A unified approach to robust meter placement against loss ofmeasurements and branch outages

This paper presents a systematic procedure by which measurement systems can be optimally upgraded. The proposed procedure yields a measurement configuration that can withstand any single branch outage or loss of single measurement, without losing network observability. It is a numerical method based on the measurement Jacobian and sparse triangular factorization, making its implementation easy in existing state estimators. It can be used off-line in planning and meter placement studies or it can be implemented as part of the on-line observability analysis function. Details of the procedure are presented using numerical examples     

A simple factorization-based observability analysis and meter placement method

A simple factorization-based observability analysis and meter placement method is presented in this paper. Measurement Jacobian matrix is extended to include non-existing branch flow measurements so that observable islands are identified simultaneously when extra candidate measurements are placed to make the network observable if initially the system is unobservable. The method is described in detail along with numerical examples, which illustrates its effectiveness.     

A new method for redundancy analysis of measurements applied to three-phase state estimation

In this paper, a new method based on the properties of the Gram matrix is proposed to verify the redundancy of measurements in three-phase state estimation. The Gram matrix is constructed using rows of the measurement Jacobian matrix as vectors. The method can be used for measurement systems planning or updating of three-phase networks so that the overall system remain observable even under possible branch contingencies and loss of measurements. It is a fast and robust numerical method based on the Gram matrix factorization that is easy to implement. A small numerical example that shows the application of the method is presented.     

电力系统PMU最优配置数字规划算法

随着相量量测装置(PMU)硬件技术的逐渐成熟和高速通信网络的发展,PMU在电力系统中的状态估计、动态监测和稳定控制等方面得到了广泛应用.为达到系统完全可观,在所有的节点上均装设PMU既不可能也没有必要.文中提出一种基于系统拓扑可观性理论的数字规划算法,利用PMU和系统提供的状态信息,最大限度地对网络拓扑约束方程式进行了简化,以配置PMU数目最小为目标,形成了PMU最优配置问题,并采用禁忌搜索算法求解该问题.其突出优点是利用了系统混合测量集数据,即不仅考虑了PMU实测数据,同时计及了可用的潮流数据.在IEEE14节点和IEEE 118节点系统的仿真结果表明,与常规的PMU最优配置算法相比,所提出的数字规划算法可以实现安装较少数量的PMU而整个系统可观的目标.     

Numerical observability analysis based on network graph theory

This paper presents a numerical method for topological observability analysis of a measured power system. By floating-point operations on the echelon form of a rectangular test matrix, which is based on network graph properties, observability and maximal observable islands are determined. A minimal set of pseudo measurements, which make an unobservable network barely observable, is selected in a noniterative manner. The existing numerical methods are based on the number of zero pivots that may appear during the factorization of the measurement Jacobian or the gain matrix. Due to round-off errors, the zero pivots may be misclassified. The problem becomes more severe when the number of injection measurements is large, resulting in a great disparity of values in Jacobian or gain matrix. In the proposed method, the test matrix consists of +/-1 values, it is numerically better conditioned and zero pivots are identified more accurately. By topological processing of the flow measured branches and by removing the redundant injection measured nodes that are incident only to flow measured branches or branches which form loops with flow measured branches, a reduced test matrix is created with fewer nonzero elements than the Jacobian or the gain matrix, resulting in less computational effort. The method details are illustrated by various test systems.     

Fault-location Observability Analysis on Power Distribution Systems

Most of the fault-location methods developed in the past employed measurements obtained from a limited number of meters installed in a power system. Optimal meter placement in power systems is to make the best use of a limited number of meters available to keep the entire network observable. This article presents the fault-location observability analysis for distribution systems and proposes a novel optimal meter placement algorithm to keep the system observable in terms of fault-location determination. First, the observability of fault location in power systems is defined. Then analysis of the whole system is performed to determine the fewest number of meters needed and the best locations to place those meters to achieve fault-location observability. Case studies based on a 16-bus distribution system have been carried out to illustrate the proposed algorithms.     

基于等效功率变换的配电网状态估计算法

提出一种基于等效功率变换的配电网状态估计算法，将配电网中的功率量测、电压幅值量测、电流幅值量测统一变换为支路首端等效功率量测，采用修正量测雅可比矩阵的迭代方法求解。该方法能够利用配电网中的各种量测，并且P，Q解耦迭代，有较高的运算效率和数值稳定性，对量测配置也无特殊要求。文中还提出一种通过添加零虚拟负荷量测提高数值可观性的方法，使原本不可估计的网络能够进行状态估计。     

Optimal PMU placement method for complete topological and numerical observability of power system

This paper presents a new method of optimal PMU placement (OPP) for complete power system observability. A two-stage PMU placement method is proposed, where stage-1 finds out the minimum number of PMUs required to make the power system topologically observable and stage-2 is proposed to check if the resulted PMU placement (from stage-1) leads to a full ranked measurement Jacobian. In case the PMUs placed, ensuring topological observability in stage-1, do not lead to the Jacobian of full rank, a sequential elimination algorithm (SEA) is proposed in stage-2 to find the optimal locations of additional PMUs, required to be placed to make the system numerically observable as well. The proposed method is tested on three systems and the results are compared with three other topological observability based PMU placement methods. The simulation results ensure the complete system observability and also demonstrate the need of using stage-2 analysis along with the topological observability based PMU placement methods.     

