输电线路突变量电流差动继电器

为提高突变量差动保护的性能,提出了全新的突变量差动保护方案,包括纯电流突变量差动继电器、不灵敏电流突变量差动继电器、灵敏电流突变量差动继电器和突变量零序电流差动继电器。该保护方案中利用递推傅里叶算法计算突变量,随故障后数据窗的移动自适应修改动作特性,提高继电器的动作速度;在制动量中引入灵敏系数,实时修正动作特性,提高区外短路时保护的可靠性和区内故障时的灵敏度;针对弱馈线路,设计了一种突变量差动阻抗继电器来开放突变量电流差动继电器。方案中的4个突变量继电器,在动作时间上形成了良好的反时限特性。动模试验结果表明本方案动作迅速,不受电压互感器(voltage transformer,VT)断线影响,且耐过渡电阻能力强。     

常见傅里叶变换的滤波性能分析

为选取一种满足继电保护可靠性和灵敏度要求的滤波算法,对傅里叶变换算法的2种常见改进算法——差分算法和补偿算法进行分析。研究当输入模拟信号叠加谐波和衰减直流分量时,在不同的采样频率下,这2种改进算法的性能和效率。衰减直流分量实时补偿的算法精度较高,但计算量过大。差分算法能在计算量增加不大的情况下,大幅度地提高滤波精度。通过MathCAD仿真计算,分析上述变换的误差,并对比采用全周和半周不同数据窗造成的差异。在一周期24点采样时,即可达到精度和速度的最优效果。考虑兼顾保护的动作速度和测量精度,可以在故障初期采用半周数据窗的傅里叶算法为保护提供数据,后期改用全周数据窗算法。     

一种提取基波分量的高精度快速滤波算法

为满足微机继电保护速动性的要求,短数据窗傅里叶算法得到了广泛应用.在系统发生故障期间,电压电流信号中包含大量的非周期分量与谐波分量,这将极大地延迟传统半波傅里叶算法的收敛速度.为此提出了基于狭窄带通滤波与半波傅里叶算法相结合的快速滤波算法,该算法充分利用了狭窄带通滤波算法对低频和高次谐波良好的抑制作用,同时结合了半波傅里叶算法计算实部受衰减直流分量影响小的特点,计算速度快,且滤波效果明显优于传统算法.     

基于相量法的短数据窗快速滤波算法

超高压大机组电力系统要求数字保护动作可靠、快速,一般的全波傅里叶算法由于固有的数据窗延时难以满足要求。文中通过对故障信号采样值相量的物理概念分析,提出了基于解矩阵方程的短数据窗正交滤波器组的统一设计理论,该方法可按要求滤除任意整次或非整次谐波,并能保证余弦和正弦滤波器幅频特性一致,可作为自适应变数据窗保护中的基本算法;同时初步分析了滤波器幅频特性与数据窗暂态性能之间的关系,提出了考虑数据窗暂态性能的一般设计原则,仿真结果验证了所提方法的正确性和可行性。     

可变圆特性的故障分量距离继电器

通过对反应补偿电压变化量距离继电器边界动作特性的研究,提出了比幅式故障分量距离继电器的通用动作方程.为提高此类继电器的耐过渡电阻能力和避免因过渡电阻引起的同相问题的不正确动作,提出了一种可变圆特性的故障分量距离继电器及其具体实现方法.该继电器由三个动作方程分成两组动作判据构成.两组判据各采用不同的算法,一组判据通过采样值积分算法实现继电器的快速动作,另一组判据采用傅里叶算法实现保护的准确测量,两组判据相互补充,实现快速动作和提高耐过渡电阻能力的统一.并以750kV系统为模型进行了RTDS仿真实验.理论分析和仿真实验表明,该继电器安全可靠、快速,耐过渡电阻能力强.     

滑窗APDFT算法在电力谐波检测中的应用

为解决传统电力谐波检测方法在电网频率偏移时,因非同采样造成增大检测误差的问题,文中根据全相位傅里叶变换的相位不变性及滑窗傅里叶变换优越的实时性的特点,提出了一种基于滑窗全相位傅里叶变换的谐波检测新算法,并给出了该算法的实现框图.利用MATLAB对算法的计算量和实时性进行了仿真分析,验证了滑窗全相位傅里叶变换的信号处理速度比全相位傅里叶变换快一倍,并具有相位不变性,在电网频率偏移时也有较高的谐波检测精度.     

