Phase matching limitations of high efficiency second harmonic generation

-A discussion of second harmonic generation with imperfect phase matching in the high conversion limit is presented. Phase modulation of the fundamental pulse, dispersion, central frequency wavevector mismatch, and fundamental depletion are included. The results show that even small amounts of phase modulation or central frequency wavevector mismatch can limit harmonic generation and must be considered at high conversion efficiency. Both spatial and temporal phase matching parameters are more restrictive at high conversion efficiency because of the narrowing of the central phase matching peak. If the harmonic conversion process is overdriven, severe distortion of the harmonic and transmitted fundamental pulses can result. Cascade harmonic generation of neodymium laser radiation to 266 nm is presented as an example.     

Dependence of sum frequency field intensity on group velocitymismatches

The sum frequency field generated by mixing phase matched optical pulses in a nonlinear crystal is studied. Specifically, the field intensity at full width half maximum (FWHM) considered as a function of the group velocity mismatch between incident pulses, and also as a function of the mismatch between the generated pulse and one of the incident pulses, is analyzed by numerical and asymptotic techniques. Both mismatch types are allowed to be arbitrary. The FWHM intensity of the sum frequency field refers here to a cross-correlation measurement between pulses separated by a time delay to τ, where the FWHM is formed with respect to varying τ, rather than to the time-based FWHM of a sum-frequency-generated light pulse for a fixed τ. It is shown that the FWHM is fundamentally insensitive to mismatch between generated and incident fields, thus providing a justification for ignoring this term. On the other hand, the FWHM is shown to vary asymptotically linearly (coefficient ≈1) with the mismatch between incident pulses     

光谱相位相干技术测量飞秒脉冲的倍频误差

从理论上推导了第Ⅱ类相位匹配下宽带飞秒脉冲的二次谐波光场,分析输入飞秒脉冲的非共线相位匹配方式、脉冲带宽引起相位失配与群速失配对测量的影响。结果表明,为了消除飞秒脉冲的带宽影响,需要对测量记录的光强乘以一个调制因子;测量相位误差与非共线相位匹配的夹角和晶体长度成正比;相位失配与群速失配产生相位测量误差,且第Ⅱ类相位匹配方式下脉冲附加相位值较大;强度和相位误差需要在脉冲重建结果中补偿。     

波面倾斜脉冲泵浦的高效可见光飞秒光参量产生和放大器

利用脉冲波面倾斜技术补偿三波相互作用的群速度失配，建立了掺钛蓝宝石飞秒再生放大器输出倍频光泵浦共线类匹配ＢＢＯ晶体的光参量产生和放大器，其信号和空闲光输出调谐范围为０．４７～２．７μｍ，脉冲宽度为１００～１７０ｆｓ，重复率为１ｋＨｚ。脉冲最大输出能量为６．５μＪ，总能量转换效率大于１５％。     

Two new transform-limited criteria and their applications inultrafast optics and soliton systems

We define new parameters for the pulse width and chirp of an optical pulse and its second harmonic generation (SHG) and show how they may be used to test whether a pulse, of arbitrary profile, is transform-limited. Our new transform-limited criteria are based on the product of Laplacian pulse width and rms spectral width of either the pulse or its SHG. We derive a simple equation that may be used to check whether a measurement of pulse amplitude and phase profile is consistent with a measurement of the rms spectral width. We show how the Laplacian pulse width may be measured by autocorrelation and the rms chirp may be obtained from measurements of the Laplacian pulse width and rms spectral width. Our new parameters can lead to simple equations, which can be conveniently used to design devices and systems for ultrafast optics and soliton systems     

极紫外阿秒脉冲产生过程的本征原子相位分析

为了研究高次谐波极紫外阿秒脉冲产生过程中的谐波相位匹配问题,基于光场电离高次谐波产生过程3步分析模型得出了高次谐波产生过程的理论描述解析式,并以此分析了阿秒脉冲产生过程中的高次谐波本征原子相位。由研究可知,除最高阶谐波外,对同一阶高次谐波产生有贡献的电子均有两类—长轨迹电子和短轨迹电子,各高次谐波长轨迹电子产生的谐波谱相之间几乎不存在线性关系,而短轨迹电子产生的高次谐波谱相之间则存在着良好的线性关系。结果表明,抑制各谐波长轨迹电子有助于产生更小脉宽阿秒脉冲。此结果对极紫外阿秒脉冲产生实验中的高次谐波相位匹配有重要的参考价值。     

Frequency-resolved optical gating measurement of ultrashort pulsespassing through a high numerical aperture objective

We investigate using collinear type II second harmonic generation frequency-resolved optical gating (SHG FROG) to measure the pulse intensity and phase at the focus of high numerical aperture (NA) oil objectives. Because of the strong focusing for such objectives, it is not clear theoretically that such a measurement should work. Such objectives can produce severe distortions of the pulse as a function of radius in the objective. In addition, the standard SHG FROG algorithms are based on the assumption that the fundamental and second harmonic fields are plane waves that can be described by the paraxial approximation, and for high NA objectives, such assumptions are suspect. We show that such measurements work remarkably well. The tight focus, while a theoretical difficulty, eliminates many of the problems traditionally associated with SHG FROG including the difficulty of phase matching and walkoff of different polarizations in the crystal. Specifically, we use collinear type II SHG FROG to measure the intensity and phase at the focus of a Zeiss CP-Achromat 100x, 1.25 NA, infinity-corrected oil objective, and accurately retrieve 20 fs pulses     

