凝析气藏的试井分析

1　前言　　扩散方程在试井分析的成功运用,及其方便的推导形式,使本文中对多相流的压力试井分析得以尽可能的简化处理。单相流在油藏工程研究中只是一个特例。通过对单相流特例的分析,使人们明白在短时间试井的分析中,相对渗透率不足以分析压力的快速变化。因此,需要推导一个简单的方法,把相对渗透率和压力联系起来(已有这方面的初步研究)。　　本文中我们提供了多相流分析凝析气井压力恢复试井的有关信息。之所以选用凝析气井试井,主要是因为凝析气系统中包含了单相流和多相流。　　没有多量程条件下多相流分析的有关理论作指导。我们只有…     

凝析气藏中的试井分析

当油藏压力低于零点时,以往的试井分析均依据于两区径向复合模型。如今实验分析和数据采集结果表明,当油藏压力低于零点时,凝析气藏中存在三个可动区：91）油气两相可动区;（2）油相不可动而气相可动区;（3）单相气区,本文将利用试井数据研究第三个单相气区存在的可能性,并列举试井实例说明识别单相气区的难点。     

凝析气藏的试井解释

以往在凝析气藏压力下降到露点以下时，试井分析一般采用双带径向复合模型。双带分别是近井凝析油析出区域和远离井筒的原始凝析气赋存区域。但室内实验研究发现，可能存在三个不同的流度带：(1)远离井筒的外带，具原始凝析液饱和度；(2)离井筒较近的中间带，凝析油饱和度增大，天然气流度较低；(3)近井的内带，毛细管数很高，增大了气的相对渗透率，从而使因凝析油堵塞而损失的天然气流度大都得以恢复。文中研究了试井数据中该近井带存在的证据。介绍了一个试井分析事例，该事例表明，由于多数情况下压力恢复和(或)压降都主要受井筒相态重新分布效应的影响，识别近井带比较困难。在可以识别出这三个带的情况下，采用三带径向复合模型对试井数据进行分析，对近井筒效应进行全面描述，尤其是了解总表皮效应的不同组成：机械表皮效应、取决于流速的两相表皮效应和由凝析油堵塞造成的表皮效应。若相对渗透率取决于毛细管数，则组分模拟模型可证实这三个带的存在和这些分析结果。     

凝析气藏井下动态的概率预测

布里坦尼亚(Britannia)凝析气田位于北海中部，大约蕴藏着4．3Tcf的湿气地质储量。该气田正在开发，采用了装配有36个井槽的单一采油、钻井和居住平台(安装在10井槽底盘上)以及约距平台15km的一个海底管汇中心。为了满足销售天然气的需要，当前正在这两个位置预先钻井。预计1998年10月初次产气。根据测井和岩芯数据，本文介绍了该气田井下产能概率估算方法的研究过程。这种方法取决于利用井下动态解析模型的一种决策树处理法，而这个解析模型则已与几口评价井试井的单井径向组分模拟模型进行了拟合。这里的分析处理分三步：(1)把径向组分模拟模型调整为评价井的中途测试(DST)数据，以便为非达西表皮效应和毛细管数效应等提供调整参数。(2)然后利用这些调整参数提供较长期的向井流动动态模拟预测，并且为复制这些较长期预测结果设计一个解析流入方程。(3)结合适当的垂直举升动态关系，将这个解析流入方程纳入决策树中，并通过识别输入数据的不确定性，利用这一方程求出单井产气能力的概率“S”曲线。然后将单井“S”曲线合并在一起，以得出对总体井下产能的概率估算，并用于优化该气田的开发方案。     

定容凝析气藏单井凝析油污染程度判别

目前主要通过试井分析或岩心实验来评价定容凝析气藏单井凝析油污染程度,但试井分析的压力导数经常出现大幅度波动,拟合效果差,而岩心实验方法较为繁琐,不易操作。提出了利用生产压差进行凝析油污染程度判别的思路,其中井底流压通过井下压力计直接读取,平均地层压力选用试凑法计算。实例应用结果表明,试凑法得到的生产压差符合生产实际,结果较为可靠,可以用来判断凝析油污染程度。建议将凝析油污染产生的额外生产压差占总生产压差的百分数作为污染程度的判断标准:当这一百分数小于10%时,凝析油污染程度为轻微;当这一百分数介于10%~20%时,凝析油污染程度为中等;当这一百分数大于20%时,凝析油污染程度为严重。     

凝析气藏反凝析污染研究

凝析气藏反凝析污染严重影响气井产能。因此,正确评价反凝析污染程度,寻找合适的解除反凝析污染方法,对提高凝析气藏采收率具有重要意义。在研究大量国内外文献的基础上,分析了凝析气井近井反凝析污染机理及其对产能的影响;总结了各种评价反凝析污染程度的方法,主要有气藏工程计算法、室内长岩心衰竭实验法、试井解释法和数值模拟评价法;详细阐述了各种解除反凝析污染、提高气井产能的方法,推荐采用循环注气和单井注气吞吐来解除反凝析污染。     

复合模型在凝析气藏试井解释中的应用

凝析气藏在低于露点压力生产时，井筒附近出现两相流区，使得地层中析出的液体大大影响开发过程中的流动特性。应用多区复合试井模型，对某复杂凝析气藏中实际试井资料进行处理，提出了在凝析气藏试井中可以确定因析油反凝析引起的地层多相作用区，同时分析了试井过程中出现的曲线异常问题。     

多层凝析气藏渗流模型及其在试井分析中的应用

建立了凝析气在多层气藏中的不稳定渗流模型,用差分解法求出了三层气藏井底压力的数值解,绘制了试井理论图版及各种气藏边界条件的试井理论曲线,为多层气藏的试井分析提供了理论基础,并解决了目前凝析气藏开发的实际问题,通过多层凝析气藏试井解释可为气藏开发提供可靠的动态参数,最后给出了应用实例。     

低渗致密凝析气藏产能试井技术

解决常规产能试井方法难以适应低渗致密凝析气藏的问题。方法：现场实验了气井非稳定渗流理论指导产能试井、国外ＬＩＴ方法，并井恢复试井替代产能试井３种较新试井技术。     

Investigating the Effect of Capillary Number on Performance Prediction of an Iranian Fractured Gas Condensate Reservoir

Abstract

Gas condensate reservoirs are one of the most complicated reservoirs in which the special thermodynamic behavior of reservoir fluid leads to condensate buildup instead of gas expansion, when the reservoir pressure drops below dew point pressure. To justify the phase behavior of such reservoirs, several models have been proposed. One of the models is a capillary number model that has a considerable effect on the shape of relative permeability curves. Taking account of capillary number is shown to improve the performance prediction of gas condensate reservoirs that otherwise is poorly predicted. In pressures below dew point pressure, velocity and surface tension between gas and oil increases more rapidly in the vicinity of the well compared with other parts of the reservoir, which results in condensate saturation reduction and gas relative permeability improvement. The authors model a fractured gas condensate reservoir with and without taking capillary number into consideration; the performance prediction results are compared to the actual results. The model with capillary number included is shown to be able to predict the performance with a greater accuracy than the case without capillary number.     

Use of Two-Phase Pseudo Pressure Method to Calculate Condensate Bank Size and Well Deliverability in Gas Condensate Reservoirs

This paper introduces a novel approach in the use of two-phase pseudo pressures for the calculation of condensate bank radius and productivity index of wells and the interpretation of gas condensate well test data. It is shown that knowledge of the relationship between condensate saturation and pressure is necessary for the integration of pseudo pressure in all regions of the reservoir. In the region of the reservoir where immobile condensate saturation develops, an equation that is valid for the region far from the wellbore has been used. While for the region where condensate is considered to be mobile, an equation has been used based on the steady state method. This method is tested using a data set that was generated by a compositional simulator for radial homogenous. A set of real PVT data from a producing gas condensate field is used for simulation of the gas condensate reservoir. Using this approach, it is possible to calculate condensate bank radius and total skin, mechanical skin, and permeability of the reservoir, yielding answers that are extremely close to those of the simulator. It is also shown that the condensate saturation profile in the reservoir produced using this method is also similar to the one produced by the simulator. An inflow performance curve is calculated using two-phase pseudo pressures. In this curve, the impact of the presence of condensate around the wellbore on productivity is studied.     

Analysis of Near Well-bore Behavior of Gas Condensate Reservoir in Production Stage

Abstract

The formation of condensate banking in the near well-bore region will lead to the reduction in gas relative permeability and loss of well deliverability. This loss is investigated by conducting a series of fine grid numerical compositional simulation with the gas condensate and dry gas reservoir data. Also, a method for calculation of condensate blockage skin factor is introduced in which the skin factor is calculated using dry gas and gas condensate simulation production data. The authors also found that absolute permeability and pressure drawdown of the producing well have significant influence on the well gas deliverability and condensate blockage skin factor.     

考虑气液两相流的凝析气井生产动态研究

凝析气藏开发中,反凝析液析出常 常不可避免,由此造成储集层渗流表现出与干气或常规溶解气驱流动不同的特性。目前大多采用单相气或折算方法来进行凝析气井的流入动态预测,理论和现场应用表明,这类方法会带来较大的误差,因其忽略了凝析液析出对气相相对渗透率的影响。尽管众多学者对此进行了大量的理论研究,但由于模型过于复杂或是缺乏严格、全面的理论描述,均限制了其应用。以油气两相渗流的基本理论为基础,可以给出拟稳态形式的流入动态方程,同时还可以对储集层参数分布计算进行严格理论证明。实例应用表明,采用提出的油气两相流入动态方程有助于正确评估凝析气井产能,准确把握储集层动态。     

低渗致密气藏、凝析气藏开发难点与对策

Low permeability tight gas reservoirs and condensate gas reservoirs account for a rather high proportion ofdomestic gas reserves, but many of them have low productivity. So it is significant to develop these reservoirs effi-ciently for continuous and stable development of China′s petroleum industry. Around the problems of the developmentof deep low permeability tight gas reservoirs and condensate gas reservoirs, this paper makes an analysis on the geo-logic and development characteristics of these reservoirs and presents ten proper technologies. Finally, five technicalmeasures for the development of such gas reservoirs are proposed in detail. These are deep fracturing technology,treatment technology of accumulated liquids in condensate gas well and near well bore, gas injection technology whenthe formation pressure is lower than the maximum condensate pressure, phase behavior analysis technology in porousmedia of low permeability tight condensate gas reservoir and other gas reservoir engineering technologies.     

凝析气藏中替代相渗和真实相渗曲线差别对油气采收率的影响

时至今日 ,获得凝析油气相对渗透率曲线的方法仍旧是常规的实验手段 ,即采用模拟油 (如煤油 )和模拟气 (如氮气 )。模拟流体典型的界面张力值约为 3 0mN/m ,这与凝析油气的界面张力范围相比高出数十倍 ,在应用该实验曲线时通常采用经验的界面张力校正方法。文章采用实际凝析气体系在真实长岩心上采用稳态法测量了真实凝析油气相对渗透率曲线。而后 ,用常规的煤油和氮气体系测量了目前用于数模和试井输入曲线的代凝析油气相渗曲线。比较两者的区别 ,并采用CMG单井径向一维数模比较了采用不同相渗曲线作为输入曲线时的地下径向凝析油饱和度分布 ,油气采收率。结果表明 ,凝析油气相对渗透率与常规的煤油 -氮气体系相渗差别很大且凝析油气相渗具有明显速敏性 ,两个不同的相对渗透率曲线对凝析油气的最终采收率影响差别很大。凝析气田开发时应用真实的现场凝析气流体和储层岩心作真实凝析油气相渗曲线来作为指导开发方案设计的基础数据。     

凝析气藏反凝析规律与生产制度关系优化研究

大多数以衰竭方式开采的凝析气藏在地层压力降到露点以下时，在储层中会产生反凝析，并不断堆积，造成气相渗透率急剧下降，产量大幅度递减，甚至导致井筒大量积液。针对这一生产现象，分析了不同开采阶段气藏露点压力和油气相渗透率的变化规律与特征，指出，优化凝析气井生产制度必须有效地监测凝析气井积液和地层压力，采用节点分析方法确定合理的生产制度参数。     

深层低渗凝析气藏反凝析特征研究

深层低渗凝析气藏数量越来越多，了解其反凝析特征是气藏开发正确决策的重要基础。以中原油田的深层低渗凝析气藏为主要研究对象，通过CVD测试及真实岩心衰竭实验测试，研究了深层低渗凝析气藏的反凝析特征。研究结果表明：PVT筒的定容衰竭与多孔介质中的衰竭特征有较大的差异，因此应尽可能采用岩心衰竭实验研究深层低渗凝析气藏的真实反凝析相态特征；中原油田深层低渗凝析气藏衰竭开发过程中反凝析呈中等偏低水平。近井地层的反凝析液堆积速度较慢，最大反凝析液饱和度值对应的地层压力与气藏标定的废弃压力接近。这表明中原油田深层低渗凝析气藏比较适合于采用衰竭方式开发；中原油田深层低渗凝析气藏衰竭开发过程中产生的凝析油饱和度小于临界流动饱和度，析出的凝析油不会产生反蒸发，因此在气藏开发过程中防止反凝析污婆就显得非常重要．     

高温高压凝析气藏气相中水含量计算新方法

准确计算气相中水含量是分析高温高压凝析气藏复杂相态特征的基础。凝析气藏高温高压条件下,气相中水分子和烃类分子发生缔合反应形成烃水化合物（ACnHm·BH2O）,这是气相相态产生特殊性质的主要原因。基于相态平衡及流体热力学平衡原理,考虑高温高压凝析气藏气相温度、压力及密度对缔合反应的影响,建立了计算气相中水含量的四参数缔合模型,并采用多元回归法获得了四个模型参数值（ai）。通过实例分析与对比,论证了此方法的可靠性、实用性。