电池热管理系统散/加热特性研究及保温安全设计

目的 研究电动汽车高/低温工况下锂离子（Li–ion）电池散/加热所需时间,完善电池热管理系统（BTMS）的保温与安全设计。方法 通过瞬态仿真分析微通道耦合微热管（MC耦合UMHP）式BTMS作用Li–ion电池组散热过程的动态特性,并在该BTMS结构上增加电加热辅助设计,考虑到Li–ion电池组在超低/高温工况运行时的各种不利条件,对MC耦合UMHP式BTMS增加保温与安全设计。结果 在流速为3 m/s时,MC耦合UMHP式BTMS作用Li–ion电池组从初始温度314 K降温至目标温度303 K所需的时间仅为135 s,在Li–ion电池组初始温度为258 K时,加热时间近258 s,在各种工况下进行散/加热仿真实验中Li–ion电池组的最大温差始终小于5 K。结论 MC耦合UMHP式BTMS对Li–ion电池散/加热所需时间少,换热效果好,温度均衡性好。     

热真空低温环境实验台研制

为满足低温实验的环境要求,建设了液氮温度级别(80 K)的热真空冷阱低温环境实验台,可进行低温实验中压力与压差、温度与温差、流量与热负荷的测量.该实验台采用附加液氮冷阱的真空多层绝热结构,冷阱温度最低可达80 K,无负载时冷箱真空度可达0.000 03 Pa;在采用外循环工质时,测试压力范围为0-1 MPa、压差范围为...     

基于LNG冷能利用的半导体温差发电性能试验研究

为了研究半导体温差发电在应用于LNG相关传感器监测所需供电方面的潜力,首先在半导体温差发电基本模型的基础上计算出不同热端温度下的最大发电功率和效率曲线,结果显示当热端温度低于220 K时几乎没有功率输出。然后基于天然气汽化与温差发电相结合的场景,设计了一种用于LNG冷能利用的换热器结构,仿真结果显示:壁面温度为140 K时换热器的换热能力为6.608 kW。最后,为了探究半导体温差发电在低温下的发电性能,基于所设计的换热器搭建了一套用于冷能利用的半导体温差试验系统,试验结果显示半导体温差发电系统最大发电量可达到9.33 W。     

低温热流体两级串联冷却系统的最优中间冷却温度

针对由ORC发电冷却单元与常规冷却单元串联而成的低温热流体的两级串联冷却系统,研究如何确定两级间热流体的中间冷却温度。以系统净输出功率最大为目标,分析了热流体温度、冷却目标温度、热流体流量及环境湿球温度对最优中间冷却温度的影响。结果表明:最优中间冷却温度随热流体温度和环境湿球温度的升高而增大;热流体流量和冷却目标温度的改变基本上对最优中间冷却温度无影响作用。     

模拟研究热端管直径对涡流管性能的影响

借助Fluent模拟研究涡流管内二氧化碳气体的温度分离现象,结果发现:涡流室是涡流管发生温度分离的关键场所。并在此基础上,探究进口流量0.0166 kg/s,温度398.15 K的二氧化碳气体,在冷流比0.1~0.9,热端管直径4.0~6.0 mm条件下对涡流管性能的影响,结果发现:冷流比为0.7时,热端管径为4.5 mm的涡流管获得最大温差28.1 K,冷流比为0.6时,热端管直径为4.5 mm的涡流管获得最大制冷量87.37 W,其COP则为9.78%。     

12 T/50 mm无液氦超导磁体低温系统热分析

为了使12 T/50 mm无液氦超导磁体在4.5 K低温下具有更好的运行稳定性,针对磁体线圈设计了传导冷却结构及低温系统。通过仿真软件,模拟低温环境下磁体线圈的温度分布,进一步对低温系统内部的导热结构进行优化设计。为了防止线圈在降温过程中产生过大温差导致热应力集中,根据低温系统在不同工况下的热负荷变化,对各部件降温过程进行瞬态模拟。模拟结果表明,12 T/50 mm无液氦超导磁体低温系统能够满足磁体线圈所需要的低温环境,即磁体线圈正常运行温度低于4.5 K,励磁温度低于6 K,降温及励磁过程中产生的最大温差低于20 K。     

