从肉馅中分离硬粒子杂质的技术研究进展

从肉馅中分离硬粒子杂质对提高肉馅制品质量具有重要意义.分析了国内外从肉馅绞切加工过程中的杂质分离技术的现状和研究进展,介绍了中心除杂系统和周向除杂系统的原理、几种典型的实用装置和改善肉馅除杂效率的绞切工艺参数控制技术.     

改善猪肉渗水发白方法初探

结合实际生产,通过测定从生猪屠宰到分割加工不同阶段猪肉的温度和pH值,确定影响渗水发白的宰后因素,根据对比试验结果判定猪肉渗水发白是否得到改善.试验表明:在屠宰过程进一步优化工艺条件,对胴体脊骨腰条部位及时降温,尽快将胴体分割扒骨并采用物理方法对胴体和分割肉品进行及时散热和降温,使分割肉品的表面尽快形成保护膜,可以改善猪肉渗水发白.     

Danish initiatives to improve the safety of meat products

During the last two decades the major food safety problems in Denmark, as determined by the number of human patients, has been associated with bacterial infections stemming from meat products and eggs. The bacterial pathogens causing the majority of human infections has been Salmonella and Campylobacter, and to a lesser extent Yersinia, Escherichiacoli O157 and Listeria. Danish initiatives to improve the safety of meat products have focused on the entire production chain from the farm to the consumer, with a special emphasis on the pre-harvest stage of production. The control of bacterial pathogens which are resistant to antibiotics has been a new area of attention in the recent decade, and recently, the increasing globalization of the domestic food supply has called for a complete rethinking of the national food safety strategies. The implementations of a “case-by-case” risk assessment system, as well as increased international collaboration on surveillance, are both elements in this new strategy.     

Myofibrillar protein extracts from spent hen meat to improve whole muscle processed meats

Myofibrillar protein (MP) from spent hen meat was used as an ingredient for chicken breasts and pork hams. Cooking loss (CL) and texture of both products were evaluated. Salt-soluble MP was extracted following centrifugation. A brine with 6% MP or a brine without MP were injected into meat to 20% of the original meat weight. CL was reduced in pork hams treated with 6% MP (P<0.05). Chicken breasts with 6% MP had greater hardness and gumminess than those without MP (P<0.05). Pork hams with 6% MP had greater hardness, gumminess and chewiness than those without MP (P<0.05). It was concluded MP from spent hen meat may be used to improve the functional properties of whole-muscle meat products.     

高压水冲击波加工在改善肉类品质方面的应用

HDP(Hydrodynamic pressure processing)技术是一项用于改善肉品嫩度、提高肉品安全性、延长肉品货架期的新兴技术。HDP技术通过使肌肉结构物理性断裂从而使肉得到嫩化,并且它作为一种非热处理可杀死肉中非致病细菌,降低肉中微生物菌落数,从而延长肉品的货架期。     

Central nervous system tissue detection in meat from advanced meat recovery systems

Three hundred meat samples, recovered from beef neck- and breast-bones using a conventional advanced meat recovery (AMR) system, the de-sinewed minced meat (DMM10) technology, and hand-boning, were collected and tested for presence of central nervous system tissue (CNST) in meat using an ELISA-based test. Samples were collected at two processing facilities (Est. A and B). Sternum meat was the non-CNST reference (control) – it is distant from brain and spinal cord locations on a carcass, with low likelihood of contamination with CNST. Neckbone meat was recovered from bones obtained from carcasses where the spinal cord was removed manually, Est. B, or using a Jarvis circular hydraulic cord remover saw, Est. A. All samples from AMR, DMM, and hand methods showed lower calculated levels of “risk material” than the stated limit of detection (0.1%) of ELISA kit. There was no apparent difference among these, and use of the Jarvis saw had no perceptible advantage.     

Advances in ingredient and processing systems for meat and meat products

Changes in consumer demand of meat products as well as increased global competition are causing an unprecedented spur in processing and ingredient system developments within the meat manufacturing sector. Consumers demand healthier meat products that are low in salt, fat, cholesterol, nitrites and calories in general and contain in addition health-promoting bioactive components such as for example carotenoids, unsaturated fatty acids, sterols, and fibers. On the other hand, consumers expect these novel meat products with altered formulations to taste, look and smell the same way as their traditionally formulated and processed counterparts. At the same time, competition is forcing the meat processing industry to use the increasingly expensive raw material “meat” more efficiently and produce products at lower costs. With these changes in mind, this article presents a review of novel ingredient systems and processing approaches that are emerging to create high quality, affordable meat products not only in batch mode but also in large-scale continuous processes. Fat replacers, fat profile modification and cholesterol reduction techniques, new texture modifiers and alternative antioxidant and antimicrobial systems are being discussed. Modern processing equipment to establish continuously operating product manufacturing lines and that allow new meat product structures to be created and novel ingredients to be effectively utilized including vacuum fillers, grinders and fine dispersers, and slicers is reviewed in the context of structure creation in meat products. Finally, trends in future developments of ingredient and processing systems for meat products are highlighted.     

