Sodium lactate and protective culture effects on quality characteristics and shelf-life of low-fat frankfurters produced with olive oil

Low-fat frankfurters (9% fat, 13% protein) were produced with olive oil and four levels of sodium lactate (0, 1, 2, 3%). The level of sodium lactate affected (p < 0.05) moisture and ash content, processing yield, skin strength and saltiness of low-fat frankfurters. Sodium lactate at 2% level appeared to be more beneficial for the production of low-fat frankfurters with olive oil. It had the highest score for flavour intensity and did not negatively affect skin strength, lextural and sensory properties or the colour of frankfurters. Low-fat frankfurters (9% fat, 13% protein) with olive oil, produced with 0% and 2% sodium lactate (SL) and protective culture (PC) and stored under vacuum at 4 °C, were compared with high-fat frankfurters (27% all animal fat, 11% protein). Low-fat frankfurters with olive oil had higher (p < 0.05) moisture and lower (p < 0.05) brine concentration than high-fat frankfurters. PC extended shelf-life of low-fat frankfurters with olive oil from 3 to 4 weeks. 2% SL kept the pH of frankfurters almost constant and extended shelf-life up to 6 weeks compared with 3 and 4 weeks shelf-life for low-fat and high-fat control frankfurters, respectively.     

Effect of locust bean/xanthan gum addition and replacement of pork fat with olive oil on the quality characteristics of low-fat frankfurters

The effects of reducing fat level from 20% to 12% and 9%, substituting pork fat with olive oil and adding locust bean/xanthan gum (0.5% and 0.6%) on emulsion stability, jelly and fat separation, processing yield, cook loss, texture and sensory characteristics of frankfurters were investigated and compared with control samples. Addition of locust bean/xanthan gum produced a significant increase in hydration/binding properties, characterised by lower cook losses, increasing yield, better emulsion stability and lower jelly and fat separation. The substitution of pork fat by olive oil did not affect these parameters. Indeed, results showed that reducing fat levels together with increasing moisture and locust bean/xanthan gum addition do not affect the sensory or textural properties, but olive oil addition produces a decrease in hardness and an increase in adhesiveness, however the overall acceptability was not affected.     

Effect of fat level and partial replacement of pork backfat with olive oil on processing and quality characteristics of fermented sausages

Six formulations of dry fermented sausages were produced in three replications with three initial fat levels (30, 20 and 10%) and two levels (0 and 20%) of pork backfat replacing olive oil. After 4 weeks of fermentation and ripening the fat content of the treatments with 30, 20 and 10% fat level ranged from 38.86 to 43.60%, 25.56 to 26.86% and 19.01 to 20.14%, respectively. Fat level affected (P<0.05) the weight losses, the chemical composition, the Gram −ve bacterial count, the lightness, the texture and the appearance of fermented sausages. Replacing 20% of pork backfat by olive oil affected (P<0.05) the lightness and yellowness of sausages. Fat-reduced sausages without olive oil and low-fat sausages with olive oil had the highest score for odour and taste. However, the appearance of fat-reduced sausages was just acceptable while that of low-fat sausages was unacceptable, because the surface was intensively wrinkled and case hardening had developed. Further research is needed to improve the appearance of these sausages.     

Low-fat frankfurters enriched with n−3 PUFA and edible seaweed: Effects of olive oil and chilled storage on physicochemical,sensory and microbial characteristics

This article reports a study of the physicochemical, sensory and microbiological characteristics of low-fat (10%) and n−3 PUFA-enriched frankfurters as affected by addition of seaweed (5% Himanthalia elongata), partial substitution (50%) of animal fat by olive oil and chilled storage (41 days at 2 °C). The presence of seaweed improved water and fat binding properties, reduced (P < 0.05) lightness and redness and increased (P < 0.05) the hardness and chewiness of low-fat frankfurters enriched with n−3 PUFA. The effect of olive oil on those characteristics was less pronounced than that of seaweed. Replacing pork backfat with olive oil in frankfurters produced acceptable sensory characteristics, similar to control, while addition of seaweed resulted in less acceptable products, due mainly to the special flavour of the seaweed. Formulation and storage time affected the total viable count and lactic acid bacteria count. Frankfurters containing olive oil and seaweed had the highest total viable count from day 14 of storage, with lactic acid bacteria becoming the predominant microflora.     