低温热管传热特性的实验研究

搭建了一套低温热管传热性能测试实验台,基于一种新型矩形内翅片低温热管,首次在-60℃至-40℃的温度下探究了冷凝温度和加热功率对热管稳态等温特性的影响,以及蒸发段和冷凝段长度变化对蒸发传热系数、总热阻值和当量导热系数的影响。研究结果表明:相同工况下,热管的轴向温差随着冷凝温度的降低而减小,随着加热功率的增大而增大;蒸发段长度越大,加热功率越高,蒸发传热系数越大;冷凝段长度越小热管热阻值越低,蒸发段长度越小热阻值越大;当量导热系数随冷凝段长度的减少而增大,随蒸发段长度的减少而减小。     

快速测试冷藏运输工具K值的研究

本文介绍了由本所研究的一种快速测试冷藏运输工具综合传热系数K值的方法——基核冷却法。此法是把冷藏运输工具内部看成一个隔热基核,在基核内部加热,当出现热稳定后,停止加热,在冷却过程中测量出车内外空气温度,通过计算得到车内外温差,并求出传热系数K值。经过多次现车试验验证,24小时内可完成一个工况测试,具有较高精度,适合冷藏运输工具的生产、运用和研究等部门使用。     

四边形阵列的微通道型Knudsen泵内热驱流动的DSMC数值模拟优化北大核心CSCD

Knudsen泵是可应用于微机电系统(MEMS)的一种微型气体输送装置。本文提出一种带有不同温度四边形的微通道构型,通过直接模拟蒙特卡罗(DSMC)方法对该微通道内气体流动特性进行了数值模拟研究,并针对其气体泵送特性进行了优化研究,给出了泵送气体的最佳参数。研究发现,微通道内温差在75~1200 K范围内时,质量流量随着温差的升高几乎呈线性增大,且温差在1200 K时质量流量是75 K时的10倍。对于不同的Knudsen数,最大气体流速和质量流量均出现在Kn=0.3Knudsen泵的62倍。这些结论可为工业领域内各种微型气体泵送装置的实现和设计提供参考依据。     

机载喷雾冷却换热特性关键影响因素实验研究

为详细研究喷雾冷却系统在大热沉表面积和无沸腾区下的换热特性,并为喷雾冷却系统的机载应用提供技术基础,搭建以水为冷却介质的开放式喷雾冷却实验台。基于实验数据从特征参数和无量纲数两方面研究加热功率、喷雾入口压力对换热性能的影响;并根据飞行工况考查重力角度的影响。得到实验结果:在加热功率500~1 400 W及入口压力0.45~0.85 MPa的条件下,热沉表面温度均能控制在80℃以下。加热功率一定时,系统表面传热系数随入口压力的增加而增加,且增加速率随着功率的增加而增加;热沉表面温度随入口压力增加而减小,且减小速率随着功率增加而增加;表面传热系数随Re和We的增加而增加,增加速率随功率增加主要是由于蒸发强度的增加。此外,与重力方向夹角为30°或120°时,喷雾冷却性能最好。结果表明各工况下喷雾冷却换热效果良好,表面参数均处于合理范围,为该技术在机载领域的应用提供技术参考。     

Experimental study on the double-evaporator thermosiphon for cooling HTS (high temperature superconductor) system

A cryogenic thermosiphons is an efficient heat transfer device between a cryocooler and a thermal load that is to be cooled. This paper presents an idea of thermosiphon which contains two vertically-separated evaporators. This unique configuration of the thermosiphon is suitable for the purpose of cooling simultaneously two superconducting bearings of the HTS (high temperature superconducting) flywheel system at the same temperature. A so-called double-evaporator thermosiphon was designed, fabricated and tested using nitrogen as the working fluid under sub-atmospheric pressure condition. The interior thermal condition of the double-evaporator thermosiphon was examined in detail during its cool-down process according to the internal thermal states. The double-evaporator thermosiphon has operated successfully at steady-state operation under sub-atmospheric pressure. At the heat flow of 10.6 W, the total temperature difference of the thermosiphon was only 1.59 K and the temperature difference between the evaporators was 0.64 K. The temperature difference of two evaporators is attributed to the conductive thermal resistance of the adiabatic section between the evaporators. The method to reduce this temperature difference has been investigated and presented in this paper. The proper area selection of condenser, evaporator 1, and evaporator 2 was studied by using thermal resistance model to optimize the performance of a thermosiphon. The superior heat transfer characteristic of the double-evaporator thermosiphon without involving any cryogenic pump can be a great potential advantage for cooling HTS bulk modules that are separated vertically.     