保湿剂对鸭肉干品质改良的研究

针对肉干经常出现干硬、口感差、出品率低等问题,通过添加保湿剂对鸭肉干的品质进行了改良研究,结果表明:改善鸭肉干品质的最佳保湿剂组合为山梨醇0.20%,甘露醇0.20%,蔗糖0.15%.此配比具有良好的保湿性,它使肉干在不改变水分活度的条件下,能使水分含量提高将近7%,使肉干质地、口感、持香性均得到了很好的改善.     

Composition of minced meat part B: A survey of commercial ground meat

A modified polyacrylamide-gel electrophoretic method was used to differentiate qualitatively various species of meat such as beef, pork, venison, reindeer, and mutton. The composition of commercial minced meat was examined; and illegal adulterations of minced beef with pork were detected.     

四元微粒系统提高填料留着

采用双元助留新工艺,运行一段时间后,由于阴离子垃圾的堆积,使阳离子需求度增大,大大降低填料留着率,采取措施降低阳离子需求度,改用四元助留,稳定并进一步提高填料留着率,降低成本。     

新颖的香肠生产方案

<正> 德国香肠的种类繁多,原材料从猪肉、牛肉到动物内脏或蔬菜等,也会配搭各类香料以制作具地方色彩的独特产品,因此香肠会以地区米命名,例如:法兰克福香肠(Frankfurter) 、维也纳香肠(Wiener)、纽伦香肠堡(Nurnberger)等。除了德国香肠外,     

The p-nitroaniline test to asses the bacterial microbiota of raw ground meat aerobically stored

The previously developed p-nitroaniline test for assessing the microbial load of meat surfaces has been now adapted to determine the microbial quality of raw ground meat. A good correlation (r=0.91) between bacterial count determined by the pour plate method and the p-nitroaniline test was obtained. The sensitivity of the new method was of the order of magnitude of 10(4)cfu/g. This method allows the assay of ground meat in approximately 2.5h, it does not require expensive equipment and the results can be interpreted both spectrophotometrically and visually. Additionally, it has been proven that the method is useful in estimating the microbial quality of raw meat irrespective of the species of Gram-negative psychrotrophic bacteria prevailing in the meat during refrigerated storage.     

堵疏结合是提高肉类食品行业安全水平的关键

去年以来,在江苏省食品安全委员会的统一部署下,泰兴市开展了多轮肉类食品安全专项整治。为巩固发展专项整治的成果,总结推广其中的好做法和新经验,今年5月,市食品安全委员会组织食品药品监督局、经贸委、农业等部门,对全市肉类食品行业开展了专题调研。令人惊喜的是,我市各地各有关部门在专项整治中采取了一系列有效措施,积极提升肉类食品质量安全水平,推动行业又好又快发展,其中的一些做法不乏特色和亮点,给我们有益启示。我们在泰兴市了解到,为破解猪肉食品安全监管的难题,该市坚持突出重点,带动全面的工作思路,以清理整顿生猪定点屠宰场…     

Review of centralized packaging systems for distribution of retail-ready meat

There is growing interest in centralized preparation of retail-ready meat cuts for distribution to widely dispersed retail stores due to the convenience of having high-quality ready-to-go products that are consistently provided to consumers at lower cost. Various centralized packaging techniques are described. Of all packaging techniques, master packaging is the most economical and shows promise for commercial application. Nevertheless, the master-packaging technique must be integrated with strict temperature control in a narrow range just above freezing (- 1.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C), good processing hygiene, and maintenance of a completely anoxic atmosphere in the package headspace throughout the distribution period to maximize storage life. Packaging using the CAPTECH process reduces the residual O2 present in the headspace to 300 ppm. Oxygen scavengers must be incorporated in the package to absorb the residual O2 and preserve the metmyoglobin reducing activity of meat tissues. Integration of all these technologies can provide a storage life of retail-ready meat up to 10 weeks in the master package followed by 3 days of retail display life. This extension of storage life is sufficient for transporting meat to distant markets.     

Microbiological condition of ground meat retailed in Monterrey, Mexico

Eighty-eight samples of ground meat were randomly collected from retail stores in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Mexico, and were analyzed for microbial contamination. Methods were those recommended by the Mexican regulation and/or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Over 75% of the samples contained > 10(5) total mesophilic microorganisms per g, and over 40% had >10(6) total coliforms per g. Fecal coliforms were present in most samples. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 2.3% of the samples, Salmonella spp. in 11.4%, Listeria spp. in 62%, and L. monocytogenes in 16%. Escherichia coli was detected in 76% of samples, but none was serotype O157:H7. Shigella spp. was not found in any sample. Fusarium spp. and Mucor spp. were detected in 3.4% of the samples, and low levels of yeast in 93%. The microbiological quality of the ground meat analyzed was unsatisfactory, and the product could be an important cause of food poisoning.     

