凝析气藏的试井分析

1　前言　　扩散方程在试井分析的成功运用,及其方便的推导形式,使本文中对多相流的压力试井分析得以尽可能的简化处理。单相流在油藏工程研究中只是一个特例。通过对单相流特例的分析,使人们明白在短时间试井的分析中,相对渗透率不足以分析压力的快速变化。因此,需要推导一个简单的方法,把相对渗透率和压力联系起来(已有这方面的初步研究)。　　本文中我们提供了多相流分析凝析气井压力恢复试井的有关信息。之所以选用凝析气井试井,主要是因为凝析气系统中包含了单相流和多相流。　　没有多量程条件下多相流分析的有关理论作指导。我们只有…     

凝析气藏中的试井分析

当油藏压力低于零点时,以往的试井分析均依据于两区径向复合模型。如今实验分析和数据采集结果表明,当油藏压力低于零点时,凝析气藏中存在三个可动区：91）油气两相可动区;（2）油相不可动而气相可动区;（3）单相气区,本文将利用试井数据研究第三个单相气区存在的可能性,并列举试井实例说明识别单相气区的难点。     

凝析气藏的试井解释

以往在凝析气藏压力下降到露点以下时，试井分析一般采用双带径向复合模型。双带分别是近井凝析油析出区域和远离井筒的原始凝析气赋存区域。但室内实验研究发现，可能存在三个不同的流度带：(1)远离井筒的外带，具原始凝析液饱和度；(2)离井筒较近的中间带，凝析油饱和度增大，天然气流度较低；(3)近井的内带，毛细管数很高，增大了气的相对渗透率，从而使因凝析油堵塞而损失的天然气流度大都得以恢复。文中研究了试井数据中该近井带存在的证据。介绍了一个试井分析事例，该事例表明，由于多数情况下压力恢复和(或)压降都主要受井筒相态重新分布效应的影响，识别近井带比较困难。在可以识别出这三个带的情况下，采用三带径向复合模型对试井数据进行分析，对近井筒效应进行全面描述，尤其是了解总表皮效应的不同组成：机械表皮效应、取决于流速的两相表皮效应和由凝析油堵塞造成的表皮效应。若相对渗透率取决于毛细管数，则组分模拟模型可证实这三个带的存在和这些分析结果。     

凝析气藏井下动态的概率预测

布里坦尼亚(Britannia)凝析气田位于北海中部，大约蕴藏着4．3Tcf的湿气地质储量。该气田正在开发，采用了装配有36个井槽的单一采油、钻井和居住平台(安装在10井槽底盘上)以及约距平台15km的一个海底管汇中心。为了满足销售天然气的需要，当前正在这两个位置预先钻井。预计1998年10月初次产气。根据测井和岩芯数据，本文介绍了该气田井下产能概率估算方法的研究过程。这种方法取决于利用井下动态解析模型的一种决策树处理法，而这个解析模型则已与几口评价井试井的单井径向组分模拟模型进行了拟合。这里的分析处理分三步：(1)把径向组分模拟模型调整为评价井的中途测试(DST)数据，以便为非达西表皮效应和毛细管数效应等提供调整参数。(2)然后利用这些调整参数提供较长期的向井流动动态模拟预测，并且为复制这些较长期预测结果设计一个解析流入方程。(3)结合适当的垂直举升动态关系，将这个解析流入方程纳入决策树中，并通过识别输入数据的不确定性，利用这一方程求出单井产气能力的概率“S”曲线。然后将单井“S”曲线合并在一起，以得出对总体井下产能的概率估算，并用于优化该气田的开发方案。     

定容凝析气藏单井凝析油污染程度判别

目前主要通过试井分析或岩心实验来评价定容凝析气藏单井凝析油污染程度,但试井分析的压力导数经常出现大幅度波动,拟合效果差,而岩心实验方法较为繁琐,不易操作。提出了利用生产压差进行凝析油污染程度判别的思路,其中井底流压通过井下压力计直接读取,平均地层压力选用试凑法计算。实例应用结果表明,试凑法得到的生产压差符合生产实际,结果较为可靠,可以用来判断凝析油污染程度。建议将凝析油污染产生的额外生产压差占总生产压差的百分数作为污染程度的判断标准:当这一百分数小于10%时,凝析油污染程度为轻微;当这一百分数介于10%~20%时,凝析油污染程度为中等;当这一百分数大于20%时,凝析油污染程度为严重。     

凝析气藏反凝析污染研究

凝析气藏反凝析污染严重影响气井产能。因此,正确评价反凝析污染程度,寻找合适的解除反凝析污染方法,对提高凝析气藏采收率具有重要意义。在研究大量国内外文献的基础上,分析了凝析气井近井反凝析污染机理及其对产能的影响;总结了各种评价反凝析污染程度的方法,主要有气藏工程计算法、室内长岩心衰竭实验法、试井解释法和数值模拟评价法;详细阐述了各种解除反凝析污染、提高气井产能的方法,推荐采用循环注气和单井注气吞吐来解除反凝析污染。     