EFFECT OF CARRAGEENAN ON PROCESSING AND QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW-FAT FRANKFURTERS

Three types of carrageenan (K, I, K+I) × 4 levels (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0%) were evaluated with a complete factorial design to characterize the effect of carrageenans on processing and quality characteristics of low-fat frankfurters (9% fat, 13% protein). l-Carrageenan at 0.5–1.0% level appeared to be more beneficial for the production of low-fat frankfurters. It reduced (P<0.05) the hardness of the skin and contributed to a softer (P<0.05) product and higher overall acceptability. Low-fat frankfurters (9% fat) manufactured with I-carrageenan (IC) or in combination with finely ground toasted bread (TB), isolated soy protein (ISP) and pork skin (PSK), were compared to high-fat (27% fat, 11% protein) and to low-fat (9% fat, 13% protein) control frankfurters prepared with 3.5% potato starch (PS), as well as with commercial frankfurters (25% fat, 11.6% protein, 4.5% starch). Frankfurters with IC had higher (P<0.05) moisture, softer (P<0.05) skin and the highest (P<0.05) separation of gelatin. However, textural properties and overall acceptability were similar (P>0.05) to commercial and high-fat control frankfurters. Addition of TB had no significant effect. Use of ISP and PSK improved (P<0.05) the water-binding capacity but negatively affected the overall acceptability of frankfurters.     

The effects of carrageenan and pectin on some quality characteristics of low-fat beef frankfurters

Effects of carrageenan (0.3, 0.5, or 0.7%) and carrageenan (0.3, 0.5, or 0.7%) with a pectin gel (20%) on some quality characteristics of low-fat beef frankfurters were evaluated in comparison to a high-fat control (HFC) and a low-fat control (LFC). While low-fat frankfurters had <3.0% fat, 73-76% moisture, 13-14% protein, HFC had 17% fat, 59% moisture, and 14% protein. A reduction of 50-59% in cholesterol was determined in low fat beef frankfurters as compared to HFC (P<0.05). Better process yield and emulsion stability, and less purge were observed with increasing carrageenan concentration. Treatment groups showed higher water holding capacity (WHC) than LFC, and lower WHC than HFC (P<0.05). With increasing carrageenan concentration, WHC increased and penetrometer value decreased in low-fat frankfurters.     

PRODUCTION OF LOW-FAT FRANKFURTERS WITH VEGETABLE OILS FOLLOWING THE DIETARY GUIDELINES FOR FATTY ACIDS

Low-fat frankfurters (10% fat) were produced with vegetable oils following the dietary guidelines for fatty acids as suggested in the currently recommended diet (CRD) by the American Heart Association, the Grundy diet (GD) and the Mediterranean diet (MD). MD-frankfurters, produced with olive oil (31.82%) and soybean oil (17.51%), had the highest (P<0.05) ratio of monousaturated fatty acids (MUFA)/saturated fatty acids (SFA) minus stearic. CRD-frankfurters, produced mainly with cottonseed oil (40.70%) and soybean oil (6.90%), had the highest (P<0.05) content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). GD-frankfurters, produced with cottonseed oil (34.04%) and olive oil (15.19%), had the highest (P<0.05) ratio of (C18:2 n-6)/(C18:3 n-3). Compared to high-fat frankfurters (27% all animal fat), low-fat frankfurters had lower (P<0.05) stearic acid and trans ω-9 oleic acid, higher (P<0.05) content of total PUFA, higher (P<0.05) ratio of (C18:2+C 18:3)/SFA minus stearic acid, and lower cholesterol content (52.60%-59.11%), were darker, redder and more yellow, firmer and less juicy, but had similar overall acceptabily.     

Effects of replacing pork back fat with vegetable oils and rice bran fiber on the quality of reduced-fat frankfurters

The effects of substituting olive, grape seed, corn, canola, or soybean oil and rice bran fiber on the chemical composition, cooking characteristics, fatty acid composition, and sensory properties of low-fat frankfurters were investigated. Ten percent of the total fat content of frankfurters with a total fat content of 30% (control) was partially replaced by one of the vegetable oils to reduce the pork fat content by 10%. The moisture and ash content of low-fat frankfurters with vegetable oil and rice bran fiber were all higher than the control (P < 0.05). Low-fat frankfurters had reduced-fat content, energy values, cholesterol and trans-fat levels, and increased pH, cooking yield and TBA values compared to the controls (P < 0.05). Low-fat frankfurters with reduced-fat content plus rice bran fiber had sensory properties similar to control frankfurters containing pork fat.     

Storage stability of low-fat beef frankfurters formulated with carrageenan or carrageenan with pectin

Storage stability of low-fat frankfurters (<3.0 fat content) formulated with carrageenan (0.3, 0.5, and 0.7%) or carrageenan with a pectin gel (PG) (20%) was examined during 49-day refrigerated storage. Low fat frankfurters had higher bacterial growth than high-fat control (HFC) over the refrigerated storage due to higher water activity resulting from extra water addition. While there was no change in the pH of low-fat frankfurters initially due to carrageenan or PG incorporation, the most noticeable pH decline was observed in PG-added frankfurters followed by only carrageenan added ones over the storage period. HFC had the highest (P<0.05) TBA value and the lowest redness index (a(?)/b(?)) all the time as compared with carrageenan or carrageenan and PG added low-fat frankfurters. Low-fat frankfurters formulated with either carrageenan or carrageenan with PG had acceptable sensory scores.     

Sensory Characteristics of Frankfurters as Affected by Fat, Salt, and pH

Acceptable processing and flavor profile characteristics of frankfurters were achieved near a pH of 6.0. As salt increased, hardness, juiciness, saltiness, and flavor intensity scores increased. As fat increased, juiciness scores decreased (at salt levels > 1.3%) due to substitution of water for fat. In addition, increased fat resulted in decreased off-flavor. Model predictions suggested that acceptable frankfurters could be manufactured with a minimum of 11.25% fat and 1.3% salt at pH 6.0.     

Effect of replacing beef fat with olive oil on quality characteristics of Turkish soudjouk (sucuk)

Four formulation of Turkish soudjouks were produced in three replicates by traditional methods as follows; one control (C) using 85% beef and 15% beef fat and three treatments by replacing 20, 40 and 60% of beef fat with virgin olive oil incorporated as pre-emulsified fat (PEF) with soy protein isolate (SPI), respectively. It was found that the moisture content and pH decreased while fat and ash content increased on the 21st day of fermentation and in the ripening period. Cholesterol content decreased depending on the amount of incorporated olive oil to the formulation, which shows the addition of olive oil in soudjouks reduces the cholesterol content (P<0.05). TBA values were affected by the amount of incorporated olive oil and the highest TBA value was found for with the 60% olive oil replacement. Oleic and linoleic acid contents were high while other fatty acid contents were low for the 40 and 60% olive oil samples compared with controls. Sausages with 40% olive oil received high evaluation from the panel for appearance and texture but there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between samples in the terms of color and general acceptability. It is concluded that replacement of beef fat with olive oil had a positive effect on sensory quality and on reducing the cholesterol content of soudjouks.     

Effect of varying salt and fat levels on the sensory and physiochemical quality of frankfurters

The sensory and physiochemical properties of frankfurters with varying fat and salt levels were investigated. Twenty frankfurter formulations were produced with varying concentrations of fat (10%, 15%, 20%, 25% w/w) and salt (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3% w/w). Frankfurters were assessed instrumentally for colour, moisture, fat, cooking loss and texture profile analysis. Consumers (n=25) evaluated each product in duplicate for colour, coarseness, tenderness, juiciness, salt taste, meat flavour, off-flavour and overall acceptability using a hedonic scale. Salt levels below 1.5% were shown to have a negative effect on consumer acceptability, with 2.5% salt concentration being the most accepted (P<0.001) by consumers. However, frankfurters containing the lower fat levels 10% and 15% fat with higher salt levels (2.5-3%) were significantly the most acceptable variants to consumers. Samples containing less fat and salt were found to be tougher, less juicy and had greater cooking losses. Thus salt perception is very important for consumer acceptability, but fat levels can be potentially reduced without significantly affecting overall acceptability.     

