层次分析法在高潜水位矿区土地复垦工程中的应用

在高潜水位矿区选择土地复垦工程措施,涉及的因素很多,而层次分析法对于解决大系统中多层次、多目标决策问题行之有效,具有高度的逻辑性、灵活性和简洁性。通过实例阐述了层次分析法为高潜水位矿区选择土地复垦工程措施的有效方法。     

安庆铜矿地下水渗流场的模拟

水力坡度较大的矿坑地下水渗流场的模拟一直是一个难点。在分析矿区水文地质条件的基础上，对矿坑附近渗流场采用基于达西定律的解析法进行模拟，而对矿坑外围则采用有限单元法进行模拟，再将两者巧妙地结合起来，从而完成了矿床地下水渗流场的模拟，取得了较好的效果。     

高潜水位煤矿区生态补偿标准评估框架与测算：以东滩煤矿为例

煤矿区生态补偿是实现煤炭开采外部不经济性内部化的有效手段。制定科学的、合理的生态补偿标准是实施生态补偿机制的关键。本文通过分析高潜水位矿区煤炭开采对生态环境的影响,针对煤炭开采造成的生态破坏损失和环境污染损失,综合运用恢复成本法和价值损失法,从目标层、约束层、准则层和指标层四个层次构建高潜水位矿区煤炭开采生态补偿标准评估框架,补偿标准为各项指标层的价值量之和。在此基础上,以山东省东滩煤矿为例,结合东滩煤矿特点筛选关键评估指标,计算2014年东滩煤矿生态补偿标准为16 497.02万元,占该年煤炭销售收入的2.75%。该方法为征收高潜水位煤矿区生态补偿费用提供参考。     

高潜水位矿区采煤沉陷前农用地保护技术决策研究

高潜水位矿区在采煤沉陷前实施农用地保护受到多种因素的制约,需要系统性决策。本文构建了高潜水位矿区农用地保护技术体系,分析了其限制性条件和影响因素,并提出了递进式决策框架。研究表明,针对高潜水位矿区采煤沉陷前农用地保护的技术主要有梯次整理、疏水减损、超前充填和挖深垫浅,主要限制性条件包括沉陷积水、疏水条件、充填物料和国土规划。保护技术的实施还需要考虑施工条件、资金投入、地块质量等因素。沛北矿区已处于资源开采的后期,预计2020—2030年新增沉陷区2 300hm~2,主要为轻度沉陷和中度沉陷,便于实施各类保护技术,农用地减损和提质改造潜力较大。本文研究可为东部矿粮复合区沉陷前农用地保护提供参考。     

A study of geohydrological and rock engineering environment at Lappvattnet experimental mine

The paper describes a hydrogeological and geotechnical study of rock mass at an experimental nickel mine at Lappvattnet, Sweden. The mine is situated 30 km south-west of the twonship of Skelleftea and was mainly developed for the exploration purposes. The mine consists of 1000 m of underground roadways from where a number of diamond cored boreholes were drilled for geotechnical studies and mine valuation. The main problem encountered during the development stage of the mine was very high quantities of ground water inflows at relatively high hydraulic pressures. The geological and hydrogeological conditions along the length of the drifts are described together with the methods used for ground-water inflow control. The study shows that there is a strong need for modifying the grouting methods to suit the rock conditions in order to control the ground-water inflows. A discussion regarding the need for a detailed geotechnical investigation prior to the planning and design stage of the project is also included.     

高潜水位矿区生态系统演变趋势研究:以淮南潘谢矿区为例

为了有效地应对高潜水位矿区煤炭资源开采后带来的生态环境问题,以淮南潘谢矿区为研究区域,应用遥感技术分析了耕地、水体分布以及景观格局,分析了生态系统结构的变化,得出了矿区生态系统结构总体变化规律以及不同生态系统相互转化规律。应用开采沉陷预测技术,基于矿区生态系统结构的变化规律,预测了生态系统演化趋势,得出的结论为:耕地面积逐年减少,矿区煤炭资源完全开采结束时,矿区的生态景观将由水域占绝对主导优势,矿区由陆地生态系统向水陆复合生态系统演变,土地利用模式将优化。     

Quantification of Changes in Metal Loading from Storm Runoff,Merse River (Tuscany,Italy)

The Merse River in Tuscany is affected by mine drainage and the weathering of mine wastes along several kilometres of its catchment. The metal loading to the stream was quantified by defining detailed profiles of discharge and concentration, using tracer-dilution and synoptic-sampling techniques. During the course of a field experiment to evaluate metal loading to the Merse, such data were obtained for both storm and pre-storm conditions, providing a unique opportunity for comparison. Iron, Cu, and Mn were chosen to illustrate changes resulting from the storm. The total-recoverable load of Fe increased 21-fold, while loads of Cu and Mn increased by 8- and 7-fold, respectively, during the storm runoff. The increases most likely resulted from flushing particulates from near the stream, resuspension of colloidal material from the streambed, and increased ground-water inflow to the stream. The increases in Cu and Mn loads results from their association with colloids. It is possible that in-stream colloids had relatively more Cu than Mn, while near-stream colloids had relatively more Mn. Each of the metals also increased as a result of increased ground-water discharge during the storm. Despite great increases in load, the filterable concentrations of these metals did not increase substantially, remaining below chronic levels of toxicity.     

