activation energy of the mixed matrix membranes was 43.9 ± 2.6 kJ mol⁻¹. High selectivity of proton diffusion coefficient to ethanol permeability coefficient was obtained with high modifier concentrations. At low modifier concentrations, this selectivity was dominated by ethanol permeation and at high modifier concentrations by proton diffusion. The main electrolyte properties can be optimized by setting the DHIM content in mixed matrix membrane. With this approach, tailor-made membranes can be prepared for possible application in direct ethanol fuel cells.     

Preparation of sulfonated poly (phthalazinone ether ketone ketone) and properties of the composite membranes SPPEKK/BPO4

通过亲核缩聚反应合成含二氮杂萘酮结构的磺化聚芳醚酮酮(SPPEKK), 并经原位复合制备了磺化聚芳醚酮酮/磷酸硼(SPPEKK/BPO₄)复合质子交换膜. 用核磁共振谱(¹H--NMR)和FT--IR光谱表征纯膜及其复合膜结构, 研究了BPO₄的含量对复合膜的保水能力、热稳定性能、质子传导率以及复合膜中BPO₄稳定性能的影响. 结果表明, 随着BPO₄含量的增加, SPPEKK/BPO₄的复合质子交换膜质子传导率逐渐增大. 当BPO₄含量达到30\%时, 质子传导率达到6.3 ×10^-2 S/cm(90℃). 用原位生成法制备的SPPEKK/BPO₄在保持一定尺寸稳定性和热稳定性的前提下, 膜的导电性能明显改善.     

Self‐Healing Proton‐Exchange Membranes Composed of Nafion–Poly(vinyl alcohol) Complexes for Durable Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

Proton‐exchange membranes (PEMs) that can heal mechanical damage to restore original functions are important for the fabrication of durable and reliable direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The fabrication of healable PEMs that exhibit satisfactory mechanical stability, enhanced proton conductivity, and suppressed methanol permeability via hydrogen‐bonding complexation between Nafion and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) followed by postmodification with 4‐carboxybenzaldehyde (CBA) molecules is presented. Compared with pure Nafion, the CBA/Nafion–PVA membranes exhibit enhanced mechanical properties with an ultimate tensile strength of ≈20.3 MPa and strain of ≈380%. The CBA/Nafion–PVA membrane shows a proton conductivity of 0.11 S cm^?1 at 80 °C, which is 1.2‐fold higher than that of a Nafion membrane. The incorporated PVA gives the CBA/Nafion–PVA membranes excellent proton conductivity and methanol resistance. The resulting CBA/Nafion–PVA membranes are capable of healing mechanical damage of several tens of micrometers in size and restoring their original proton conductivity and methanol resistance under the working conditions of DMFCs. The healing property originates from the reversibility of hydrogen‐bonding interactions between Nafion and CBA‐modified PVA and the high chain mobility of Nafion and CBA‐modified PVA.     

聚乙二醇丙烯酸酯表面改性聚醚砜酮微孔膜的结构和性能

为了提高聚醚砜酮(PPESK)微孔膜的亲水性和抗污性,采用紫外(UV)辐照引发聚乙二醇丙烯酸酯(PEGA)在膜上发生接枝和交联,在膜表面形成稳定的亲水层.利用场发射扫描电镜(SEM)研究了固定PEGA后PPESK膜表面形貌的变化.表面改性后PPESK膜的水接触角的降低表明PEGA的固定有利于提高其亲水性,蛋白质静态吸附实验显示膜的抗蛋白质污染能力增强,渗透实验表明膜表面较低数量的PEGA亲水链有利于提高PPESK微孔膜的水通量,膜的溶质截留率增大,截留分子量(MWCO)减小.     