Effect of carrageenan level and packaging during ripening on processing and quality characteristics of low-fat fermented sausages produced with olive oil

Eight low-fat fermented sausages were produced with partial replacement of pork backfat with olive oil. The total fat content of the sausages was 10% of which 8% was animal fat and 2% was olive oil. The sausages were produced with two types of carrageenan (ι- and κ-) in four levels (0%, 1%, 2% and 3%). ι-Carrageenan had a better effect (p<0.05) than κ-carrageenan on such characteristics as pH, weight loss and lipid oxidation of the sausages, as well as, on sensory attributes. Low-fat fermented sausages with κ-carrageenan had the same (p>0.05) firmness as high-fat commercial sausages (control). The carrageenan level of 3% negatively affected the firmness of the sausages. In a 2nd experiment, a high-fat control (30% total fat) and three low-fat fermented sausages (10% total fat) with olive oil were produced with three levels of ι-carrageenan (0%, 1% and 2%). Low-fat sausages were vacuum packed for the last two weeks of ripening. ι-Carrageenan added at levels up to 2% had a positive effect (p<0.05) on the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the low-fat fermented sausages. The application of vacuum packaging over last two weeks of ripening improved the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the sausages and resulted in sensory attributes equal to or better than the high-fat controls.     

Substituting Olive Oil for Pork Backfat Affects Quality of Low-Fat Frankfurters

Low-fat frankfurters (10% fat), formulated for 10%, 12% and 14% protein, were made with olive oil. Compared to control (27.6% all animal fat, 10.9% protein) they had similar flavor, lower (P<0.05) TBA values and reduced (44.7–47.6%) caloric content, but had lower (P<0.05) processing yield (5.5–6.5%) and overall palatability. Among low-fat treatments, samples with 12% protein had better quality characteristics. The 12% protein frankfurters compared to the control (exccpl for palatability), had similar (P>0.05) sensory attributes and higher (P<0.05) skin strength and improved texture. The treatment with 10% protein had undesirable color and was very soft. That with 14% protein had the same (P>0.05) red color as the control but higher (P<0.05) firmness, skin strength and textural traits and lower (P<0.05) juiciness.     

Consumers' hedonic expectations and perception of the healthiness of biscuits made with olive oil or sunflower oil

Vegetable oils can be used as an alternative to solid fats to produce biscuits with a healthier fatty acid profile. The aim of this work was to study how consumers perceived the information about fat on biscuit labels when olive oil or sunflower oil was used instead of a saturated fat and how much the replacement affected acceptability. Six samples of biscuits were prepared, varying in fat source (dairy shortening, olive oil and sunflower oil) and in fat content (10.6 and 15.6%). Biscuit labels were designed to include the claims “with olive oil”, “with sunflower oil” or “low in saturated fat” and nutritional facts tables with the respective values that corresponded in each case. Consumers (n = 100) evaluated their liking for the samples and perception of their healthiness under three conditions: blind (the biscuit was provided), expected (the label was provided) and informed (both biscuit and label were provided). In general, consumers expected that they would like the olive and sunflower oil biscuits with low fat contents the most, although when they tasted the biscuits these samples obtained the lowest liking scores. Thus, they did not associate a low-fat vegetable-oil biscuit with a decrease in sensory properties compared to its high fat counterpart. Furthermore, when information on the fat source was provided the consumers seemed to attach less importance than they should have to the total fat level. Although the fat source claim (“with olive oil” or “with sunflower oil”) and the nutritional claim (“low saturated fat content”) included on the labels increased the consumers' liking scores, eventually both the sensory quality of the samples and the information provided affected the actual liking for the samples. However, the perception of the biscuits' healthiness was based on the label information alone and the hedonic characteristics of the samples did not affect it.     

