MOCVD法侧向外延生长高质量GaN

利用金属有机物气相外延法(MOCVD)，在GaN/蓝宝石复合衬底上，采用侧向外延生长技术制备出高质量的GaN外延膜，并对其进行扫描电镜、X射线双晶衍射、透射电镜测量和分析. 发现完全合并后的GaN外延层的表面平整，晶体质量较衬底有大幅的提高，透射电镜进行微区位错观察发现窗口区穿透位错大部分发生转向，侧向生长区下方的穿透位错被掩膜阻断.     

MOCVD法侧向外延生长高质量GaN

利用金属有机物气相外延法(MOCVD),在GaN/蓝宝石复合衬底上,采用侧向外延生长技术制备出高质量的GaN外延膜,并对其进行扫描电镜、X射线双晶衍射、透射电镜测量和分析.发现完全合并后的GaN外延层的表面平整,晶体质量较衬底有大幅的提高,透射电镜进行微区位错观察发现窗口区穿透位错大部分发生转向,侧向生长区下方的穿透位错被掩膜阻断.     

MOCVD法侧向外延生长高质量GaN

利用金属有机物气相外延法(MOCVD),在GaN/蓝宝石复合衬底上,采用侧向外延生长技术制备出高质量的GaN外延膜,并对其进行扫描电镜、X射线双晶衍射、透射电镜测量和分析.发现完全合并后的GaN外延层的表面平整,晶体质量较衬底有大幅的提高,透射电镜进行微区位错观察发现窗口区穿透位错大部分发生转向,侧向生长区下方的穿透位错被掩膜阻断.     

用侧向外延生长法降低立方相GaN中的层错密度

尝试用侧向外延(ELOG)方法来降低立方相GaN中的层错密度.侧向外延是在SiO2/GaN/GaAs图形衬底上进行的,对生长所得的立方相GaN外延层用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)进行了观察和分析,TEM的平面像表明经过ELOG方法生长后,立方相GaN外延层中的层错密度由侧向外延生长前的5×109cm-2降低至生长后的6×108cm-2.双晶X射线衍射(DCXRD)测量给出侧向外延前后外延层ω扫描(002)衍射摇摆曲线的半高宽(FWHM)分别为33′和17.8′,表明晶体质量有了较大改善.对立方相GaN侧向外延过程中层错减少的机制进行了讨论.     

用侧向外延生长法降低立方相GaN中的层错密度

尝试用侧向外延(ELOG)方法来降低立方相GaN中的层错密度.侧向外延是在SiO2/GaN/GaAs图形衬底上进行的,对生长所得的立方相GaN外延层用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)进行了观察和分析,TEM的平面像表明经过ELOG方法生长后,立方相GaN外延层中的层错密度由侧向外延生长前的5×109cm-2降低至生长后的6×108cm-2.双晶X射线衍射(DCXRD)测量给出侧向外延前后外延层ω扫描(002)衍射摇摆曲线的半高宽(FWHM)分别为33′和17.8′,表明晶体质量有了较大改善.对立方相GaN侧向外延过程中层错减少的机制进行了讨论.     

GaN基侧向外延生长技术与特性研究

为解决目前外延生长技术存在的弊端,总结了新的侧向外延方法以减少GaN中的位错密度,提高晶体质量.主要研究了在蓝宝石图形衬底上侧向外延生长GaN的技术.用MOCVD侧向外延技术的方法获得了很少位错的生长在掩膜层上的GaN薄膜,晶体的质量得到了改善.X射线和TEM测试出掩膜层能够阻挡其下GaN层中的穿透位错继续向上传播,用这种方法能够有效地降低位错密度,但同时也引出了一些新的问题.     

额外HCl和氮化对HVPE GaN生长的影响

在氢化物气相外延(HVPE)生长GaN过程中,发现了一种在成核阶段向生长区添加额外HCl来改善GaN外延薄膜质量的方法,并且讨论了额外HCl和氮化对GaN形貌和质量的影响.两种方法都可以大幅度地改善GaN的晶体质量和性质,但机理不同.氮化是通过在衬底表面形成AlN小岛,促进了衬底表面的成核和薄膜的融合;而添加额外HCl则被认为是通过改变生长表面的过饱和度引起快速成核从而促进薄膜的生长而改善晶体质量和性质的.     

AlGaN缓冲层结构对Si基GaN材料性能的影响

Si衬底与GaN之间较大的晶格失配和热失配引起的张应力使GaN外延层极易产生裂纹,如何补偿GaN所受到的张应力是进行Si基GaN外延生长面临的首要问题.采用金属有机化合物化学气相沉积(MOCVD)技术在4英寸(1英寸=2.54 cm)Si (111)衬底上制备了GaN外延材料并研究了不同AlGaN缓冲层结构对Si基GaN外延材料性能的影响,并采用高分辨X射线衍射仪(HRXRD)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、喇曼光谱以及光学显微镜对制备的GaN材料的性能进行了表征.采用3层A1GaN缓冲层结构制备了表面光亮、无裂纹的GaN外延材料,其(002)晶面半高宽为428 arcsec,表面粗糙度为0.194 nm.结果表明,采用3层A1GaN缓冲层结构可以有效地降低GaN材料的张应力和位错密度,进而遏制表面裂纹的出现,提高晶体质量.     

Al沉积时间对Si衬底GaN材料的影响

通过改变高温AlN形核层生长时提前通入TMAl的时间,分别在Si(111)衬底上生长了4个1μm厚的GaN样品,并对每个样品的GaN外延材料进行了分析研究。通过显微镜观察发现,Al的沉积时间为12 s时,GaN材料表面光亮,基本没有裂纹。另外通过喇曼谱和光荧光谱(PL)测试得出,随着生长初期Al沉积时间的增加(8～15 s),GaN外延层的水平应力逐渐减小(由1.28 GPa减小到0.67 GPa),Al的沉积时间为12 s时GaN外延材料的应力较小。同时,GaN材料(002)和(102)晶面的X射线衍射摇摆曲线表明,Al的沉积时间为12 s时GaN外延材料的晶体质量最好。     

HVPE气相外延法在c面蓝宝石上选区外延生长GaN及其表征

使用气相沉积SiO2和普通光刻以及湿法腐蚀方法,在C面蓝宝石上开出不同尺寸的正方形窗口,在窗口区域中露出衬底,然后使用氢化物气相外延(HVPE)方法选区外延GaN薄膜.采用光学显微镜、原子力显微镜(AFM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、高分辨率双晶X射线衍射(DCXRD)和喇曼谱测试(Raman shift)对薄膜进行分析.结果表明,在C面蓝宝石衬底上独立的正方形窗口区域中外延生长的,厚度约20μm的GaN薄膜,当窗口面积为100μm×100μm时,GaN表面无裂纹;而当窗口面积为300μm×300μm和500μm×500μm时,GaN表面有裂纹.随着窗口面积的减小,GaN双晶衍射摇摆曲线的(0002)峰的半高宽(FWHM)减小,表明晶体的质量更好,最小的半高宽为530".从正方形窗口区的角上到边缘再到中心,GaN的面内压应力逐渐减小,分析认为这与OaN横向外延区(ELO区)与SiO2掩膜之间的相互作用,以及窗口区到ELO区的线位错的90"扭转有关.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks