汽车板抗凹刚度试验

针对汽车板的特点,利用IF钢DC04、含磷钢170P1、烘烤硬化钢180BH冲压成形的胀形件及某车型翼子板零件,系统分析了屈服强度、成形条件、烘烤硬化特性等对汽车板抗凹刚度的影响。研究结果表明:高的屈服强度可有效提高汽车板的抗凹刚度,试验中烘烤硬化钢180BH的抗凹刚度最大,170P1次之,DC04的抗凹刚度最小;在合理范围内,可通过增加变形量、增大压边力等工艺手段增加零件的加工硬化程度,从而增大汽车板的抗凹刚度,但零件的抗凹刚度并非随着材料的硬化程度的增加呈线性增强,若增加过量,则引起板料过度变薄,抗凹刚度反而下降;利用烘烤硬化钢板180BH的烘烤硬化特性可显著提高材料的抗凹刚度。     

合金元素对高强度汽车用钢板相变规律的影响

利用热膨胀仪研究了DP600双相钢、QP钢和22MnB5热冲压成形钢的奥氏体临界转变温度和CCT曲线,分析了合金元素对高强度汽车板相变规律的影响。结果表明,随着加热速率的增加,DP600双相钢、22MnB5钢的Ac_1和Ac_3温度增加。相同加热速率条件下,高强汽车板改变成分对Ac_1影响小,但DP600钢添加Cr后,Ac_3降低约20℃;QP钢降低1.0%Si、增加0.47%Al时,Ac_3增加50℃;22MnB5钢改变Si、Mn含量时,Ac_3变化约为10℃。DP600钢添加Cr元素后,奥氏体化曲线呈直线增加,相同温度时的奥氏体转变量明显增加。22MnB5钢中奥氏体化曲线呈直线增加,添加Cr元素后奥氏体化曲线右移,Si元素减少后,奥氏体转变量40%阶段,奥氏体转变速率增加。QP钢奥氏体转变曲线呈直线增加,温度接近Ac_3时增速减缓,加入Al元素后奥氏体转变速率降低。C元素推迟了铁素体、珠光体、贝氏体、马氏体转变;Cr元素推迟了珠光体、贝氏体转变,降低了马氏体临界冷却转变速率,提高了高强汽车钢板的淬透性。     

B180H1钢板成形性能研究

高强度烘烤强化(BH)钢是汽车覆盖件用的高强度钢板.本文通过试验对汽车用高强度钢板B180H1的力学性能、成形性能、烘烤硬化性能和抗凹陷性能进行了全面的研究,并与DC04钢板的各项性能进行了比较.使用NADDRG模型对B180H1钢的成形极限进行了预测.试验结果表明,与DC04钢相比,B180H1钢的屈服强度提高了40.8%,抗拉强度提高了18.4%,延伸率下降了15.6%,且B180H1的塑性应变比和应变硬化指数也高于DC04钢.这说明B180H1的力学性能优于DC04,成形性能不低于DC04,且B180H1的烘烤硬化性能及抗凹陷性能方面均优于DC04.     

相变诱导塑性钢TRIP590的烘烤硬化特性

采用拉伸试验机、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)等手段研究了预应变处理+烘烤工艺对TRIP590试验钢烘烤硬化(BH)特性的影响。结果表明:试验钢微观组织主要由75.5%的铁素体+15.0%的贝氏体+9.5%的残留奥氏体(体积分数)组成。随着预应变量的增大,BH值呈现增大的趋势,且前期的增长幅度较大。预应变由2%增加到8%时,BH值由22 MPa增大到88 MPa,达到最大值。随烘烤时间的延长和烘烤温度的提高,BH值均呈现增加的趋势。BH值变化规律与内耗峰值变化规律一致,证明了TRIP590钢烘烤硬化现象的柯氏气团钉扎本质。经2%预应变+烘烤处理后,基体内部可以明显看到固溶原子对位错的钉扎现象。     

新型汽车钢板的BH值与预应变量的关系

分析讨论了烘烤硬化钢板的BH值与预应变量关系的不同观点。研究了成分为0．11C-1．67Mn-1．19Si的DP和TRIP钢板的BH值与预应变量的关系，并尝试做出合理的解释。     

双相钢板应变强化和烘烤硬化特性试验研究

近年,国内高强度钢板品种开发取得了快速的进步,双相钢等先进高强度钢板日趋系列化,同时强度等级也有了大幅度的提高。但是与国外先进钢厂相比,国内先进高强度钢板的推广应用步伐相对缓慢。该文针对C-Mn钢、高强度低合金钢、590MPa双相钢和780MPa双相钢的应变强化特性和烘烤硬化特性开展了深入的试验研究。研究结果表明,与C-Mn钢和HSLA钢相比,双相钢应变强化和烘烤硬化效应十分显著,有利于提高零件的使用强度。     

合金元素对高强汽车钢板相变规律的影响

利用热膨胀仪研究了DP600双相钢、Q&P钢和22MnB5热冲压成形钢的奥氏体临界转变温度和CCT曲线,分析了合金元素对高强汽车钢板相变规律的影响。结果表明,随着加热速率的增加,DP600双相钢、22MnB5钢的Ac1和Ac3温度增加。相同加热速率条件下,高强汽车钢板改变成分对Ac1影响小,但DP600钢添加Cr后,Ac3降低约20 ℃;Q&P钢降低1.0%Si、增加0.47%Al时,Ac3增加50 ℃;22MnB5钢改变Si、Mn含量时,Ac3变化约为10 ℃。DP600钢添加Cr元素后,奥氏体化曲线呈直线增加,相同温度时的奥氏体转变量明显增加。22MnB5钢中奥氏体化曲线呈直线增加,添加Cr元素后奥氏体化曲线右移,Si元素减少后,奥氏体转变量<40%阶段,奥氏体转变速率增加。Q&P钢奥氏体转变曲线呈直线增加,温度接近Ac3时增速减缓,加入Al元素后奥氏体转变速率降低。C元素推迟了铁素体、珠光体、贝氏体、马氏体转变;Cr元素推迟了珠光体、贝氏体转变,降低了马氏体临界冷却转变速率,提高了高强汽车钢板的淬透性。     

高强度钢板冲压技术是未来发展方向

<正>高强度钢由于在屈强比、应变硬化特性、应变分布能力和碰撞吸能等方面具有优良的特性,在汽车上的使用量不断增加。目前,在汽车冲压件上使用的高强度钢主要有烤漆硬化钢(BH钢)、双相钢(DP钢)、相变诱导塑性钢(TRIP钢)等。国际超轻车身项目(ULSAB)预计2010年推出的先进概念车型(ULSAB-AVC)中97%的材料为高强度钢,先进高强度钢板在整车用材的比重将超过60%,而其中双相钢的比例将占车用钢板的74%。现在大量采用的以IF钢     

基于Hill'48与Hill'90屈服模型的汽车后背门内板成形性比较研究

以烘烤硬化钢H220BD制汽车后背门内板为研究对象,基于Hill'48与Hill'90屈服模型,建立了H220BD制件的有限元仿真模型,分别运用两种屈服准则对汽车后背门内板进行冲压仿真模拟。并以Argus非接触式光学应变测量系统所测得的实际试制件的测量结果作为实验对照组,研究了Hill'48与Hill'90两种屈服模型对H220BD制件有限元模拟的适用性,分析了预测结果的可靠性。经过对比分析,发现使用Hill'90屈服模型的有限元仿真结果在缺陷预测、减薄率以及主次应变值的预测中更接近于实际试模件。对于材料塑性流动量的预测精度,Hill'90屈服模型与Hill'48屈服模型差值不大,因此,Hill'90屈服模型更适用于烘烤硬化钢H220BD制件的冲压有限元仿真。     

高强钢边部开裂影响因素研究

基于高强钢边部开裂的应变特点,利用单拉试样的胀形试验,研究了边部加工状态、冲裁间隙及材料化学成分等对高强钢边部开裂的影响。结果表明,双相钢DP780+Z边部开裂对边部加工状态较为敏感,冲裁的加工方式易产生边部毛刺和引起边部开裂,而线切割及铣削加工能很好的避免这一现象的发生;冲裁间隙也是影响边部开裂的重要因素,不同强度的高强钢对应的合理间隙值是不同的,DP590产生边部裂纹时,最大主应变对冲裁间隙较为敏感,而对于DP780来说,产生边部裂纹时的最大主应变对冲裁间隙敏感性较差,随着冲裁间隙的增大,最大主应变未有明显变化;对双相钢DP780+Z来说,选用高屈强比的材料成分,降低两相的强度差,可有效地降低裂纹扩展的速度。     

铁素体马氏体双相钢动态加载下的应变硬化行为

利用拉伸Split Hopkinson bar实验装置,对双相钢进行不同应变率下的动态拉伸实验,并应用Johnson-Cook本构模型,对双相钢的动态拉伸性能及应变硬化行为进行分析。结果表明,双相钢具有明显的应变率敏感性;与静态加载类似,在动态加载条件下,双相钢具有较高的初始应变硬化率,随着应变的增加,应变硬化率先迅速下降,而后趋于平缓。     

Prediction of springback in sheet forming by a new finite strain model with nonlinear kinematic and isotropic hardening

The paper discusses the application of a finite strain model to predict springback in sheet forming. The concept combines both isotropic and kinematic hardening and utilizes a new algorithm based on the exponential map. A special focus is put on the simulation of the draw-bend test of DP600 dual phase steel sheets and the comparison of the numerical results with experimental data. Further, we investigate the sensitivity of the results with respect to geometry parameters as the tool radius and the sheet thickness as well as the ratio between isotropic and kinematic hardening. In addition, the model is applied to the S-rail benchmark problem and the thermoforming of thermoplastic blends, where large elastic strains occur. The simulation results match the experiments very well.     

Non-isothermal thermomechanical metallurgical model and its application to welding simulations

Abstract

This paper presents a thermomechanical metallurgical macroscopic model for steels. The model is based on an existing model that is extended for non-isothermal behaviour in combination with phase transformations. The model and its numerical implementation in ABAQUS are described using vector notation for stress and strain tensors. Model parameters are presented for the dual phase steel DP600 and the structural steel S355. For DP600, thermomechanical model parameters, i.e. hardening and strain rate dependency, have been obtained by fitting temperature and strain rate dependent tensile tests. A metallurgical model was implemented using data obtained from phase field models for the austenite growth and continuous cooling transition diagrams for phase transformations from austenite to low temperature phases. The model is applied to welding simulations of DP600 overlap joints and S355 T joints. The final distortion is compared to experiments and it is shown that the model presented is able to reproduce the experimental results very well.     

Experimental investigations on wear resistance characteristics of alternative die materials for stamping of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS)

Newer sheet alloys (such as Al, Mg, and advanced high-strength steels) are considered for automotive body panels and structural parts to achieve lightweight construction. However, in addition to issues with their limited formability and high springback, tribological conditions due to increased surface hardness and work hardening necessitate the use of alternative microstructurally improved die materials, coatings, and lubricants to minimize the wear-related die-life issues in stamping of advanced high-strength steel grades. This study aims to investigate and compare the wear performances of seven different, uncoated die materials (AISI D2, Vanadis 4, Vancron 40, K340 ISODUR, Caldie, Carmo, 0050A) using a newly developed wear testing device. DP600 AHSS (advanced high-strength steel) sheets were used in these tests. It was concluded that the tested die materials demonstrated higher wear resistance performance when compared to the conventional tool steel AISI D2 die material.     

Joint formation in dissimilar Al alloy/steel and Mg alloy/steel friction stir spot welds

Abstract

The microstructural features and overlap shear strength properties of friction stir spot welds made between Al 6111 and low carbon steel, and between Mg alloy AM60 and DP600 dual phase steel, are investigated. When Al 6111 is the upper sheet in the dissimilar sandwich, completed spot welds show evidence of intermetallic layer formation and cracking. Increasing tool pin penetration into the lower sheet provided increased mechanical interlocking of the sheets due to clinching. However, increasing penetration also promoted intermetallic formation and cracking in completed welds. However, dissimilar AM60/DP600 steel friction stir spot welds produced with AM60 as the upper sheet in the dissimilar sandwich do not show evidence of intermetallic formation and cracking may be avoided by removing the zinc coating on the DP600 steel before the friction stir spot welding operation.     

