铁路路障检测方法

铁路的路外交通事故每年都为铁路部门和国家带来很大的损失，非常有必要研制出一套铁路路障视频监测系统，而图像处理和图像的监控技术就是研制这套系统的基础。综述了现有的图像处理和监控技术的主要技术和方法，以及图像检测技术在铁路路障监测系统中的应用和实现。     

Methods for detecting silicones in biological matrixes.

Methods for analyzing for silicon and silicone in biological matrixes were developed. A silicone-specific technique involved microwave digestion of samples in acid solution to rapidly break down the biological matrix while hydrolyzing silicones to monomeric species. The resulting monomeric silanol species were then capped with trimethylsilyl groups, extracted into hexamethyldisiloxane, and analyzed by gas chromatography. In serum, positive identification of silicone species with detection limits below 0.5 microgram of Si/mL are possible with this technique. The technique is compared with a silicone-specific technique, 29Si NMR, and a non-silicone-specific technique, ICP-AES. 29Si NMR was far less sensitive, with a detection limit of only 64 micrograms of Si/mL in serum when analyzing for one compound with a single sharp resonance. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) has potentially lower detection limits, but the technique is not silicone-specific and suffers from species-dependent responses.     

基于振动响应内积向量和数据融合的结构损伤检测方法试验研究

提出了一种基于振动响应内积向量(Inner Product Vector, IPV)和数据融合的损伤检测方法,并进行了相应的验证试验研究。分别以随机信号和正弦信号对结构进行激励,利用加速度传感器采集结构的振动响应信号,计算结构的损伤指标,然后利用数据融合理论将结构各参考点下的损伤指标进行融合。损伤检测的验证试验结果表明,结合数据融合理论后,能够避免原始IPV方法中参考点选取对检测准确度的影响问题,并能准确进行损伤定位。两组不同激振信号的检测结果对比显示,数据融合对外激励为正弦信号的检测结果的准确度提升更为显著。     

Improved BER based on intensity noise alleviation using developed detection technique for incoherent SAC-OCDMA systems

The major drawback of incoherent spectral-amplitude coding optical code-division multiple-access (SAC-OCDMA) systems is their inherent intensity noise originating due to the incoherency of the broadband light sources. In this paper, we propose a developed detection technique named the modified-AND subtraction detection for incoherent SAC-OCDMA systems. This detection technique is based upon decreasing the received signal strength during the decoding process by dividing the spectrum of the utilized code sequence. The proposed technique is capable of mitigating the intensity noise effect, as well as suppressing the multiple-access interference impact. Based on modified quadratic congruence (MQC) code, the analytical results reveal that the modified-AND detection offer best bit-error rate (BER) performance and enables MQC code to support higher transmission rate up to 1.25?Gb/s compared to conventional AND detection. Furthermore, we ascertained that the proposed technique enhances the system performance using a simulation experiment.     

Laser phase noise reduction for industrial interferometric applications

Laser ultrasound is a technique used for the ultrasonic inspection of composites during manufacturing of advanced jet fighters. With this technique laser interferometry is used to detect ultrasonic displacements generated by a laser. In theory, the signal-to-noise ratio is proportional to the square root of the collected detection light. In practice, laser phase noise limits the signal-to-noise ratio above a certain collected light level. Two techniques are presented to decrease effects due to laser noise. In one technique the dual-cavity Fabry-Perot currently used is replaced by an interferometer based on a photorefractive crystal. The other technique has a high-finesse Sagnac cavity that filters the phase noise from the detection laser. Experimental results demonstrate that these two techniques significantly reduce limitations due to laser noise.     