Anwendungsbeispiele für hydrographische Echolotmessungen

The hydrographic measurement of the bottom of running or standing water represents lately a fundamental task for mine surveying and geodesy. After fundamental remarks on echo sounding systems two applications are described. The first example treats the measurement of a gravel pit with production below the ground-water level. A goal is the control of the past production activities. In the second example the echo sounding of a river is described for the purpose of flood protection. In both cases the result of the work is plotted.     

Control of groundwater in surface mining

The presence of groundwater in surface mining operations often creates serious problems. The most important is generally a reduction in stability of the pit slopes. This is caused by pore water pressures and hydrodynamic shock due to blasting which reduce the shear strength and seepage pressures, water in tension cracks and increased unit weight which increase the shear stress. Groundwater and seepage also increase the cost of pit drainage, shipping, drilling and blasting, tyre wear and equipment maintenance. Surface erosion may also be increased and, in northern climates, ice flows on the slopes may occur. Procedures have been developed in the field of soil mechanics and engineering of dams to obtain quantitative data on pore water pressures and rock permeability, to evaluate the influence of pore water and seepage pressures on stability and to estimate the magnitude of ground-water flow. Based on field investigations, a design can be prepared for the control of groundwater in the slope and in the pit. Methods of control include the use of horizontal drains, blasted toe drains, construction of adits or drainage tunnels and pumping from wells in or outside of the pit. Recent research indicates that subsurface drainage can be augmented by applying a vacuum or by selective blasting. Instrumentation should be installed to monitor the groundwater changes created by drainage. Typical case histories are described that indicate the approach used to evaluate groundwater conditions.     

复杂水文地质条件下地下水数值模型的应用

井下富水矿床的开采中,地下水流场变化是制约矿山安全建设和生产的重要因素,如何准确判断地下水流场变化情况对矿山安全开采具有重大意义。结合白象山矿区水文资料,以黄马青组杂色粉细砂岩基岩裂隙含水系统作为研究对象,建立地下水水文数值模型,利用数值模型对地下水变化情况进行分析。分析结果表明,数值模型能够较为准确地描述矿山地下水流场变化情况,该方法可作为保障矿山安全建设的重要依据。     

梧桐沟铁矿复杂地质地段巷道支护工程实践

为解决梧桐沟铁矿在复杂工程地质条件下的巷道支护问题, 开展了详细工程地质调查研究, 根据岩体地质力学分类法(RMR)将矿区围岩分为4类, 并指出影响该矿围岩稳定性的主要因素是岩体质量指标、非连续面条件和地下水。针对该矿围岩类型, 分别提出了4种支护方案。现场实施结果表明, 巷道能保持稳定, 坑内涌水量减少近20%, 改善了井下作业环境条件, 取得了较好的效果。     

北京平原地区地面沉降特征和研究途径的进展与思考

以北京平原地区为研究区域,本文归纳了研究区范围内地面沉降演化特征和研究途径的关键问题,并且指出了研究区域地面沉降发育发展的特征,监测方法或技术以及研究方法途径的主要进展,地面沉降演化特征方面主要从沉降速率,累计沉降量和沉降空间扩展等几个方面描述;监测和研究途径方面,主要从监测的范围、研究的层次尺度以及定性研究到定量分析进行描述。讨论了研究区地面沉降演化特征的挖掘、影响因素和形成机理等,主要内容包括地面沉降区有迅速连成一片的趋势,地面沉降除了受地下水过量开采的影响外,还受地表的动静载荷以及地层岩性和结构的影响。在此基础上,分析了当前研究方法和监测技术手段存在的局限性,包括主要是单一地面沉降诱导因素研究,假设或忽略其他因素的影响,以及宏观与微观层次的研究没有有效联系等。提出了基于统一场理论的空间大数据分析方法,用Biot模型耦合了地下水渗流场,应力场和由其诱发的形变场,统一地研究过量开采地下水和市政设施或建筑物载荷两种影响因素同时对研究区地面沉降的影响,及其定量估算它们对总地面沉降量的贡献。     