基于CFD与ADAMS的三角转子气动机设计与仿真

针对采用高压天然气井井下节流降压工艺时存在浪费天然气压力能的现象,提出了利用三角转子气动机将高压天然气压力能转化为机械能驱动发电机发电的思路。首先,借鉴传统三角转子发动机结构特点,对三角转子气动机进行了总体结构设计并提出全新的降压方案;然后,利用CFD （computational fluid dynamics,计算流体动力学）数值模拟方法对气动机内部流场进行了数值模拟;最后,利用ADAMS(automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical systems,机械系统动力学自动分析)软件对三角转子气动机机械系统进行了运动学与动力学仿真,运用赫兹接触理论校核了径向密封片与气缸的接触强度,利用ABAQUS分析软件校核了缸体耐压强度。仿真结果表明,第1级气动机设计合理,第2级气动机的设计存在缺陷,将第2级气动机入口温度从343 K提高到353 K后,解决了气缸中因压力、温度下降产生水合物的问题。仿真结果为后续三角转子气动机的深入研究提供了新思路。     

Thermal characteristics of a Hartmann-Sprenger tube

This paper describes the thermal characteristics of a water-cooled Hartmann-Sprenger (HS) tube as an expansion device for refrigeration and cryogenic applications. In this arrangement, a jet issuing from a convergent nozzle and expanded to a pressure below the critical value is directed towards the HS tube closed at the opposite end and maintained at resonant conditions. The interaction of the steady jet entering this tube, the generation and the propagation of the acoustic waves within the tube and the resulting non-linear flow oscillations result in strong thermal effects and heating of the entrapped gases. Effective heat removal at the surface of the HS tube results in a pseudo-positive Joule-Thomson coefficient. The emerging gas from such a nozzle-HS tube arrangement under resonant conditions will be much cooler when compared to the throttling process. The intense heating experienced in this arrangement using primary and secondary smaller tubes may find other industrial applications such as the flameless ignition of rocket engines. This experimental work suggests further investigations coupled with analytical modelling and optimization resulting in a device having either maximum cooling of the emerging stream or a high temperature heat source.     

超低温温区热连接方式试验研究

为验证超低温温区不同热连接方式对深冷辐射源的降温影响程度,搭建了超低温温区真空热试验系统,对三种型式的热连接件的超低温导热特性进行了试验.结果表明:40K以下高纯铜与铝呈现出极好的超低温导热特性;在结构允许的前提下,可通过增大热连接件导热截面积、缩短导热路径、降低热连接件热容的方式来降低冷屏降温时间;同时可通过采用柔性...     

Measurement of cryogenic regenerator characteristics under oscillating flow and pulsating pressure

This paper describes an experimental apparatus developed to investigate detailed thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics of a regenerator at cryogenic temperature under oscillating flow and pulsating pressure conditions. Cold-end of the regenerator is maintained at approximately 85 K for G-M cryocooler type and 100 K for Stirling cryocooler type operations by means of two cryogenic heat exchangers. At both ends of the regenerator, fine hot wire probes are installed to measure the fast oscillating gas temperature and mass flow rate. The gas temperature sensors installed very close to the ends of the regenerator matrix assure precise gas temperature measurement in the regenerator. In this study, thermal and hydrodynamic behaviors of the well-defined wire-screen regenerator are fully characterized. First, pressure drop characteristics are discussed for different frequencies under room temperature. Second, ineffectiveness of the regenerator is obtained for different cold-end temperatures.     