Hyperspectral target detection via discrete wavelet-based spectral fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation

Spectral variability remains a major challenge for target detection in hyperspectral imagery (HSI). Recently, the spectral fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation (SFJTC) technique has been used effectively for hyperspectral target detection applications. In this paper, we propose to use discrete wavelet transform (DWT) coefficients of the signatures as features for detection in order to make the SFJTC technique more insensitive to spectral variability. We devised a supervised training algorithm that uses the pure target signature and randomly selected samples from input scenery to select an optimal set of DWT coefficients for detection. We have inserted target signatures into urban and vegetative hyperspectral scenery with varying levels of spectral variability to explore the performance of our DWT-based SFJTC technique in different operating conditions. Detection results in the form of receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves and area-under-the-ROC (AUROC) curves show that the proposed scheme yields the largest mean AUROC values compared to SFJTC using the original signatures and traditional hyperspectral detection algorithms.     

幅度-相位联合检测法在多波束测深系统中的应用

幅度蛳相位联合检测法是传统多波束测深系统海底检测法的发展方向,它充分利用了幅度和相位信息,能大大扩展测量范围,提高测量精度。文章对该方法的具体应用进行了研究,在确定信号粗略到达时间时采用了一种自动跟踪门方法,同时针对相位检测法实时处理数据运算量大的特点,提出了一种数据压缩与动态滑动平均相结合的数据预处理方法,该方法大大减小了运算量,其有效性通过方差分析进行了验证。数据处理结果表明,采用了自动跟踪门和数据预处理相结合的幅度蛳相位联合检测方法可明显扩展多波束测深系统的条带宽度。     

A vapour compression chiller fault detection technique based on adaptative algorithms. Application to on-line refrigerant leakage detection

The existence of faults in vapour compression chillers plays a significant role in terms of energy efficiency loss, performance degradations, and even environmental implications. In this paper, a dynamic model-based fault detection technique suitable for real-time implementation is proposed. The main objective is to obtain a reliable and automated tool for fault detection in vapour compression chillers, which can be applied in steady-state or transient operation. The fault detection methodology is based on comparing actual and expected performance using an adaptative model and operating variables dynamic thresholds. The technique has been successful applied for on-line refrigerant leakage detection with experimental tests involving the artificial introduction of the fault in a laboratory vapour compression plant, showing the results its capability of detecting incipient leakage failure conditions avoiding false alarms.     

Evolutionary Algorithsm with Machine Learning Based Epileptic Seizure Detection Model

Machine learning (ML) becomes a familiar topic among decision makers in several domains, particularly healthcare. Effective design of ML models assists to detect and classify the occurrence of diseases using healthcare data. Besides, the parameter tuning of the ML models is also essential to accomplish effective classification results. This article develops a novel red colobuses monkey optimization with kernel extreme learning machine (RCMO-KELM) technique for epileptic seizure detection and classification. The proposed RCMO-KELM technique initially extracts the chaotic, time, and frequency domain features in the actual EEG signals. In addition, the min-max normalization approach is employed for the pre-processing of the EEG signals. Moreover, KELM model is used for the detection and classification of epileptic seizures utilizing EEG signal. Furthermore, the RCMO technique was utilized for the optimal parameter tuning of the KELM technique in such a way that the overall detection outcomes can be considerably enhanced. The experimental result analysis of the RCMO-KELM technique has been examined using benchmark dataset and the results are inspected under several aspects. The comparative result analysis reported the better outcomes of the RCMO-KELM technique over the recent approaches with the of 0.956.     

Ultrasonic nondestructive testing of scattering media using the decomposition of the time-reversal operator

In ultrasonic nondestructive testing, the iterative time-reversal process is an adaptive technique that can be used to detect flaws in complex samples with a large array of transducers. The decomposition of the time-reversal operator (DORT) method is a detection technique that is derived from the mathematical analysis of the iterative time-reversal process. Contrary to time-reversal techniques, the DORT method does not require programmable generators, and it allows the simultaneous detection and separation of several defects. In this paper, the method is applied to a Ti6-4 titanium cylindrical sample to separate the echo of a defect from the speckle due to microstructure contribution. The grain structure of this titanium alloy makes detection very difficult and, for large depths, conventional techniques do not allow the detection of small flaws with a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio. The efficiency of the DORT method to detect a flat bottom hole with a diameter of 0.4 mm located at a depth of 140 mm in a titanium alloy sample is shown.     

