Control systems of the large millimeter telescope

This paper presents the analysis results (in terms of settling time, bandwidth, and servo error in wind disturbances) of four control systems designed for the Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT). The first system, called PP, consists of the proportional and integral (PI) controllers in the rate and position loops, and is widely used in the antenna and radio telescope industry. The analysis shows that the PP control system's performance is remarkably good when compared to similar control systems applied to typical antennas. This performance is achieved because the LMT structure is exceptionally rigid; however, it does not meet the stringent LMT pointing requirements. The second system, called PL, consists of the PI controller in the rate loop, and the linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) controller in the position loop. This type of controller is implemented in the NASA Deep Space Network antennas, where pointing accuracy is twice that of the PP control system. The third system, called LP, consists of the LQG controller in the rate loop, and the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller in the position loop. This type of loop has not been yet implemented at known antennas or radio telescopes, but the analysis shows that its pointing accuracy is the ten times better than the PP control system. The fourth system, called LL, consists of the LQG controller in both the rate loop and the position loop. It is the best of the four, with accuracy 250 times better than the PP system. It is thus worth further investigation to identify implementation challenges for telescopes with high pointing requirements.     

压电微动平台的极点配置PID控制

为提高压电微动平台的位移输出精度,设计极点配置比例、积分、微分(PID)控制器对其进行控制。首先,在对压电执行器进行电学特性、机电特性分析的基础上,建立了压电执行器的数学模型;其次,在对平台进行受力分析、运动分析的基础上,建立了平台的动力学模型;然后,在保持平台极点虚部不变,且将系统闭环阻尼比取为1的情况下,将平台极点沿着平行于实轴的方向平移,设计出平台的PID反馈控制器;最后,实验验证了所设计控制器的有效性。实验结果表明,所设计的控制器可使平台具有较快的响应,在不考虑传感器噪声水平的情况下,平台在控制系统作用下的定位误差基本为0。     

Intelligent feedback control-based adaptive resource management forasynchronous, decentralized real-time systems

Presents intelligent feedback control techniques for adaptive resource management in asynchronous, decentralized real-time systems. We propose adaptive resource management techniques that are based on feedback control theory and are designed using the intelligent control design paradigm. The controllers solve resource allocation problems that arise during run-time adaptation using the classic proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control functions and fuzzy logic. We study the performance of the controllers through simulation. The simulation results indicate that the controllers produce low missed deadline ratios and resource utilizations during high-workload situations     

船舶用自动控制智能辅助系统设计

针对传统技术采用PLC等通用控制器已无法满足现代化自动控制智能系统要求的问题,文中利用高速、实时性好且内置CAN 控制器接口的DSP,采用变论域PID控制算法,设计基于DSP/F28335的船舶用自动化控制智能辅助系统控制器。文中搭建系统结构并介绍变论域PID算法,并在系统的实时混合仿真平台上进行了相关的干扰实验,用以对比基于传统PID控制器系统的控制效果。实验结果表明,使用变论域模糊PID控制算法的DSP控制器,可较大幅度提高船舶用自动智能控制辅助系统的实时性、抗干扰性和自适应性。     

Robust loop shaping-fuzzy gain scheduling control of a servo-pneumatic system using particle swarm optimization approach

In this paper, a new technique called robust loop shaping-fuzzy gain scheduled control (RLS-FGS) is proposed to design an effective nonlinear controller for a long stroke pneumatic servo system. In our technique, a nonlinear dynamic model of a long stroke pneumatic servo plant is identified by the fuzzy identification method and is used as the plant for our design. The structure of local controllers is selected as PID control which is proven by many research works that this type of control has many advantages such as simple structure, well understanding, and high performance. The proposed technique uses particle swarm optimization (PSO) to find the optimal local controllers which maximize the average stability margin. In addition, performance weighting function which is normally difficult to obtain is automatically determined by PSO. By the proposed technique, the RLS-FGS controller can be designed, and the structure of local controllers is still not complicated. As seen in the simulation and experimental results, our proposed technique is better than the classical gain scheduled PID controller tuned by pole placement and the conventional fuzzy PID controller tuned by ISE method in terms of robust performance.     

应用于精密光束指向系统的复合PID控制器研究

为了解决传统比例-微分-积分（PID）控制器在精密光束指向系统（FPB）应用中存在的控制精度与超调量之间的矛盾,并使其可在现有控制系统硬件平台中应用,设计了一种数字复合PID控制器。该控制器采用了传统PID、前馈补偿以及抗积分饱和算法三部分综合而成,在控制器复杂性和处理时间不显著增加的前提下,缩短了调节时间及过冲,改善FPB系统的指向精度及动态特性;对该控制器的结构进行了分析,并与采用传统PID控制器的FPB进行了对比试验。结果表明,在相同的实验条件下,采用复合PID控制器的FPB系统与采用传统PID控制器的FPB系统相比,调整时间缩短了约11.4%,最大超调量从12.7%降至1.8%。在现有计算能力受限的控制系统平台上,可实现FPB系统性能的有效提升。     

Adaptive gain scheduling with feedforward control system based on system model for PMSM

A feedforward controller for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has been proposed in this study, and proportional and integral gain could be self-adaptive under different operating conditions. The control structure used in the feedforward system is the same as in the feedback control system. This control structure could guarantee independence of the speed command input to output with the disturbance input to output, which makes the system have better reference trajectory tracking and disturbances rejection. In order to obtain optimal control performance when the parameters are uncertain, a gain scheduling adaptive controller is used in the feedforward system. The proposed controller has been verified by the experimental and simulation results with less steady-state error and better dynamic response than the controllers without it under the condition of external load torque disturbance and PMSM parameter uncertainties.     

