玉米花粉的营养价值及其应用

花粉是高等植物的雄配子体,是植物生命的精华,富含蛋白质、糖类、维生素、生长素、多种微量元素等人体必需的营养成分,因此具有较高的营养价值和特殊保健功能,被誉为“长寿美容食品”、“微型营养库”。而玉米花粉堪称花粉中的上品。一、玉米花粉介绍(一)玉米花粉特征玉米花粉呈淡黄色,多数为近球形或长球形,表面呈颗粒状,直径为61.4～88.5μm,形体大且外壁薄,清香,微甜,无怪味。(二)玉米花粉的营养成分、保健功能玉米花粉营养极其丰富,蛋白质含量高达20%以上,富含17种氨基酸(见表1),能被人体直接吸收的游离氨基酸高达33%,总糖量13%左右,含…     

玉米花粉功能食品的研究与开发

玉米花粉富含蛋白质、糖类、氨基酸、核酸、维生素等营养成分，具有增强免疫、促进生长发育、降血压等保健功能。玉米花粉经过破壁处理后，可以分离提取其中的多糖、黄酮类等活性成分。玉米花粉既可以加工成口服液、花粉胶囊、花粉饮料和花粉酸奶等保健饮品，也可以开发出花粉面包、花粉面条等功能性食品。东北地区玉米花粉资源丰富，具有良好的开发前景。     

大有开发前景的几种农产品

玉米花粉:通过对玉米花粉的研究表明,玉米花粉含有18种氨基酸,其中可被人体直接吸收的游离氨基酸含量高达33%,蛋白质含量为22%～25%,另外,还含有糖和有机酸以及镁、锰、铜、钼、硒等20多种矿物元素,尤其是硒的存在,更提高了玉米花粉的利用和开发价值.据临床实验表明,玉米花粉具有明显的降血脂、改善心肌缺氧缺血和微循环、抗疲劳、增强体质等作用.目前,我国每年玉米种植面积约为2.8亿亩,可采集花粉257万吨以上,若将这些资源加以开发利用,定是一笔巨大的财富.     

玉米花粉的开发与利用

玉米花粉的开发与利用屈福才吉林省是著名的粮仓，是世界两大玉米带之一。多少年来，由于人们不知道玉米花粉的价值，每年大田里的玉米生长出的花粉，都随风而逝。岂不知玉米花粉含有人体需要的多种氨基酸、维生素、微量元素、核酸和黄酮类营养成份，是不可多得的营养素。...     

玉米花粉几种机械破壁方法的研究

玉米花粉富含蛋白质高达20％以上，总糖量为13％左右，水解氨基酸为21．81（g／100g）左右，还含有10余种维生素，10多种矿物质及黄酮、辅酶、激素、抗菌素等十几种天然活性物质。我国有应用玉米花粉的悠久历史。目前，国内外玉米花粉正广泛应用于食品工业、医药工业及化妆品日用工业，但是玉米花粉壁不同于一般植物细胞壁，具有顽强的耐腐蚀性。人类和单胃动物的消化液无法破坏玉米花粉壁，这在一定程度上影响了玉米花粉中营养物质的有效利用。为充分利用玉米花粉的营养成分，我们对几种破壁方法进行了比较研究，以供同行参考。1实验材料和…     

开发玉米花粉食品前景广阔

开发玉米花粉食品前景广阔我国是玉米的主产国之一，但对数量巨大的玉米花粉未能很好利用。经检测，玉米花粉中含有１８种氨基酸，能被人体直接吸收的游离氨基酸含量高达３３％，其蛋白质含量为２２～２５％，另含有镁、锰、铜、铂、硒等二十多种微量元素和糖、有机酸等，...     

18 种玉米组分对其饮料产品颜色和稳定性的影响

以18 种玉米为对象,研究糯玉米、甜糯玉米、甜玉米的主要组成成分（水分、灰分、脂肪、蛋白质、糖类、淀粉及游离氨基酸）以及相应的玉米饮料的色差、黏度和稳定性,并通过分析玉米组分和玉米饮料的特性间的相关性,研究原料玉米的品种及组成成分对玉米饮料品质的影响要素。结果表明：甜玉米的水分和糖含量均远大于糯玉米,淀粉含量和灰分都显著低于糯玉米。甜糯玉米水分含量介于两者之间,其他组成和糯玉米相似。18 种玉米制成的饮料产品中甜玉米的黄度显著高于糯玉米,甜糯玉米介于两者中但更偏向于糯玉米;糯玉米中苏科花糯2008和苏玉糯639及甜玉米中晶甜7号和8号的稳定性较好。显著性分析结果显示：甜玉米制得的饮料的稳定性与其原料中直链淀粉、总淀粉含量呈显著负相关;与总糖含量则呈显著正相关。     

玉米花粉乳精生产工艺

<正> 玉米花粉来源广泛,具有美容健肤的功效。它含有人体必需的各种氨基酸、维生素,对维持身体平衡、滋阴壮阳有很好的作用。笔者将玉米花粉与奶粉等配合,成功研制出玉米花粉乳精。     

二次发酵生产玉米花粉面包的研究

为增强面包的营养与保健作用,在制作过程中加入玉米花粉,经过二次发酵和焙烤,研制出具有花粉清香和发酵香味的花粉面包。花粉面包的最佳生产工艺务件是:酵母添加量2%,糖添加量10%,发酵时间6h,玉米花粉添加量3%。     

微生物发酵对糯玉米改性的研究进展

糯玉米富含多种营养物质,如蛋白质、淀粉、糖、氨基酸、维生素、纤维素、钙、铁和磷等,其蒸煮后柔软细腻、甜粘清香、具有独特的风味和非常好的保健作用。通过微生物发酵技术来改善糯玉米的营养特性和加工特性,能够明显提高其黏弹性、增加面筋蛋白、并改善口感。因此,发酵糯性玉米食品将会是农产品加工领域的开发热点。     

不同品种糯玉米组分对其煮制后食用品质的影响

为了研究影响糯玉米的感官品质的主要因素,对11种糯玉米的鲜食感官品质、组分特征及种皮厚度之间的相关性进行分析。感官评定结果表明:11种糯玉米在味道和口感方面差异不显著,但是在香气和色泽方面差异显著。色差分析结合感官数据结果显示,除了彩糯以外,白糯玉米品种中亮度和黄度值高的品种作为鲜食品种更受人们欢迎。还原糖与玉米棒的色泽呈现极显著正相关(P<0.01)。11种鲜糯玉米的组分差异比较大,水分、直链淀粉、支链淀粉、还原糖和总糖含量各个品种间都有较大差异,其余组分如游离氨基酸、脂肪、灰分等差异相对较小;各个品种的种皮厚度也有较大差异。但是组分变量与感官结果之间相关性不显著,种皮厚度与感官结果之间的相关性也不显著。     

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF OPAQUE-2 CORN AND ITS MIXTURE WITH HYBRID CORN AND WHEAT FLOUR

SUMMARY— A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value of opaque-2 corn grown in Brazil and the nutritional effects of its mixture with hybrid corn and wheat flour. These studies were conducted with rats to determine the growth rate, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio. Amino acid analyses of Brazilian opaque-2 corn confirmed its high lysine content and other differences in amino acid content; nutritive value was shown to be similar to the American variety. There were small variations among samples of opaque-2 corn grown in different regions and crop years, but all had high nutritive value. The nutritive value of the hybrid corn was little improved by its mixture with the high lysine opaaue-2 corn. Better results were found when the opaque-2 was mixed with the wheat flour.     

高温灭菌过程中三种鲜食玉米汁游离糖与氨基酸含量变化的比较

为明确鲜食玉米汁在高温灭菌过程中滋味成分的变化特点,采用HPLC对甜玉米、糯玉米和常规玉米汁在灭菌过程中蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和19种游离氨基酸的含量变化进行了测定和分析。结果显示,甜玉米汁中蔗糖含量最高,为11.94～18.09 mg/mL,含量最低的为糯玉米汁0.12～0.34 mg/mL。在灭菌过程中,常规玉米和糯玉米汁中的果糖和葡萄糖含量均呈下降趋势,而甜玉米汁中三种糖随时间延长均表现为先上升后下降。甜味氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸为三种玉米汁的主要氨基酸,为总游离氨基酸的68.77%～80.20%。19种氨基酸在灭菌过程中含量变化经主成分分析得到相关性热图和主成分图谱,结果显示甜玉米汁和糯玉米汁中的氨基酸变化相似,均有6种氨基酸随灭菌时间延长含量上升,呈显著相关关系,而常规玉米汁中氨基酸变化与二者差别较大。结果为不同的鲜食玉米汁加工中品质调控提供参考。     

Effect of fermentation on the nutritive value of maize

The effects of fermentation on protein, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), amino acid, total phenolics, phytic acid and colour values of four maize cultivars (two bi‐colour waxy corn and two super sweet corn), namely Jing Tian Zi Hua Nuo NO. 2, Jing Tian NO. 3, Bright Jean and Su Ke Hua Nuo 2008, were determined and compared with those of their unfermented counterparts. Results showed that fermentation caused significant increase in protein (43.5% largest increase), most kind of amino acid (131.5% largest increase in lysine content) and total phenolic content (23.4% largest increase), but significant reduction in phytic acid content (24.3% largest reduction) of four maize cultivars. The IVPD of four maize cultivars, except Suke2008, did not change significantly. Colour values of two waxy corn were resulted in the increase in a‐values and reduction in L‐values.     

Effects of germination on nutritional composition of waxy wheat

BACKGROUND: Germination is considered to improve the nutritive value, antioxidant capacity and functional properties of grains. In this study, changes in the chemical composition, nutritive value and antioxidant capacity of waxy wheat during germination were determined. RESULTS: Over a 48 h period of germination the protein and free lipid contents of germinated waxy wheat were not significantly different from those of the control, whereas the bound lipid content decreased significantly. An increase in levels of ash and dietary fibre was clearly observed for the 48 h‐germinated wheat. The total free amino acid content of the 48 h‐germinated wheat was 7881 mg kg^?1 flour (dry basis (d.b.)), significantly higher than that of the ungerminated wheat (2207 mg kg^?1 flour, d.b.). In particular, γ‐aminobutyric acid increased from 84 mg kg^?1 flour (d.b.) in the control to 155 mg kg^?1 flour (d.b.) in the 48 h‐germinated wheat. Germination did not significantly affect the fatty acid composition of both free and bound lipids of waxy wheat, whereas free phenolic compounds increased during germination, resulting in an increase in antioxidant capacity of germinated wheat. CONCLUSION: Germinated waxy wheat had a better nutritional composition, such as higher dietary fibre, free amino acid and total phenolic compound contents, than ungerminated waxy wheat. Therefore germinated waxy wheat should be used to improve the nutritional quality of cereal‐based products. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

玉米芯的营养成分分析

本文主要分析了甜玉米、超甜玉米、两种糯玉米煮熟前后共8个样品的玉米芯的营养成分。实验结果表明,除水分外,纤维素、淀粉是玉米芯的主要成分,其中甜玉米芯的纤维素含量最高,可达0-3g佗;糯玉米芯淀粉含量比非糯型高50％,经蒸煮之后,糊化作用导致糯玉米芯的的淀粉损失率为50％;玉米芯的多酚含量≤1．34μg／g,而黄酮的含量最高可i态到0．05mg／g;8种玉米芯的氨基酸含量基本接近,其中以谷氨酸和脯氨酸含量最高,蛋氨酸和络氨酸含量最低,熟的甜玉米芯所含的氨基酸总量最高,为14．94mg／g,必需氨基酸含量占31．88％;玉米芯中矿质元素丰富,cu含量最高,为5．61-24．23mg／g,其次则是K和Mg。     

美味牛肝菌丝体与野生子实体营养成分的比较分析

采用原子吸收分光光度法、高效液相色谱等方法对美味牛肝菌液体培养菌丝体与野生子实体主要营养成分及含量进行测定。结果表明,美味牛肝菌液体培养菌丝体和野生子实体均含有蛋白质、多糖、氨基酸、脂肪、纤维、矿物质等多种营养成分,其组成基本一致,但菌丝体在多种成分的质量分数上均高于野生子实体。     

Effects of NutriDense and waxy corn hybrids on the rumen fermentation, digestibility and lactational performance of dairy cows

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of NutriDense and waxy corn hybrids as silage and grain sources on milk yield, milk composition, digestibility of dietary components, and rumen characteristics. Six multiparous (intact) and six primiparous (ruminally cannulated) Holstein cows were assigned at 72 to 90 d of lactation to a 3 x 6 Latin rectangle design experiment to treatment of: 1) control diet, 2) NutriDense corn diet, and 3) waxy corn diet. Diets consisted of 10.9% alfalfa silage, 32.8% corn silage, 27.9% cracked corn grain, and 28.4% other ingredients (DM basis). Milk, FCM, and milk fat and protein yields were higher for cows fed the waxy diet than those fed the control diet. Milk protein percentage tended to be higher for cows fed the control and waxy diets than those fed the NutriDense diet. Dry matter intake tended to be higher for cows fed the waxy diet than the NutriDense diet. Apparent DM, OM, CP, ADF, NDF, and gross energy digestibilities were similar among dietary treatments, while apparent starch digestibility was higher for the waxy corn than for the NutriDense corn. Rumen NH3-N concentration was higher for cows fed the NutriDense diet than for those fed the control and waxy diets. The proportion of ruminal propionate was higher for the waxy diet than the control diet. NutriDense and waxy corn hybrids can be effective substitutes for conventional yellow dent corn hybrids in lactating dairy cow rations.     

酶预处理和酸水解制备糯玉米淀粉纳米晶及其表征

采用糖化酶对糯玉米原淀粉进行预处理,通过X射线衍射(XRD)确定糖化酶预处理的最佳用量,再对酶预处理淀粉进行硫酸酸水解,制备糯玉米淀粉纳米晶,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、粒径测量和Zeta电位分析等对淀粉纳米晶进行表征。结果表明,用1000U/(g淀粉)活性的糖化酶对糯玉米原淀粉处理2h,再结合酸水解2天,得到粒径约100nm、分散性好、产率为24.1%的糯玉米淀粉纳米晶;相较于仅硫酸酸水解处理,酶预处理结合酸水解法制备糯玉米淀粉纳米晶的反应时间缩短了3天,产率提高了70.9%,淀粉纳米晶的Zeta电位达-22.3 mV。