多级背景均衡在多波束LOFAR处理中的应用

被动声纳检测中背景均衡通常是沿着频率或者方位对噪声进行均值估计。为了提高多波束窄带检测能力,需采用一种新的背景均衡方法来估计噪声的均值。针对水下目标辐射噪声的线谱横跨相邻多个波束,将多级背景均衡应用到被动多波束窄带检测中。它是根据所选择的数据窗,沿着频率和方位对多波束LOFAR图进行两维的背景均衡处理。该方法能够有效地抑制目标方位相邻波束线谱,提高多波束LOFAR图中窄带信号检测能力。海试数据处理结果表明,该方法不仅有效,而且计算量小。     

Quantitative detection of human tumor necrosis factor α by a resonance raman enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Tumor necrosis factor α is an inflammatory cytokine which has been linked with many infectious and inflammatory diseases. Detection and quantification of this key biomarker is commonly achieved by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This fundamental technique uses the spectroscopic detection of a chromogen such as 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), bound to the detection antibody, catalyzes the oxidation of TMB by hydrogen peroxide to generate colored products which may be measured spectrophotometrically. In this study we have used a conventional ELISA kit and shown that, by replacing the traditional colorimetric detection with resonance Raman spectroscopy, we can achieve 50 times lower detection limits and the potential for multiplexed analysis is increased. In this approach, the laser wavelength was tuned to be in resonance with an electronic transition of the oxidized TMB. The relative intensity of the enhanced Raman bands is proportional to the amount of TMB, thus providing a means of improved quantification. Furthermore, TMB is one of the most widely used chromogenic substrates for HRP-based detection and commercial ELISA test kits, indicating that this detection technique is applicable to a large number of target analytes.     

Development of a cavity ringdown laser absorption spectrometer for detection of trace levels of mercury

A potential new laser-based air pollution measurement technique, capable of measuring ultralow concentrations of urban air toxins in the field and in real time, is examined. Cavity ringdown laser absorption spectroscopy (CRLAS) holds promise as an air pollution monitor because it is a highly sensitive species detection technique that uses either pulsed or continuous tunable laser sources. The sensitivity results from an extremely long absorption path length and the fact that the quantity measured, the cavity decay time, is unaffected by fluctuations in the laser source. In laboratory experiments, we reach detection limits for mercury of the order of 0.50 parts per trillion. We developed a CRLAS system in our laboratory and measured Hg with the system, investigating issues such as background interference. We report experimental results for mercury detection limits, the dynamic range of the sensor, detection of Hg in an absorbing background of ozone and SO(2), and detection of a mercury-containing compound (HgCl(2) in this case).     

小波滤波在Shack-Hartmann传感器上的应用

在使用Shack-Hartmann传感器进行大口径非球面镜面检测中,外部环境的各种振动影响以及气流、温差的干扰都会使检测精度下降。针对这个问题,提出了一种新的时域小波滤波技术。这项技术可以对传感器的信号干扰在时间域上进行不同层次的小波分析,提取干扰信号的先验特征,对测量数据进行有效的滤波,减小波前的扰动起伏,以更准确地探测质心。实验结果表明,采用这种技术后,Shack-Hartmann波前传感器对光学镜面检测的静态测量精度提高了50%以上,离散性减少到原来的20%-30%。     

Non-resonant multiphoton photoacoustic spectroscopy for noninvasive subsurface chemical diagnostics