The kinetics of cooked meat haemoprotein formation in meat and model systems

The rate of cooked meat haemoprotein formation (measured as the rate of loss of myoglobin solubility) was found, at least initially, to obey first order kinetics in meat, aqueous muscle extracts and mixtures of myoglobin and bovine serum albumin. In meat at 60 °C the rate was dependent on the species, (the pigment was formed significantly faster in lamb m. longissimus dorsi than in beef m. longissimus dorsi) and anatomical location (cooked meat haemoprotein was formed in beef m. 1. dorsi about twice as rapidly as in both beef shin and chuck (shoulder) muscle of similar pH). The rate of formation was similar in aqueous muscle extracts to that found in meat and in these systems increased with decreasing pH. The activation energies for all beef systems studied were similar and typical of those associated with protein denaturation (˜300 KJ mol⁻¹); however, that from lamb appeared to be lower (˜200 KJ mol⁻¹). The problems of using colour as an index of temperature reached, either for microbial safety (E. Coli 0157:H7 destruction) or quality are discussed in the light of these results.     

Effect of carnosine preblending on the quality of ground buffalo meat

A study was conducted on carnosine preblending at 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% levels with ground buffalo meat obtained from spent, adult, male Murrah buffalo carcasses, to identify the level of carnosine required for improving the quality of the meat during refrigerated storage at 4 ± 1 °C. It was observed that meat samples containing 1.0% and 1.5% carnosine significantly inhibited metmyoglobin formation and brown colour development. Carnosine also improved meat pH, and water-holding capacity and lowered cooking loss and 2-thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) values as compared to control sample. Carnosine also improved desired visual colour and odour, and gave higher LTCU ‘R’ and chroma of meat samples. Visual colour was inversely correlated with metmyoglobin, aerobic mesophiles and psychrotrophs plate count, and odour was inversely correlated with TBARS values. Use of 1.0% carnosine for preblending extended the shelf life of ground buffalo meat up to 8 days under refrigerated storage.     

Effects of packaging atmospheres on shelf-life quality of ground ostrich meat

Fresh ground ostrich meat was packaged under high oxygen (O2), high nitrogen (N2), vacuum (VAC) and ambient air (AIR) atmospheres, stored at 4 ± 1 °C and displayed under 1700 ± 100 lux of fluorescent lighting for 9 days. The meat was evaluated for changes in typical shelf-life characteristics consisting of pH, color properties (CIE L^∗, a^∗, b^∗, and total color difference, ΔE), oxidative changes (thiobarbituric acid value and hexanal content) and bacterial counts (total viable cell, coliform, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp.) Initial meat pH was 6.16 and declined slightly during storage. TBA values and hexanal content were highest in O2 and lowest (P ? 0.05) in VAC and N2 atmospheres. Surface lightness (L^∗) and redness (a^∗) were highest in O2 packaging initially, decreasing (P ? 0.05) by day 9. ΔE of the ground ostrich increased during storage in only O₂ and AIR packaging. All packaging methods had generally similar effects on microbial outgrowth. Total aerobic bacteria attained >10⁶ CFU/g meat between day 3 and day 6. Ground ostrich meat was below saleable quality in less than 6 days based on all of the meat attributes. For O2 packaging however, quality based on lipid oxidation and color properties indicated a shelf-life of less than 3 days. Oxidation is likely the limiting factor for shelf-life of ground ostrich meat.     

Simultaneous application of transglutaminase and high pressure to improve functional properties of chicken meat gels

Low-fat protein gels obtained by pressure are softer than those processed by conventional heat treatment. In this study, microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) (0.3%) was added to chicken batters in order to investigate the combined effect of pressure and enzyme on the functional properties of gels. Batters of meat with egg proteins were treated at 500 MPa for 30 min at 40 °C and then heated at 75 °C for 5 min to inactivate the enzyme. Treated samples showed, under confocal microscopy, a more compact and homogeneous microstructure and exhibited a notable increase in hardness and chewiness as compared to controls that were pressurized but contained no MTGase. They were also harder, more chewy and springy but had a similar cohesiveness and cutting force to those obtained by heat alone.     

如何防止肉品的污染

肉品污染是指肉品中原来含有或者加工时人为添加的生物性、化学性物质,其共同特点是对人体健康有急性或慢性的危害。肉品的污染问题性质复杂,涉及面广,种类繁多。一般可分为生物性污染、化学性污染、放射性污染三种。