Design and preparation of graphene/poly(ether ether ketone) composites with excellent electrical conductivity

Graphene/poly(ether ether ketone) (m-TRG/PEEK) composites with excellent electrical conductivity were fabricated by hot pressing technique with thermally reduced graphene nanosheets (m-TRG) which were modified by poly(ether sulfone). Moreover, the conductive, thermal, and mechanical properties of PEEK/m-TRG composites were investigated by the precision impedance analyzer, thermal gravimetric analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry, and universal tester, respectively. The electrical conductivity of m-TRG/PEEK composites was greatly improved by incorporating graphene, resulting in a sharp transition from electrical insulator to semiconductor with a low percolation threshold of 0.76 vol.%. A high electrical conductivity of 0.18 S m^?1 was achieved with 3.84 vol.% of m-TRG. The data were compared with those of composites reduced chemically, and the results showed that thermal reduction was an effective method to acquire higher electrical conductive composites. The excellent electrical property should be attributed to the large specific surface area of m-TRG, well dispersion of m-TRG in PEEK matrix, and good compatibility of m-TRG with PEEK matrix, as proven by scanning electron microscope. Besides, m-TRG/PEEK composites also exhibited relatively good thermal and mechanical properties.     

Preparation and characterization of poly (methyl methacrylate) and sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) blend ultrafiltration membranes for protein separation applications

Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly (methyl methacrylate)/sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) blend membranes were prepared by phase inversion technique in various composition using N,N'-dimethylformamide as solvent. The prepared membranes were characterized in terms of pure water flux, water content, porosity and thermal stability. The addition of SPEEK to the casting solution resulted in membranes with high pure water flux, water content, porosity and slightly low thermal stability. The cross sectional views of the blend membranes under electron microscope confirm the porosity and water flux results. The effect of the addition of SPEEK into the PMMA matrix on the extent of bovine serum albumin (BSA) separation was studied. It was found that the permeate flux increased significantly while the rejection of BSA from aqueous solution reduced moderately during ultrafiltration (UF) process. The effect was attributed to the increase in porosity and charge of the membrane due to the addition of SPEEK into the PMMA blend solution.     

Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone ketone) multiblock copolymers with highly sulfonated blocks. Long-term fuel cell operation and post-test analyses

The stability of poly(arylene ether sulfone ketone) (SPESK) multiblock copolymer membranes having highly sulfonated hydrophilic blocks was tested in an operating fuel cell. The electrochemical properties and drain water were monitored during the test, followed by post-test analyses of the membrane. During a 2000-h fuel cell operation test at 80 °C and 53% RH (relative humidity) and with a constant current density (0.2 A cm(-2)), the cell voltage showed minor losses, with slight increases in the resistance. In the drain water, anions such as formate, acetate, and sulfate were observed. Post-test analyses of the chemical structure by NMR and IR spectra revealed that the sulfonated fluorenyl group with ether linkage was the most likely to have degraded during the long-term operation, producing these small molecules. The minor oxidative degradation only slightly affected the proton conductivity, water uptake, and phase-separated morphology.     

Synthesis of poly(styrene-b-styrenesulfonic acid) and its blend with PPO for proton exchange membrane

Poly(styrene-b-styrenesulfonic acid sodium salts) (PS-b-PSSNa) were synthesized via stable free radical polymerization (SFRP) using 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) radical and the block copolymers were blended with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) to prepare polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM). The ratio of block length and total molecular weight of PS-b-PSSA were varied, and weight ratio of PPO/PS-b-PSSA was also controlled. The blend membranes showed good proton conductivity, low methanol permeability, and good thermal property.     

Carbon-nanofibre-reinforced poly(ether ether ketone) fibres

Nano-reinforced fibres were spun from a semicrystalline high-performance poly(ether ether ketone) containing up to 10 wt% vapour-grown carbon nanofibres using conventional polymer processing equipment. Mechanical tensile testing revealed increases in nanocomposite stiffness, yield stress, and fracture strength for both as-spun and heat-treated fibres. X-ray and differential scanning calorimetry analyses were performed in order to investigate both the orientation of nanofibres within the polymer matrix and the matrix morphology. The carbon nanofibres were found to be well aligned with the direction of flow during processing. Significantly, the degree of crystallinity of the poly(ether ether ketone) matrix was found to increase with the initial addition of nanofibres although the crystal structure was not affected. The measured increase in composite tensile modulus is compared to injection-moulded nanocomposite samples made from the same blends. The results highlight the need to characterise the matrix morphology when evaluating nanocomposite performance and hence deducing the intrinsic properties of the nanoscale reinforcement.     