Hydrogeomechanical problems in mining

The hydrogeomechanical problems of mining are considered, which deal with rocks and ground water as a single mechanical system. Among these problems are the openpits slopes stability, rocks consolidation and surface subsidence due to ground water level lowering, water inrushes into mine workings, rock bursts prevention by using the water injection into the advance boreholes, etc. The paper contains the basic theoretical grounds, as well as in-situ and laboratory methods for the investigation of these processes. The combined study of ground water regime and rock deformations has resulted in the theoretical substantiation of the hydrodynamic and geomechanical processes within the scope of unique scientific direction-hydrogeomechanics (Mironenko, 1974). The hydrogeomechanical models are widely used now for the analysis and forecasting the extremely important processes connected with the safe and efficient mining operations, as well as with the protection of geological medium. Among these processes are:

Separation of amine-insoluble species by flotation with nano and microbubbles

Amines (alkylamines–ether amines) are employed on a large scale to separate iron ores by reverse flotation of the gangue particles (mostly quartz and silicates). Quartz gangue particles coated with amine collector are dumped in tailings dams as concentrated pulps. Then, the fraction of the amines that detach from the surfaces and the portion that is soluble in water, contaminate surface and ground-water supplies. This work presents a novel flotation technique to remove decyl-trimethyl-ether-amine (collector employed in Brazilian iron mines) from water. This amine forms precipitates at pH > 10.5 which are removed by flotation with microbubbles (MBs: 30–100 μm) and nanobubbles (NBs: 150–800 nm). Bubbles were generated simultaneously by depressurization of air-saturated water (P_sat of 66.1 psi during 25 min) forced through a flow constrictor (needle valve). The flotation by these bubbles is known as DAF-dissolved air flotation, one of the most efficient separation technologies in water and wastewater treatment. Herein, best results (80% amine removal) were obtained only after selective separation of the MBs from the NBs exploring the fact that while the NBs remain dispersed in water, the MBs rise leaving the system. The MBs, because of their buoyancy, rise too rapidly and do not collide and adhere appropriately at the amine colloids/water interface, even causing some precipitates breakage. It was found that the “isolated” NBs attach onto the amine precipitates; aggregate (flocculate) them and entrain inside the flocs before rising by flotation. Because of the low residual amine concentration in water (6 mg L⁻¹), it is believed that this flotation technique have potential in this particular treatment of residual amine-bearing effluents.     

液压缸密封圈使用中的问题及解决办法

提出了施压缸密封圈使用上的问题,阐述了问题产生的是因及解决问题的办法。对液压缸常用密封圈的选用作了介绍。     

Pareto optimality for rational comprehensive decision making

Abstract

The majority of industrial problems, like real life personal problems, involve the achievement of more than one objective, though there could be different levels of preference for these objectives. Few solution techniques would solve such problems and still retain the original images of the problems. PARETO OPTIMALITY is recommended as a tool for achieving meaningful, factual, systematic solutions to such problems, by retaining their identities, and providing a rational and comprehensive approach towards the generation of superior solution alternatives and decision maker preferred solutions.     

三用阀试验台增压系统的改进

分析了三用阀试验台增压系统的现状及存在的问题,针对存在的问题,对其产生的增压系统进行了综合分析,提出了技术改进措施,介绍了自动增压系统的结构及工作原理。通过技术改进,可以降低劳动强度,减少维修费用,提高工作效率,延长使用寿命。     

阜新露天煤矿区生态风险分析

煤炭作为一种不可再生资源，长期的开发话动已经引起了与我国国民经济可持续发展不协调的诸多环境问题，并且这些问题也已成为影响我国社会、经济和区域环境发展的综合性制约因素。本文主要从地形地貌的破坏、“三废”污染、重金属污染、水土流失等方面，分析了阜新露天煤矿区的生态风险问题。     

关于隔离开关电源的问题探讨

开关电源有多种形式。设计小而轻、效率高的隔离开关需注意电源频率的确定及可靠性等问题。阐述的问题,具有很强的实践意义。     

都兰察汗乌苏建筑用石料矿山环境地质分析及治理措施探讨

矿山在进行生产作业时难免会产生各种各样的环境地质问题，对周围的环境造成严重的影响，尤其是露天开采的作业方式，对环境的破坏性更为明显。以都兰察汗乌苏建筑用石料矿矿山为研究对象，对矿山目前存在的环境地质问题进行分析，并开展相应的治理措施探讨。研究结果表明，矿山当前存在的主要环境地质问题为发育有若干不稳定采矿边坡，存在含水层、土地资源、地形地貌景观破坏等现象。同时针对上述存在的环境地质问题提出了7种治理措施，分别为危岩体及碎石清理、边坡的削坡反压、排水沟建设、场地回填平整、网围栏与警示牌工程、覆土工程和植被重建工程。该讨论内容可能对类似矿山环境地质问题治理具有一定的理论与实际意义。