Design and Implementation of Modular FPGA-Based PID Controllers

In this paper, modular design of embedded feedback controllers using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology is studied. To this end, a novel distributed-arithmetic (DA)-based proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller algorithm is proposed and integrated into a digital feedback control system. The DA-based PID controller demonstrates 80% savings in hardware utilization and 40% savings in power consumption compared to the multiplier-based scheme. It also offers good closed-loop performance while using less resources, resulting in cost reduction, high speed, and low power consumption, which is desirable in embedded control applications. The complete digital control system is built using commercial FPGAs to demonstrate the efficiency. The design uses a modular approach, so that some modules can be reused in other applications. These reusable modules can be ported into Matlab/Simulink as Simulink blocks for hardware/software cosimulation or integrated into a larger design in the Matlab/Simulink environment to allow for rapid prototyping applications.     

基于Matlab的模糊PID控制系统设计及仿真

模糊PID控制是利用PID参数整定经验来使模糊控制器自动整定其参数,从而使PID控制器以变应变。文中采用Matlab软件设计模糊PID控制器,并应用于控制锅炉液位。通过实验仿真比较研究PID控制、模糊控制及模糊PID控制的控制效果。实验结果显示,模糊PID控制效果理想,具有较好的应用前景。     

基于PLC的PSO算法PID输送机速度控制技术研究

本文主要利用粒子群优化算法(PSO)确定输送机系统速度控制中的最佳PID控制器增益。该项目通过三菱Q系列UDV PLC实现,该PLC带有多个编码器传感器和一个内置以太网模块来监控反馈。为了验证该方法的性能,将PSO离线确定的最优增益应用于模拟器和实际模型。实验结果表明,与其它方法相比,所提出的基于粒子群算法的PID控制...     

基于RBF神经网络的永磁同步伺服电机控制系统

针对永磁同步电机控制系统,建立其磁场定向控制数学模型。运用增量式数字PID的方法实现对PMSM的传统PID控制策略。在此基础上,借助RBF神经网络的学习能力,进行PID控制器参数的自适应整定,进一步改善PID控制器的性能。同时,为提高RBF网络性能,采用粒子群算法对网络进行优化。仿真表明,与传统PID控制比较,基于RBF的PID控制系统能提高PID控制器的性能,改善了PMSM控制系统的收敛速度和跟踪精度。     

Speed Control of DC Motor with MRPID Controller in the Presence of Noise

Speed control of a DC motor has always been a challenge because of its variable torque. But it becomes more challenging when noise enters the system at its input. Therefore, there is a need of more advanced controllers. In this paper, a multi-resolution proportional integral derivative (MRPID) controller has been proposed to be utilized to control the speed of a DC motor. It works well even in the presence of noise as compared to the conventional PID controller. Also, performance of a PID controller deteriorates when nonlinearity or uncertainty arises in the system. This degraded performance can be improved by utilizing the multi-resolution property of wavelets, which decomposes the error signal into various frequency components. Further, wavelet coefficients of these decompositions are used to generate the control signal for controlling speed of a DC motor. In this paper, performances of a MRPID, a fractional order PID (FOPID) and a conventional PID controllers are compared in the presence of noise for speed control of a DC motor. The results obtained using a MRPID controller are observed to be better in terms of improved transient characteristics and disturbance rejection for a DC motor as compared to those obtained with PID and FOPID controllers.

     

Fuzzy logic enhanced speed control of an indirect field-orientedinduction machine drive

Field orientation control (FOC) of induction machines has permitted fast transient response by decoupled torque and flux control. However, field orientation detuning caused by parameter variations is a major difficulty for indirect FOC methods. Traditional probability density function (PID) controllers have trouble meeting a wide range of speed tracking performance even when proper field orientation is achieved. PID controller performance is severely degraded when detuning occurs. This paper presents a fuzzy logic design approach that can meet the speed tracking requirements even when detuning occurs. Computer simulations and experimental results obtained via a general-purpose digital signal processor (DSP) system are presented     

Robust Design of a Digital PID Predictor Controller

A digital proportional integral-derivative (PID) predictor controller is analyzed, and its advantages relative to the normal PID controller are derived. A design procedure which results in a robust control system is developed. This procedure applies to both the PID predictor and the normal PID controllers. A regulator carbon dioxide control system which requires disturbance rejection is designed as an example.     