磺化聚芳醚酮砜/PVA复合质子交换膜的制备与性能

为了进一步提高质子交换膜在中高温时的质子导电率,文中以高磺化度的磺化聚芳醚酮砜(SPAEKS)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)为原料,通过溶液共混法制备了PVA不同含量的磺化聚芳醚酮砜/PVA复合膜。通过对复合膜的性能测试发现,PVA的引入提高了膜的热稳定性、吸水率和保水能力。而且SPAEKS/PVA复合膜的质子传导率高于SPAEKS膜,在80℃时,复合膜的质子传导率都在0.07 S/cm以上,能够满足中高温质子交换膜燃料电池的使用要求。     

聚芳醚砜醚酮酮及其炭纤维复合材料的力学性能

合成了聚醚砜醚酮酮(PESEKK),研究了纯树脂的热、力学性能。制备了炭纤维和聚醚砜醚酮酮(炭纤维是标准T300)复合材料,着重研究了此新型复合材料的力学性能。结果表明,随着复合材料中PESEKK树脂质量比增加,T300CF/PESEKK复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、拉伸模量和弯曲模量逐渐增加。其中弯曲强度和弯曲模量增加的幅度比拉伸强度和拉伸模量增加的幅度更大。当PESEKK质量分数为60%左右时,复合材料的综合力学性能达到最佳值。因此聚醚砜醚酮酮可作为增强炭纤维力学性能的基体树脂。     

SPEEK/SiO2复合型质子交换膜的结构与性能

以磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)为基体,通过溶胶-凝胶法制得了SPEEK/SiO2复合质子交换膜,采用扫描电镜、交流阻抗和热重分析等方法研究了复合膜的结构与性能。结果表明,SiO2与SPEEK之间的共价交联使两相间的相容性得到明显的改善,SiO2粒子以纳米尺寸均匀地分散在聚合物基体中。SiO2粒子的掺入使得复合膜的质子传导性能略有降低,但复合膜中SPEEK-SiO2-SPEEK这种共价交联结构的生成使膜的阻醇性能和溶胀性能得到了明显提高,热稳定性也有所提高。     

Preparation of new proton exchange membranes using sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) modified by octylamine (SPESOS)

Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SPES) has received considerable attention in membrane preparation for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). But such membranes are brittle and difficult to handle in operation. We investigated new membranes using SPES grafted with various degrees of octylamine. Five new materials made from sulfonated polyethersulfone sulfonamide (SPESOS) were synthetized with different grades of grafting. They were made from SPES, with initially an ionic exchange capacity (IEC) of 2.4 meq g⁻¹ (1.3 H⁺ per monomer unit). Pristine SPES with that IEC is water swelling and becomes soluble at 80 °C, its proton conductivity is in the range of 0.1 S cm⁻¹ at room temperature in aqueous H₂SO₄ 1 M, similar to that of Nafion^®. After grafting with various amounts of octylamine, the material is water insoluble; membranes are less brittle and show sufficient ionic conductivity. Proton transport numbers were measured close to 1.     

侧链多阳离子型氟化聚芴醚阴离子交换膜及其全钒液流电池性能

阳离子基团的分布对阴离子交换膜的微观相态和阴离子传导率有显著的影响.为开发全钒液流电池用高性能阴离子交换膜,本文通过向含有二甲胺基团的氟化聚芴醚前驱体接枝含阳离子烷基链的方式,合成了具有相似离子交换容量的一系列侧链多阳离子型氟化聚芴醚.实验结果表明,多阳离子侧链的引入能促进微观相分离的形成并提升阴离子传导率.同时,侧链...     

SPPEK/PWA质子导电复合膜的制备与性能

以磺化杂萘联苯聚醚酮(SPPEK)为基体,采用共混法制备了SPPEK/PWA复合质子交换膜。采用红外光谱、热分析与交流阻抗等方法对复合膜的结构和性能进行了研究,并与Nafion117膜进行了比较。结果表明,磷钨酸(PWA)的掺杂使得复合膜的吸水率和溶胀度增大,同时热稳定性能得到提高。复合膜在20℃时的质子电导率为0.67×10-2S/cm,接近Nafion117膜的质子电导率(1.08×10-2S/cm)。且随着温度的升高,电导率逐渐增大,最高可达1.18×10-2S/cm。此外,对复合膜不同方向上的电导率进行了测试,表明膜平面方向上的电导率(8.10×10-2S/cm)高于厚度方向上电导率(7.50×10-3S/cm)约一个数量级。