智能电网用断路器智能操作算法及在DSP上的定点仿真

简要介绍了断路器智能操作对信号处理的要求,给出了断路器动作需要满足的强实时性条件。对额定电流采用改进的快速傅里叶变换进行算法仿真,减少了计算量。对短路电流采用递推最小二乘校正算法进行仿真,使迭代法可以在DSP上实现,缩短了其消耗的采样数据窗口,且其实时性仍可达到系统的要求。基于Simulink软件对系统从正常工作状态过渡到短路工作状态的过程建立仿真模型,生成了分别包含2种状态的全电流信号;然后基于MATLAB软件,先对短路电流的软件识别算法进行了仿真,再结合改进快速傅里叶变换、递推最小二乘校正算法对全电流信号进行了仿真,仿真结果证明算法可满足智能操作的强实时性要求。     

一种工程化检测次同步和超同步相量的方法

针对工程现场检测次(超)同步分量频谱分辨率稀疏的现状,文中总结现有算法工程应用的不适应性,提出快速傅里叶算法(fast fourier transformation,FFT)计算的工程化方法。首先结合低通滤波及FFT数据窗长度来消除频谱混叠的影响,再通过FFT计算结果的递减特性来消除基波频谱泄露对谐波计算的干扰,最后运用FFT修正算法消除栅栏效应的影响以准确计算次(超)同步振荡谐波的频率与幅值,同时根据FFT频谱幅值的极值出现次数来区分幅值突变的运行工况。以此为基础开发的监控装置能够满足电网次(超)同步振荡准确监控的功能要求。     

基于DSP2812平台的数字式测控保护综合装置设计

针对基于DSP2812平台的中低压电网设备的数字式测控保护综合装置的设计进行了研究,提出了一种采用双CPU结构的测控保护装置的硬件结构。提出了一种采用滑动数据窗的算法,将由连续3个数据窗的数据经过快速傅里叶变换后得到的结果进行处理,以实现消除衰减直流量对计算结果的影响。该综合测控保护装置的软件系统由自检模块、数据处理模块、动作判断模块、人机接口模块、通信模块5部分构成,对该装置中采用的检测算法的软件流程进行了说明,并通过仿真计算进行了验证。     

基于递归变窗最小方差法的电压暂降快速检测

动态电压恢复器(dynamic voltage restorer,DVR)是补偿电压暂降的一种有效电力电子装置,快速准确的电压检测是DVR精确补偿的重要前提。文中分析了现有检测算法,针对固定采样短数据窗最小方差(least error squares,LES)法的谐波敏感问题、固定采样长数据窗LES法的延迟问题,提出了一种基于递归变量可变数据窗最小方差法的暂降检测算法,采用短数据窗和长数据窗同时采样,两种方法的计算差值同时大于动作阀值时触发递归可变数据窗采样,以识别电压暂降。通过在线性和非线性负载、谐波、直流偏置等情况下进行实验分析,验证了可行性。结果表明,该方法计算量小、实现简单、实时性强,检测结果波动量小,电压暂降时相量检测时间可在5 ms内完成,且对谐波和直流偏置均不敏感,具有良好的动态响应。     

基于调整滤波器初相位的新型半波傅氏算法

提出了一种新型的半波傅氏算法。通过适当调整正弦、余弦滤波器的初相位,使衰减直流分量对基波的泄漏在较宽的时间常数变化范围内约是衰减直流分量初始值的常数倍,利用这一特性,根据半波傅氏算法的幅频泄漏规律并移动数据窗快速提取出基波分量、偶次谐波分量及衰减直流分量初始值。当4次以上的偶次谐波含量很小时,算法的数据窗长度为每周期采样点数的一半加3个采样点．计算量约为全周傅氏算法的3／4。大量仿真实验表明,配置合适的前置低通滤波器,可以达到较高的精度,是一种简单实用的新型微机继电保护算法。     

Gravitational Search Based Algorithm for Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays Using User Defined Characteristic

Due to dependency on Plug Setting (PS), Time Dial Setting (TDS), size of the network, more than one back-up relays for one primary relay and other technical constraints, coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays (DOCRs) is an extremely constrained and nonlinear optimization problem. In this paper, a new Gravitational Search (GS) based algorithm is presented for achieving optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays. The proposed algorithm utilizes user defined characteristic for inverse time overcurrent relays than the predefined standard curves. The user defined relay characteristic deals with constants that control the shape of the characteristics as variable adjustable values which are optimally chosen along with TDS and Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM). The performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated on 8-bus, 15-bus and IEEE 30-bus distribution network at different fault locations (near-end, far-end and middle point). In addition, the time of operation of some of the primary relays at different fault locations on IEEE 30-bus distribution network is also presented. At the end, comparative evaluation of the proposed algorithm with other optimization algorithms having different relay characteristics presented in the literature clearly indicates its effectiveness and superiority in terms of the sum of total primary relays operating time.     