This paper describes the development and validation of a novel noninvasive spectroscopic subsurface chemical detection technique, non-resonant multiphoton photoacoustic spectroscopy (NMPPAS). In this technique, non-resonant multiphoton excitation is used to provide subsurface excitation of chemical constituents in a sample followed by the subsequent detection of an acoustic signal using a piezoelectric transducer. Because NMPPAS relies on non-radiative relaxation of the absorbing species, it is capable of monitoring both fluorescent and non-fluorescent species. Moreover, since the majority of the energy imparted to most molecules upon the absorption of light is released through non-radiative pathways, sensitive measurements of even fluorescent molecules can be performed. In this paper, demonstration of proof-of-principle of this novel technique has been shown using test samples of common fluorescent dyes and biomarkers including rhodamine 6G, tryptophan, and NADH in solution and gelatin tissue phantoms. From these studies, it was found that detection limits of these chromophores are in the subnanomolar concentration regime. In addition, preliminary results on excised tumor and healthy tissue samples have demonstrated significant differences between the tumorous and non-tumorous tissues at 740 nm and 950 nm wavelengths. From this work, it was found that NMPPAS has a great deal of potential for subsurface chemical diagnostics in the field of biomedical research.     

Synchronized reference updating technique for electronic speckle interferometry

In this paper, a video-based speckle interferometric method using a continuous reference updating technique is presented. Unlike conventional ESPI techniques, this methodsynchronizes the optical interferometric detection system with the acoustic stressing of the test object, and includes continuous renewal of the reference image. It is shown that the susceptibility of the method to environmental noise caused by vibration, temperature gradients, or thermal currents is substantially lower than that of conventional techniques. The application of this technique to the detection of defects in adhesively bonded structures is demonstrated.     

Two-dimensional biosensor arrays based on surface plasmon resonance phase imaging

We present a biosensor design based on capturing the two-dimensional (2D) phase image of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). This 2D SPR imaging technique may enable parallel label-free detection of multiple analytes and is compatible with the microarray chip platform. This system uses our previously reported differential phase measurement approach, in which 2D phase maps obtained from the signal (P) and reference (S) polarizations are compared pixel by pixel. This technique greatly improves detection resolution as the subtraction step can eliminate measurement fluctuations caused by external disturbances as they essentially appear in both channels. Unlike conventional angular SPR systems, in which illumination from a range of angles must be used, phase measurement requires illumination from only one angle, thus making it well suited for 2D measurement. Also, phase-stepping introduced from a moving mirror provides the necessary modulation for accurate detection of the phase. In light of the rapidly increasing need for fast real-time detection, quantification, and identification of a range of proteins for various biomedical applications, our 2D SPR phase imaging technique should hold a promising future in the medical device market.     

Ultrasonic Ply-by-Ply Detection of Matrix Cracks in Laminated Composites

In the design of cryogenic fuel tanks for the next generation Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs), permeability of cryogenic fuels across the thickness of the tank is a critical issue. In this context, the detection of matrix cracks and their connectivity takes on an unprecedented significance. In this work we develop an ultrasonic backscattering technique for the detection of matrix cracks in each of the plies of a damaged graphite/epoxy laminated composite.     

基于数字锁相解复用的多通道近红外光并行检测技术

多波长光源照射下微弱光的准确检测是利用近红外漫射光进行人体疾病诊断时所面临的基本问题,而多光源并行检测是实现快速测量所要解决的关键问题之一.基于数字锁相的基本原理,提出了结合单光子计数技术和现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)平台的多通道数字锁相方案,不但可实现微弱光的准确检测,而且可实现多通道实时并行检测.基于此方案,搭建了多通道近红外光检测系统.实验结果表明,所搭建的检测系统对由仿体出射光的检测信噪比为24dB,同时对不同频率编码的光源具有很好的识别度,对不同调制幅度的测量误差小于9.13%.     

A diffraction-based optical method for the detection of in-plane motion of lamb waves

This paper describes a laser optical technique that allows the detection of in-plane motion of Lamb waves. This interference-based laser optical technique includes a tiny square indentation with a width of about 30 micron on the sample surface and a relatively simple optical arrangement. The current technique is applied for the detection of in-plane motions of Lamb waves propagating in a 70-micron thick brass plate. Measurement of So mode dominated by in-plane motion in the low fd (frequency times thickness) regime is successfully demonstrated with the current technique. With the indentation replaced by a microreflector in a microelectromechanical (MEMS) structure, this technique is applicable for the detection of in-plane motion in MEMS structures.