光学晶体K2Al2B2O7用于全固态紫外激光器的理论研究

讨论了(KABO)晶体的折射率与群速指数随光波长参数的变化.基于非线性光学晶体的谐波理论,详细分析比较了KABO晶体倍频和三倍频的频率变换特性.得到了LD泵浦的调QNd:YAG激光器在Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类相位匹配下的倍频,三倍频、四倍频的相位匹配角、有效非线性系数、光波走离角等参量.     

Effect of velocity mismatch and microwave attenuation ontime-domain response of traveling-wave electrooptic modulators

The dynamic response of a traveling-wave (TW) electrooptic phase modulator is treated using a Fourier transform technique. An integral expression for the induced phase shift which takes into account the optical-microwave velocity mismatch and the microwave attenuation is derived. In the case of a Gaussian modulating pulse and negligible microwave attenuation, the temporal dependence of the modulated pulse amplitude can be expressed in terms of error functions. Calculated pulse shapes showing the transition from a Gaussian to a flat top output pulse with increasing phase mismatch in the absence of microwave attenuation are presented. The effect of microwave attenuation on pulse shape, amplitude, and width is also explored. The method used to obtain these results is generally applicable to the time-domain analysis of TW modulators     

Nonstationary nonlinear optical effects and ultrashort light pulse formation

A theory of nonstationary nonlinear wave phenomena occurring in the field of ultrashort high-intensity light pulses is developed (harmonic generation and parametric amplification stimulated Raman scattering). The main equations are given, the group velocity mismatch effects are studied, and special attention is paid to the high-conversion conditions. The possibilities of picosecond pulse narrowing on account of linear and nonlinear nonresonance parametric amplification and harmonic generation are studied in detail. The factors that determine the minimum light-pulse duration (dispersion broadening) are examined. A nonstationary theory of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is developed. Expressions for minimum pulse duration in forward and backward SRS are given. Reduction of Raman amplification with a picosecond pump is discussed.     

Optimized second-harmonic generation in asymmetric double quantumwells

We present a theoretical analysis of surface-incidence and waveguide-mode second harmonic generation with detuned intersubband transitions in GaAs-AlGaAs, InGaAs-InAlAs and GaSb-InGaSb-AlGaSb asymmetric double quantum wells. The analysis includes the effects of absorption, saturation, pump depletion, optical carrier heating, mode confinement and competition, and the loss of phase coherence due to waveguide, bulk and resonant intersubband contributions to the refractive index mismatch. Optimal structures have been determined for each material system in both surface-incidence and waveguide-mode geometries. A scheme for maintaining phase matching by incorporation of a separate region with an intersubband transition tuned midway between the first and second harmonic frequencies is analyzed. At 10.6 μm, the maximum conversion efficiency for the optimized InGaAs-InAlAs waveguide-mode device is ≈16% at a pump-beam intensity of 40 MW/cm ². Furthermore, the same device can be modulated to vanishing second harmonic output power when an electric field of -32 kV/cm is applied     

周期性极化晶体的群速匹配飞秒脉冲光学参量放大

研究了周期性极化晶体非共线参量放大的群速匹配和群速色散.提出了估算光学参量放大(OPA)光谱带宽的一般性方法.光谱带宽由波矢失配中泰勒级数展开式的第一、第二项决定,当展开式中一级项为零时,三个非共线相互作用波是群速是匹配的,这时参量带宽由群速色散决定.选择合适的光栅周期,能获得调谐范围较宽的群速匹配脉冲参量放大,参量带宽与晶体长度、非共线角及群速色散有关.研究了增益带宽与晶体长度及抽运光强度的关系,也研究了离散角和有效非线性系数等.由于群速匹配,参量带宽很大,大大增加了最大有效长度和能量转换效率.     

频率分辨光学开关法测量飞秒脉冲

阐述了频率分辨光学开关法测量飞秒脉冲的原理,详细分析了模式尺寸效应和非线性效应对飞秒脉冲测量的影响.构建了一台用于飞秒脉冲测量的二次谐波-频率分辨光学开关装置,利用该装置对谐振腔输出的飞秒脉冲及压缩后的脉冲进行了测量.得到了飞秒脉冲的时间宽度及光谱宽度、电场及其相位在时域和频域的详细信息.谐振腔直接输出脉冲的时间宽度为56 fs,光谱宽度为27 nm,时间带宽积为0.686,算法中的最小误差为0.001792.脉冲压缩后的测量结果为27 fs,光谱宽度为92 m,时间带宽积为1.27,算法误差为0.0093289.     