Smart cure cycles for the adhesive joint of composite structures at cryogenic temperatures

Adhesive joints are employed for composite structures used at the cryogenic temperatures such as LNG (liquefied natural gas) insulating tanks and satellite structures. The strength of the adhesive joints at the cryogenic temperatures is influenced by the property variation of adhesive and the thermal residual stress generated due to the large temperature difference (ΔT) from the adhesive bonding process to the operating temperature. Therefore, in this work, the strength and thermal residual stress of the epoxy adhesive at cryogenic temperatures were measured with respect to cure cycle. Also, the cure cycles composed of gradual heating, rapid cooling and reheating steps were applied to the adhesive joints to reduce the thermal residual stress in the adhesive joints with short curing time. Finally, a smart cure method was developed to improve the adhesive joint strength and to reduce the cure time for the composite sandwich structures at cryogenic temperatures.     

低温阀热锚位置优化及漏热分析

气动低温调节阀是大型氦低温系统中最重要的执行机构,工作在极低温状态下(液氢/液氦温区:20—4 K),低温漏热量是其最重要的技术参数之一。通过在低温阀外管焊接77 K热锚,可以有效降外管的漏热量损失。通过引入热力完善度,优化热锚在外管的相对位置,结果显示:热锚安装的最佳相对位置为0.40,此时外管在4 K温区相对漏热量损失减少了82.5%。     

Cryogenic helium gas circulation system for advanced characterization of superconducting cables and other devices

A versatile cryogenic test bed, based on circulating cryogenic helium gas, has been designed, fabricated, and installed at the Florida State University Center for Advanced Power Systems (FSU-CAPS). The test bed is being used to understand the benefits of integrating the cryogenic systems of multiple superconducting power devices. The helium circulation system operates with four sets of cryocooler and heat exchanger combinations. The maximum operating pressure of the system is 2.1 MPa. The efficacy of helium circulation systems in cooling superconducting power devices is evaluated using a 30-m-long simulated superconducting cable in a flexible cryostat. Experiments were conducted at various mass flow rates and a variety of heat load profiles. A 1-D thermal model was developed to understand the effect of the gas flow parameters on the thermal gradients along the cable. Experimental results are in close agreement with the results from the thermal model.     

Heat transfer performance of cryogenic oscillating heat pipes for effective cooling of superconducting magnets

The cryogenic oscillating heat pipe (OHP) for conduction cooling of superconducting magnets was developed and the function was demonstrated successfully. OHP is a highly-efficient heat transfer device using oscillating flow of two-phase mixture. The working fluids that are employed in the present research are Nitrogen, Neon and Hydrogen, and the operating temperatures are 67–91 K, 26–34 K and 17–27 K, respectively. The estimated effective thermal conductivities from the measurement data of the OHP were higher than one of the solids such as copper at low temperature. These results revealed that the cryogenic OHP can enhance the performance of cooling system for magnets.     

基于热固耦合的双螺杆挤压机机筒有限元分析

目的 研究双螺杆挤压机在食品加工过程中出现卡顿、抱死的原因,为双螺杆挤压机设计及应用提供理论指导。方法 应用ABAQUS软件构建双螺杆挤压机仿真模型,通过传感器反馈的温度值设定温度载荷,同时以双螺杆挤压机运转时的低压工况、正常工况、极限工况分别设定压力载荷,运用热固耦合理论对机筒的温度分布、应力和变形进行仿真分析。结果 在最大温度工况条件下,机筒轴向热变形量为2.356 mm,总热变形量为2.358 mm,x方向上的热变形量为0.1324 mm,y方向上的热变形量为0.1592mm;在最大温度工况和极限压力耦合作用下,机筒总变形量为2.088 mm。温度引起的热膨胀是机筒变形的主要原因,机筒的轴向热变形量与总热变形量相当,并且远大于其他两方向的热变形量;与常温环境相比,在加热温度工况条件下机筒的变形量随着压力的增大而减小。结论 要充分考虑温度对挤压机性能的影响,应用过程中要合理的设置温度参数。