Communication-based Adaptive Protection for Distribution Systems Penetrated with Distributed Generators

In this article, a communication-based adaptive over-current protection scheme for distribution systems penetrated with distributed generators is proposed. A communication network between the over-current relays, the distributed generators, and the utility grid is employed to automatically update the settings of the protective relays. Moreover, the communication reliability is increased through the addition of a backup communication system. The proposed scheme has the advantage of operating during grid-connected and islanding modes of operation. The scheme employs two simultaneous algorithms. The first algorithm works when the system configuration is changed due to the connection/disconnection of a distributed generator or the utility grid. The second algorithm efficiently uses the exchanged information between the relays to identify the faulted section and hence speeds up fault clearance. The proposed scheme is tested for difierent fault conditions as well as for different system configurations. The results demonstrated that relay operating times, including the communication delay, are greatly reduced when the faulted section is identified and relay settings are adjusted accordingly. In addition, a negligible time delay was experienced when the backup communication network was put in service.     

Adaptive non-communication protection for power lines BO scheme3-The accelerated operation approach

This paper presents the accelerated operation scheme of the adaptive noncommunication protection technique for power lines with complex configurations, such as multi-end feeders and ring mains. In the scheme, the overcurrent directional relays are arranged in two operating modes, the fixed time operation and accelerated operation. The relays with faster operating time in the conventional time grading coordination remain unchanged. The new technique is employed to enable accelerated operation to be achieved for the relays which are in the positions for which slow operating time is set when using conventional time grading technique. For a fault occurring on the protected system, the relays of fixed time operation mode will operate at the preset time for the fault within its protected direction. The relays which are programmed to use accelerated operation mode will determine whether a fault is on the protected section or not by using the BO technique, that is to detect the circuit breaker operation by determining whether the line section is in a balanced operation condition or not. The relay makes accelerated tripping decisions for a fault on its protected section. Simulation studies of the responses to various system and fault conditions show that the scheme can significantly increase the speed of the relay responses in the protection of power line systems with complex configurations     

Fault impedance calculation algorithms for transmission line distance protection

Two algorithms are proposed to calculate the apparent impedance of a transmission line fault. They calculate the apparent impedance using the integral and difference operations from sampled data sets. The data window of the proposed basic algorithm requires only two samples. The modified algorithm can eliminate the second-, third-, fourth- and their multiple-order harmonics. Simulated fault data generated by a transmission line model are used for testing the proposed algorithms. The test results show that they have the advantages of a small amount of calculation and short data window, and are suitable for high speed digital distance relays.     

An Innovative Decaying DC Component Estimation Algorithm for Digital Relaying

We propose a new decaying dc component estimation algorithm for digital relaying. Fault currents tend to include a dc decaying component. This component decreases the accuracy and speed of the protection relay operation. The proposed algorithm can estimate and eliminate the dc decaying component from fault current signals after one cycle from the fault instant. Also, it can be applied to a conventional discrete Fourier transform to calculate phasor quantities of fault currents in a digital protection relay. In the proposed algorithm, the dc decaying magnitude and time constant are estimated exactly by integrating fault currents during one cycle. The dc decaying component is eliminated by subtracting the dc value at each sampling instant. To verify the performance of the proposed algorithm, we performed a dc component estimation test and distance protection test using PSCAD/EMTDC. The results of the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation showed that the proposed algorithm can estimate dc components exactly from fault currents and can be applied to digital protection relays for phasor extraction.      

陕西电网330 kV“12.5”主变故障差动保护动作分析

详细分析陕西电网330kV"12.5"主变压器故障时差动保护装置的故障电流波形和数据,梳理主变区内、外故障的实际过程,研究主变内、外部故障特征和差动保护在区内、外转换复杂故障情况下的动作行为,查明保护动作原因,对变压器差动保护原理提出改进意见和建议。指出国产变压器抗短路能力不能满足IEC和国标的抗短路水平要求,建议主变制造厂家优化主变的结构和制造工艺,提高主变的制造质量。     

关于工频变化量阻抗继电器的校验方法探讨

目前工频变化量阻抗继电器广泛应用于中、高压线路保护,工频变化量阻抗保护在许多厂家的保护装置都有使用,但在实际校验工作中,其阻抗动作特性和整定值动作边界校验离散性很大;通过分析工频变化量阻抗继电器的动作方程推导出工频变化量阻抗继电器的校验公式,通过多年来实际现场校验的经验和方法,对目前文献介绍的两种工频变化量阻抗继电器的现场校验方法进行了对比分析,提出了现场建议使用的校验方法。