折返点匹配的宽带二倍频实验研究

在二次谐波转换中,基频光和倍频光的群速失配是限制转换带宽的主要因素。利用折返点匹配的宽带谐波转换技术能同时实现基频光和倍频光的相位匹配和群速匹配,理论计算表明在折返点匹配的情况下,倍频转换带宽将显著增加。分别利用厚度10 mm,氘含量12%的KD*P晶体和厚度12 mm的KDP晶体对中心波长为1053 nm,谱宽为31 nm,能量为620μJ的基频光进行折返点匹配二倍频和传统二倍频的对比实验,前者取得了22 nm的转换带宽,远大于后者7 nm的转换带宽。实验结果证实了理论计算的正确性,显示了折返点匹配宽带谐波转换技术的优越性。相应地,前者转换效率为25%,大于后者20%的转换效率,导致倍频转换效率较低的主要因素是入射基频光的光束质量和光谱质量较差。     

Mode locking by cascading of second-order nonlinearities

We present a comprehensive theoretical and experimental study on a new passive mode-locking technique, called cascaded second-order nonlinearity mode locking (CSM), which exploits cascaded second-order nonlinearities to obtain large third-order susceptibilities from an intracavity second harmonic crystal. The nonlinear phase shift that originates in the nonlinear crystal is converted into a nonlinear amplitude modulation by a suitable intracavity aperture. A numerical model, based on a perturbative approach, allows the nonlinear loss modulation of resonators used for CSM to be calculated as a function of the resonator parameters and of the phase mismatch. The predictions of the model are confirmed by experiments performed on a CW Nd:YAG laser. The effects of group velocity mismatch and the limitations which it poses on the minimum achievable pulsewidth are analyzed both experimentally and theoretically     

超短光脉冲感应级联五阶非线性相移分析

由于群速度失配的影响,飞秒光脉冲在感应到FONPS（级联五阶非线性相移）的同时,将不可避免地发生脉冲畸变.通过理论分析及数值模拟,提出了使级联五阶非线性过程运行在较大相位失配条件下的解决方案,成功地消除了脉冲畸变.并且借助于该过程中倍频效率的提高,有效地补偿由于相位失配量的增大所造成的FONPS的下降,实现飞秒基频光脉冲在感应到大的FONPS的同时无脉冲畸变发生.     

Broadband second-harmonic generation in a tapered PPLN waveguide

We demonstrate a period poled tapered lithium niobate waveguide and study second harmonic generation (SHG) in this device for the purpose of broadening the quasi-phase matching (QPM) acceptance bandwidth. The finite-difference beam-propagation method is used to simulate the guided modes and calculate the effective indices. The simulation results show that by tapering the width of the cross section linearly, the phase mismatch between a specific input wavelength and its SHG signal can be varied along the propagation length. Ideal SHG phase-matching conditions for a wide range of input wavelengths in communication band from 1 542.5 nm to 1 553.5 nm can be satisfied in different positions of the waveguide.     

啁啾补偿飞秒脉冲高效三次谐波产生

中心波长为800 nm、脉宽为60 fs、重复频率为10 Hz的飞秒激光分为强弱两束,能量较强一束经I类相位匹配的BBO晶体倍频,之后与另一束光非共线和频得到三次谐波输出.实验得出基频和倍频光能量达到最佳配比时,三次谐波的转换效率最大;系统输出激光携带一定负啁啾可以补偿色散,提高三次谐波的转换效率.最终,当基频和倍频光的能量分别为2.38 mJ和0.588 mJ,系统输出激光带有9.66×10<'3> fs<'2>的负啁啾时,得到了中心波长为267 nm、单脉冲能量为230μJ的三次谐波输出,其转换效率高达19%.     

高能量低重复频率超短激光脉冲的测量

利用非线性晶体 (BBO)的非共线匹配倍频效应 ,研制了实时测量高能量低重复频率超短激光脉冲宽度的单脉冲自相关仪 ,并对飞秒 (fs)参量放大器的输出脉冲宽度进行了测量 ,测得了 10 3fs的超短激光脉冲宽度。     

剩余啁啾对自相关法测量超短脉冲脉宽的影响

为了研究待测超短脉冲存在剩余啁啾对2次谐波自相关法测量脉宽产生的影响,以2次谐波自相关法测量原理为出发点,采用2次耦合波方程数值模拟计算了中心波长800nm、脉宽100fs的超短激光脉冲存在不同啁啾量时,经过偏硼酸钡(β-BaB2O4,BBO)晶体Ⅰ类非共线相位匹配进行2次谐波自相关测量对测量结果的影响。分析发现,正啁啾使测量值比实际值偏大,负啁啾使测量值偏小;负啁啾比正啁啾对脉宽测量的影响更大,当脉冲的啁啾参量C=20时测量误差为23%,而C=-20时测量误差高达53%;且测量误差随啁啾量的增大而增大。模拟计算了非线性晶体厚度对脉宽测量的影响,结果表明,选取较薄的非线性晶体能够有效控制啁啾量引起的测量误差,使用非线性晶体的厚度L≤0.5Ld可将脉宽测量误差控制在理想的范围。