ANFIS based quadrotor drone altitude control implementation on Raspberry Pi platform

The unmanned aerial vehicles can have complicated dynamics and kinematics that governs the flight of such multirotor devices. PID type controllers are one of the most popular approaches with Raspberry Pi 3 platform for stability of the flight. However, in dynamic environment they are limited in performance and response times. The autonomous tuning of the controller parameters according to the state of the environment with assistance of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is a well known approach. This paper provides implementation details and feasibility of such a controller with Raspberry Pi 3 platform for use in geological wireless sensing environments. The proposed neuro-fuzzy controller is developed for a Raspberry Pi 3 platform and tested on a physical quadrotor drone and compared to the conventional PID controller during flight.     

A closed-loop system for maintaining constant experimental musclepain in man

A microprocessor-based control system for maintaining a constant level of experimental muscle pain was developed. Pain was induced in the relaxed right masseter of healthy young adults by using an infusion pump to inject an algesic 0.15 mL bolus of 5% hypertonic saline over 15 s. Subjects supplied feedback on their present pain intensity (PPI) via a 10-cm-long electronic visual-analog scale (VAS) and a 0.07-Hz zero-order hold. The adaptive controller identified the system dynamic response and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters from the subject's initial response to the bolus (pain rise and fall time constants and peak amplitude) as well as his/her response to a 90-s constant infusion. Using the pain feedback, the adaptive PID controller was successfully used to adjust the infusion rate to maintain PPI in five out of seven healthy adults at a mean (SD) 4.8(0.9) PPI level with respect to the 5.0 PPI setpoint for periods up to 15 min (when the experiment was arbitrarily terminated). The infusion rate required to maintain the given level of masseter pain was found to increase by approximately 3 to 5%/minute     

A method for improving the robustness of PID control

In this paper, an effective method is proposed for robust proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control that is easily implementable on commonly used equipment such as programmable logic controller (PLC) and programmable automation controller (PAC). The method is based on a two-loop model following control (MFC) system containing a nominal model of the controlled plant and two PID controllers. Basic features exhibited by the MFC structure are presented, and a technique to tune both component controllers is given. The proposed structures have been implemented in a programmable logic controller and tested on control plants with perturbed parameters. Also, the proposed control system has been checked for its performance in cases when the operation of PID controllers is based on fuzzy logic. Tuning rules for the fuzzy controllers in the presented MFC system have been proposed. Results of tests lend support to the view that the proposed control structures may find wide application to robust control of plants with time-varying parameters.     

Using Stabilizer Dynamic Pre-Compensator to Design Robust Controllers for an Unstable MIMO System

This paper addresses the problem of designing LQG/LTR controllers for unstable multivariable systems. Its main proposal is to design a stabilizer dynamic pre-compensator to stabilize the system before designing the final LQG/LTR controller. This approach overcomes the problems that the This paper addresses the problem of designing LQG/LTR controllers for unstable multivariable systems. Its main proposal is to design a stabilizer dynamic pre-compensator to stabilize the system before designing the final LQG/LTR controller. This approach overcomes the problems that the original procedure can not avoid when it deals with unstable systems, but the order of the overall controller gets increased.     

Feedback control of coronal plane hip angle in paraplegic subjectsusing functional neuromuscular stimulation

This paper reports on an investigation of feedback control of coronal plane posture in paraplegic subjects who stand using functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS). A feedback control system directed at regulating coronal plane hip angle in neutral position was designed, implemented, and evaluated in two paraplegic subjects. The control system included sensor mounting and signal processing techniques, a two-stage feedback controller, stimulation hardware, and a set of percutaneous intramuscular electrodes. The feedback controller consisted of two-stages in cascade: a modified discrete-time proportional-integral-derivative (PID) stage and a nonlinear single-input, multiple-output stage to determine the stimulation to be sent to several muscles. The focus of this work was on evaluating the performance of the feedback controller by comparing the response of the feedback-controlled system to that of an open-loop stimulation system. In an evaluation based on temporal response characteristics the controlled system exhibited a 41% reduction in root-mean-squared (rms) error (where error is defined as the deviation from the desired angle), a 52% reduction in steady-state error, and a 22% reduction in hip compliance. In addition, the feedback-controlled system exhibited significant reductions in variability of these measures on several days. These results demonstrate the ability of the feedback controller to improve the temporal response characteristics of the FNS control system.     

磁阻式悬浮平台侧向气隙控研究

针对悬浮平台存在的侧向力干扰导致平台不能稳定悬浮的问题,设计了一种可以实现参数快速整定的模糊自适应PID侧向气隙控制系统。文中介绍了平台的悬浮结构和悬浮机理,采用有限元法分析了侧向位移对平台的影响,建立了控制系统静态、动态数学模型,并设计了模糊自适应PID控制器。通过MATLAB/Simulink软件对悬浮平台的侧向气隙控制系统进行建模仿真。结果表明,模糊自适应PID控制器响应速度快,且具有较强的鲁棒性。