Design and nutritional properties of potential functional frankfurters based on lipid formulation, added seaweed and low salt content

The aim of this paper was to design and analyse the nutritional composition (fatty acid profile, cholesterol, mineral and amino acid content) of low-fat frankfurters enriched with n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (using algal oil to add 400 mg of docosahexanoic acid – DHA/100 g of product) as affected by the addition of seaweed (5.5% Himanthalia elongata) and the partial substitution (50%) of animal fat by olive oil (as a source of monounsaturated fatty acids – MUFA) or combinations of olive oil and seaweed. Reduction of NaCl level was also studied. The presence of algal oil produced frankfurters with high long-chain n−3 PUFA contents. The partial substitution of the pork fat by olive oil reduced (P < 0.05) saturated fatty acids (SFA) and promoted (P < 0.05) MUFA. A healthier lipid formulation (algal and olive oils and the reducing animal fat) produced a good balance of MUFA/SFA, PUFA/SFA and n−6/n−3 ratios. Although adding seaweed had little effect on the lipid and amino acid profiles of frankfurters, it does constitute a means to produce low-sodium products with important dietary fibre content, with better Na/K ratios and rich in Ca.     

Effect of replacing pork backfat with olive oil on processing and quality characteristics of fermented sausages

Five types of fermented sausages were manufactured by traditional methods as follows: (i) one control (C) using 24% beef meat, 43% pork meat and 33% pork backfat; (ii) two L treatments by replacing 10% and 20%, respectively of pork backfat with liquid olive oil; and (iii) two E treatments by replacing 10% and 20%, respectively of pork backfat with olive oil incorporated as pre-emulsified fat (PEF) with soy protein isolate (SPI). There were no differences (p > 0.05) between treatments relating to pH, brine content, lactic acid bacteria and micrococci and staphylococci count, redness (a (?)) and chemical composition. The L and E treatments had higher lightness and yellowness values than the control. The L treatments had lower (p < 0.05) weight losses and higher (p < 0.05) TBA values and were softer (p < 0.05) than the control. The E treatments had higher (p < 0.05; weight losses, lower (p < 0.05) TBA values and similar hardness to the control. The L sausages had an unacceptable appearance. The E sausages had equally good appearance as well as firmness and odour and taste as the control. It is concluded up to 20% of pork backfat can be replaced with olive oil as PEF with SPI. In preliminary experiments, where 30% pork backfat was replaced with olive oil as PEF with SPI, the product was unacceptable.     

Effects of fat level, oat fibre and carrageenan on frankfurters formulated with 5, 12 and 30% fat

The effects of fat level (5, 12 and 30%), carrageenan and oat fibre on the hydration/binding properties, colour and flavour characteristics of frankfurters were investigated. Decreasing the fat content from 30% to 5% significantly increased cook loss and decreased water holding capacity and emulsion stability. Reduced-fat products were also darker and redder compared with the 30% fat controls. Addition of carrageenan or oat fibre reduced cook loss and increased both water holding capacity and emulsion stability. Sensory evaluation indicated that decreasing fat from 30% to 5% increased the intensity of smokiness, spiciness and saltiness and reduced the overall acceptability of the flavour. Carrageenan or oat fibre did not alter the colour of the frankfurters and neither ingredient had a significant effect on the flavour characteristics assessed. The results demonstrate that carrageenan or oat fibre can partially offset some of the changes which occur in low-fat frankfurters when added water replaces fat and protein level is constant.     

Effect of cooking on the chemical composition of low-salt, low-fat Wakame/olive oil added beef patties with special reference to fatty acid content

Changes in chemical composition, with special reference to fatty acids, as affected by cooking, were studied in low-salt (0.5%)/low-fat patties (10%) with added Wakame (3%) and partial or total replacement of pork backfat with olive oil-in-water emulsion. The addition of Wakame and olive oil-in-water emulsion improved (P < 0.05) the binding properties and the cooking retention values of moisture, fat, fatty acids and ash, which were close to 100%. Partial and total replacement of animal fat with olive oil-in-water emulsion reduced (P < 0.05) saturated fatty acids (SFAs), while total replacement also reduced (P < 0.05) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) contents. The fatty acid concentration in cooked patties was affected by product formulation. Unlike the case of all animal fat patties, when olive oil was added the cooking process increased (P < 0.05) SFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and PUFA n-3 (linolenic acid) and n-6 (linoleic acid) contents. Cooked formulated patties with seaweed and partial or total replacement of pork backfat by oil-in-water emulsion and with seaweed added were less calorie-dense and had lower SFAs levels, while samples with olive oil had higher MUFAs levels.