基于定制遗传算法考虑配电网多种拓扑可观性的PMU优化配置

同步相量测量单元(PMU)可以为配电网提供相量数据以提高可观性。考虑因配电网节点数目多但投资成本少造成的PMU供需不平衡,提出了以固定PMU数目为约束条件的优化配置模型。目标函数在最大化可观性节点数目的前提下,最大化网络量测冗余度。模型中考虑了多种拓扑结构的影响,并通过引入零注入节点、节点注入功率和支路功率等量测数据提高可观性。提出了一种定制遗传算法来求解模型,通过定制交叉和变异操作,保证所有个体为可行解。最后,给出了基于最优方案的PMU配置顺序。通过对IEEE标准节点系统进行仿真计算,验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性。     

Power system observability with minimal phasor measurementplacement

The placement of a minimal set of phasor measurement units (PMUs) so as to make the system measurement model observable, and thereby linear, is investigated. A PMU placed at a bus measures the voltage as well as all the current phasors at that bus, requiring the extension of the topological observability theory. In particular, the concept of spanning tree is extended to that of spanning measurement subgraph with an actual or a pseudomeasurement assigned to each of its branches. The minimal PMU set is found through a dual search algorithm which uses both a modified bisecting search and a simulated-annealing-based method. The former fixes the number of PMUs while the latter looks for a placement set that leads to an observable network for a fixed number of PMUs. In order to accelerate the procedure, an initial PMU placement is provided by a graph-theoretic procedure which builds a spanning measurement subgraph according to a depth-first search. From computer simulation results for various test systems it appears that only one fourth to one third of the system buses need to be provided with PMUs in order to make the system observable     

电网谐波状态估计中的可观性分析

谐波状态估计的一个难点,在于量测数目通常小于状态量数目,导致量测—状态方程欠定,系统不完全可观。针对该问题,进行了3个方面的研究:首先,结合数学分析和实际电网分析,从减少状态量的角度,实现方程由欠定变为恰定或超定,在保证系统状态完全可观的前提下,大大减少量测设备的数目;其次,将奇异值分解法(SVD)应用在系统可观部分的判断和计算中;然后,针对可观性分析中传统代数方法不足,结合矩阵条件数,提出一种实用的线性无关排序法,并将该方法用于指导不可观系统量测设备的调整和添加,实现系统良好的可观性。最后以菏泽—仿山220kV—110kV—35kV配电系统为例,对SVD和线性无关排序法进行说明,验证了方法的可行性。     

计及系统可观测性的网络化简与黑启动分区方案制定

基于相量测量单元的广域相量测量系统能够实时反映电网的动态变化,其测量信息的实时性将有助于系统恢复安全快速进行,为大停电后的系统恢复带来新的机遇。首先,将黑启动分区方案优化问题和广域相量测量系统结合起来,建立了考虑系统可观测性的黑启动分区整数线性规划模型。该模型除满足分区功率平衡、分区连通性、特殊支路开断约束以及分区最小规模限制这些基本约束外,还将全网可观测和联络节点可观测2种可观性要求分别转化成线性约束纳入其中。其次,利用可观测度为0以及部分可观测度为1的节点对拓扑图进行简化,降低了优化模型决策空间的规模,进而提高了计算效率。IEEE 118系统算例结果验证了所提模型和系统简化方法的有效性,同时也进一步表明模型的可扩展性。     

Transformer tap setting observability in state estimation

In conventional state estimation, transformer tap settings are treated as fixed network parameters. This may reduce the accuracy of state estimation algorithm, when a tap measurement is in error or an unmeasured tap is unknown. This paper presents a numerical observability analysis algorithm for a state estimation model which treats transformer tap settings as state variables and provides for turns ratio and phase-shift angle measurements. The proposed model is transformed to a conventional node frame of reference, by introducing one fictitious bus and one fictitious branch for each transformer with tap estimation enabled. For an unobservable system, observable islands are determined and additional measurements are directly provided for placement. Test results are presented.     