高强度双相钢DP800成形件碰撞性能仿真分析

针对双相钢板DP800,在完成U型梁冲压成形及回弹仿真分析的基础上,建立了闭口帽型梁的碰撞分析模型。采用映射的方法完成冲压成形件U型梁的厚度、应力、应变向碰撞结构件的结果传递。在考虑成形、回弹及应变率等多种因素的影响下,对帽型梁的碰撞过程进行了多工况仿真分析。研究结果表明,成形后的材料厚度变化、残余应力、加工硬化以及应变率,对碰撞过程将产生直接的影响。研究结果为提高汽车碰撞仿真分析的精度提供了参考。     

On formability of tailor laser welded blanks of DP/TRIP steel sheets

Abstract

This paper aims to evaluate the formability of tailor welded blanks of dual phase (DP600)/transformation induced plasticity (TRIP700) steel sheets. In this work, bead on plate butt joints of 2·5 mm DP600 and 1·2 mm TRIP700 steel sheets were performed using CO₂ laser beam welding. Microhardness measurements and transverse tensile testing were carried out to characterise the welds. The formability of base metals and welds were investigated by standard Erichsen test. In a perpendicular tensile test to the weld line, all specimens were fractured at the TRIP base metal, and the strengths were somewhat higher than those of base metal. There was a significant reduction in formability caused by welding of the DP600/TRIP700 steel sheets, and the formability increased with increasing welding speed.     

Tensile Properties and Work Hardening Behavior of Laser-Welded Dual-Phase Steel Joints

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the microstructural change after laser welding and its effect on the tensile properties and strain hardening behavior of DP600 and DP980 dual-phase steels. Laser welding led to the formation of martensite and significant hardness rise in the fusion zone because of the fast cooling, but the presence of a soft zone in the heat-affected zone was caused by partial vanishing and tempering of the pre-existing martensite. The extent of softening was much larger in the DP980-welded joints than in the DP600-welded joints. Despite the reduction in ductility, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) remained almost unchanged, and the yield strength (YS) indeed increased stemming from the appearance of yield point phenomena after welding in the DP600 steel. The DP980-welded joints showed lower YS and UTS than the base metal owing to the appearance of severe soft zone. The YS, UTS, and strain hardening exponent increased slightly with increasing strain rate. While the base metals had multi-stage strain hardening, the welded joints showed only stage III hardening. All the welded joints failed in the soft zone, and the fracture surfaces exhibited characteristic dimple fracture.     

DP600高强钢零件冲压成形有限元仿真及试验

性能稳定的高强度钢板供应,是保证汽车厂避免冲压成形开裂缺陷,提高生产稳定性的重要环节。该文以使用DP600高强钢的横梁减震器后桥零件为例,采用有限元仿真和网格试验的方法分析变形特征,以及主要力学性能参数对冲压成形的影响,提出了保证零件成形钢板的关键性能指标及控制范围。研究结果表明,横梁减震器外板零件高应变区域的变形方式为平面应变-拉延变形,稳定冲压所需的关键性能参数及控制范围为,屈强比σs/σb≤0.68,材料硬化指数n≥0.15,断裂延伸率δ≥25%。     

碳当量对C Mn型热轧双相钢组织性能的影响

在包钢CSP生产线上以普碳钢为原料开发热轧双相钢，其采用“减量化”原则进行化学成分设计。本文根据不同钢种连浇过程中的混浇钢水化学成分变化，对最佳工艺进行探索，分析了碳当量对热轧双相钢组织性能的影响。结果表明，当碳当量为032%时，试样组织为铁素体+马氏体，拉伸曲线均匀、光滑，初始硬化速率较高，具有良好的冲压成形性能。