复合模型在凝析气藏试井解释中的应用

凝析气藏在低于露点压力生产时，井筒附近出现两相流区，使得地层中析出的液体大大影响开发过程中的流动特性。应用多区复合试井模型，对某复杂凝析气藏中实际试井资料进行处理，提出了在凝析气藏试井中可以确定因析油反凝析引起的地层多相作用区，同时分析了试井过程中出现的曲线异常问题。     

多层凝析气藏渗流模型及其在试井分析中的应用

建立了凝析气在多层气藏中的不稳定渗流模型,用差分解法求出了三层气藏井底压力的数值解,绘制了试井理论图版及各种气藏边界条件的试井理论曲线,为多层气藏的试井分析提供了理论基础,并解决了目前凝析气藏开发的实际问题,通过多层凝析气藏试井解释可为气藏开发提供可靠的动态参数,最后给出了应用实例。     

低渗致密凝析气藏产能试井技术

解决常规产能试井方法难以适应低渗致密凝析气藏的问题。方法：现场实验了气井非稳定渗流理论指导产能试井、国外ＬＩＴ方法，并井恢复试井替代产能试井３种较新试井技术。     

Investigating the Effect of Capillary Number on Performance Prediction of an Iranian Fractured Gas Condensate Reservoir

Abstract

Gas condensate reservoirs are one of the most complicated reservoirs in which the special thermodynamic behavior of reservoir fluid leads to condensate buildup instead of gas expansion, when the reservoir pressure drops below dew point pressure. To justify the phase behavior of such reservoirs, several models have been proposed. One of the models is a capillary number model that has a considerable effect on the shape of relative permeability curves. Taking account of capillary number is shown to improve the performance prediction of gas condensate reservoirs that otherwise is poorly predicted. In pressures below dew point pressure, velocity and surface tension between gas and oil increases more rapidly in the vicinity of the well compared with other parts of the reservoir, which results in condensate saturation reduction and gas relative permeability improvement. The authors model a fractured gas condensate reservoir with and without taking capillary number into consideration; the performance prediction results are compared to the actual results. The model with capillary number included is shown to be able to predict the performance with a greater accuracy than the case without capillary number.     

The Validation of Methods to Calculate Gas-Oil Relative Permeability Using Capillary Pressure Data from South Pars Reservoir

Abstract

Gas-oil relative permeability is the most important parameter in the simulation of fluid flow in the gas condensate reservoirs. Experimental measurements of relative permeability need core samples with regular shape, which is costly and time consuming. On the other hand, experimental data of relative permeability may also have significant error and uncertainty in many cases. One source of uncertainty is that the input to numerical simulator is uncertain and inaccurate; it may be reduced if the number of input parameters is decreased, especially if the parameters with the greatest uncertainty are avoided. It is possible to impose only capillary pressure data, because relative permeability can be predicted consistently using specific models. The present methods, which are based on capillary pressure, considered the porous media as a bundle of capillary tubes; they indeed are mercury flow paths that are filled during the mercury injection capillary pressure test at the certain value of capillary pressure. The authors applied the existing capillary models for relative permeability calculations to a gas condensate reservoir. The tested samples have a wide range of liquid permeability from less than 1 to 18 md. The results of this study show that the Purcell model has the best fit with experimental data for wetting phase (oil), and the differences between measured and model data were almost negligible. The predictions of nonwetting phase (gas) relative permeability were a good agreement with experimental data except for Purcell model. Results reveal that the relative permeability could be computed by using accurate capillary pressure data.     

The Performance of Various Injecting Gases into Fractured Retrograde Gas Reservoirs for Revaporization of Liquid Drop-Out

Abstract

Lean gas cycling and gas injection scenarios are widely used to avoid liquid formation and to revaporize the liquid drop-out in gas condensate reservoirs. In this study, the performance of methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen as injecting gases into fractured retrograde gas reservoirs for revaporization of condensates is discussed. The investigation is performed from two perspectives: comparison of the condensate revaporization potency of injecting gases and comparison of the mixing performance of injecting gases. The results show that carbon dioxide has the best performance for condensate revaporization, whereas nitrogen has a greater diffusion coefficient (i.e., the best mixing performance).     

EFFECT OF FILTRATION TEMPERATURE ON ORGANIC SULFUR REMOVAL FROM COAL BY PERCHLOROETHYLENE COAL CLEANING PROCESS

Abstract

The perchloroethylene extraction desulfurization process removes the organic sulfur in coal via a hybrid mechanism of solvent extraction and chemical reaction. The nature and extent of the reaction is controlled by the extraction time and temperature of operation. Although the extraction temperature is kept identical for all types of coals (120°C), the organosulfur extraction time still depends upon the type of coal. If the reaction mixture is left too long in the extraction environment, the intermediate labile sulfur released by the reaction forms cross-links with the organic matter in the macromolecule of coal. This is detrimental to the process efficiency. Constant temperature has to be maintained throughout the extraction, till coal is separated from the solvent. If not, the extracted labile sulfur re-enters the coal macromolecule to form inter-penetrating polymer networks with the organic matter in coal. In this paper, it has been established that the time required for separation and isothermality of the process are crucial to maintain the reaction progressing toward sulfur and organic sulfur liberation from the macromolecule. The data presented in this paper are important from the viewpoint of process development, because the process mandates the separation of coal and solvent at the operating temperature.     

凝析气藏合理生产压差的确定

鉴于反凝析油在近井地带的聚集引起产能损失的问题,在制定凝析气井工作制度时,通常以控制生产压差为主,往往忽略高速流动下凝析气液相变的非平衡特征与毛管数效应.为此,分析了凝析气非平衡相变与向井流规律,评价了凝析气在流动过程中的非平衡相变特征和毛管数效应,阐述了凝析液聚集的变化规律.结果表明,流体在高速流动条件下,增强高速流动效应有利于提高凝析气井产能.在对产能预测结果对比的基础上,提出了以凝析液饱和度分布控制为主的凝析气藏合理生产压差确定方法.     

凝析油气相渗曲线测试及对采收率的影响

相渗曲线是描述油气藏渗流中一个非常重要的参数,标准的测定方法是在室温低压下采用模拟油(精制油)模拟气(氮气或空气)来进行测试,未考虑地下高温高压及平衡油气渗流的实际情况。因此,研究高温高压下处于油气相平衡条件(可代表地下实际渗流情况)的两相渗流相渗曲线具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文建立了平衡油气相渗曲线的测试方法,测试了两类流体的平衡油气相渗及其标准油气相渗,并比较了两者之间的差别。将研究结果应用于长岩心定容衰竭实验模拟预测中,能更好地解释长岩心中富含凝析油型凝析气藏凝析油采收率比PVT筒中CVD测试高的实际原因。同时,还发现平衡凝析油气相渗的速敏性,从而说明了适当提高采气速度有利于提高凝析油采收率的观点,对开发技术政策的制订有重要指导意义。     

一种求解低速非达西渗流试井模型的新方法

实验表明：在一定的含水饱和度条件下，水作为润湿相占据了较多的细小喉道，使得气体的流动能力下降，渗流规律发生了变化，气体在低渗透气藏中渗流表现出启动压力特征。这时，气体的流动形态可分为2个区，即非线性区和线性区。通过将非线性区渗流时的指数式方程简化为达西渗流方程，建立了低渗透气藏考虑启动压力梯度的两段渗流数据模型，同时运用Laplace变换和Green函数方法求解了该模型的Laplace空间解，通过数值反演方法，作出了理论图版，并讨论了临界流速、临界压力梯度及启动压力梯度对低渗透气藏压降动态的影响。     

Analysis of Near Well-bore Behavior of Gas Condensate Reservoir in Production Stage

Abstract

The formation of condensate banking in the near well-bore region will lead to the reduction in gas relative permeability and loss of well deliverability. This loss is investigated by conducting a series of fine grid numerical compositional simulation with the gas condensate and dry gas reservoir data. Also, a method for calculation of condensate blockage skin factor is introduced in which the skin factor is calculated using dry gas and gas condensate simulation production data. The authors also found that absolute permeability and pressure drawdown of the producing well have significant influence on the well gas deliverability and condensate blockage skin factor.     

凝析气藏中替代相渗和真实相渗曲线差别对油气采收率的影响

时至今日 ,获得凝析油气相对渗透率曲线的方法仍旧是常规的实验手段 ,即采用模拟油 (如煤油 )和模拟气 (如氮气 )。模拟流体典型的界面张力值约为 3 0mN/m ,这与凝析油气的界面张力范围相比高出数十倍 ,在应用该实验曲线时通常采用经验的界面张力校正方法。文章采用实际凝析气体系在真实长岩心上采用稳态法测量了真实凝析油气相对渗透率曲线。而后 ,用常规的煤油和氮气体系测量了目前用于数模和试井输入曲线的代凝析油气相渗曲线。比较两者的区别 ,并采用CMG单井径向一维数模比较了采用不同相渗曲线作为输入曲线时的地下径向凝析油饱和度分布 ,油气采收率。结果表明 ,凝析油气相对渗透率与常规的煤油 -氮气体系相渗差别很大且凝析油气相渗具有明显速敏性 ,两个不同的相对渗透率曲线对凝析油气的最终采收率影响差别很大。凝析气田开发时应用真实的现场凝析气流体和储层岩心作真实凝析油气相渗曲线来作为指导开发方案设计的基础数据。