Robust Measurement Design by Placing Synchronized Phasor Measurements on Network Branches

This paper is concerned about optimal placement of synchronized phasor measurements that can monitor voltage and current phasors along network branches. Earlier investigations on placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) have assumed that a PMU could be placed at a bus and would provide bus voltage phasor as well as current phasors along all branches incident to the bus. This study considers those PMUs which are designed to monitor a single branch by measuring the voltage and current phasors at one end of the monitored branch. It then determines the optimal location of such PMUs in order to make the entire network observable. The paper also addresses the reliability of the resulting measurement design by considering loss or failure of PMUs as well as contingencies involving line or transformer outages. Developed placement strategies are illustrated using IEEE test systems.      

兼顾元件权重和发电机同调性的山东电网PMU布点方法

在稳定计算的基础上,对于相量测量单元(phasor measurement unit,PMU)最优配置问题,进行了可观性权重设置和机组同调性分析。首先把逐点法与穷举法结合到一起形成了一种新的静态可观性改进算法,并引入了元件权重的概念来区分对不同设备可观性要求的程度;然后考虑了发电机同调性的影响,以可观性布点为基础,形成了动态可观性的布点;最后根据山东电网2006年夏季大方式的稳定计算结果,结合可观性和发电机同调性,提出了一种分阶段实施的有效PMU布点方法。     

An efficient algebraic approach to observability analysis in state estimation

An efficient and compact algebraic approach to state estimation observability is proposed. It is based on transferring rows to columns and vice versa in the Jacobian measurement matrix. The proposed methodology provides a unified approach to observability checking, critical measurement identification, determination of observable islands, and selection of pseudo-measurements to restore observability. Additionally, the observability information obtained from a given set of measurements can provide directly the observability obtained from any subset of measurements of the given set. Several examples are used to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed methodology, and results from a large case study are presented to demonstrate the appropriate computational behavior of the proposed algorithms. Finally, some conclusions are drawn.     

Minimizing the number of PMUs and their optimal placement in power systems

This paper presents a new method for minimizing the number of PMUs and their optimal placement in power systems. The proposed method provides suitable constraints for power systems with two adjacent injection measurements (IMs). In addition, suitable constraints for considering the connection of two buses to each other and to an injection bus are proposed. The proposed constraints result in a reduction in the number of PMUs even though the system topological observability is complete. Existing conventional measurements are also considered. First, the number of PMUs is minimized in such a way that the system topological observability is complete. Then the optimal placement is done to maximize the measurements redundancy. The resulting phased to be installed in multiple stages. The optimal number of PMUs that ensure system topological observability under failure of a PMU or a line is also simulated. Simulations are performed on IEEE 30, 57 and 118 bus test systems by binary integer programming. The results show that the number of PMUs is equal to or less than the corresponding results of recently published papers, while the system topological observability is complete, and measurement redundancy is increased.     

广东省网EMS中状态估计可观测分析方法

介绍了成功应用于广东省网EMS状态估计中的可观测分析方法。该方法建立在快速解耦状态估计中雅可比矩阵运算可观测性分析原理基础上,以逻辑方法模拟雅可比矩阵消元可观测分析过程,把节点注入型量测转化为支路型潮流量测,能快速、准确地判断系统是否整体可观测。对于系统中不可观测部分以增加必要的注入伪量测形式使之观测,保证状态估计在各种量测条件下正常运行。文中所提算法直接对量测进行处理,分析直观,在广东省网实际应用中,取得较好效果,经多次测试和实际运行检验,其结果准确、可靠。     

Optimal placement of PMU and SCADA measurements for security constrained state estimation

This paper presents a method for the use of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and synchronized measurements for complete observability of a power system. Under normal operation, both Node Phasor Measurement Unit (NPMU) and SCADA measurements are optimally placed using integer programming and Genetic Algorithm (GA) respectively. The minimum condition number of the Jacobian matrix is used as a criteria in conjunction with GA to obtain a completely determined condition. Next, a triangular factorization approach is used to search for the necessary candidates for single branch outage and single/multiple measurement loss. These candidate measurements are optimized by the binary integer programming method. Numerical results on the IEEE test systems are demonstrated. The results clearly show the robustness of the method to obtain reliable measurements under both normal and contingency conditions.     

Optimal placement of PMUs to maintain network observability using a modified BPSO algorithm

This paper presents a novel approach to optimal placement of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for state estimation. At first, an optimal measurement set is determined to achieve full network observability during normal conditions, i.e. no PMU failure or transmission line outage. Then, in order to consider contingency conditions, the derived scheme in normal conditions is modified to maintain network observability after any PMU loss or a single transmission line outage. Observability analysis is carried out using topological observability rules. A new rule is added that can decrease the number of required PMUs for complete system observability. A modified Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) algorithm is used as an optimization tool to obtain the minimal number of PMUs and their corresponding locations while satisfying associated constraint. Numerical results on different IEEE test systems are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.