使用广义回归神经网络的胎儿心电提取

针对胎儿心电难以提取问题,提出一种从母体腹壁混合信号中提取胎儿心电的方法。利用广义回归神经网络（GRNN）估计母体心电信号传导至腹壁的非线性变换,将非线性变换后的母体心电信号从腹壁混合信号中减去,再通过小波包去噪技术抑制胎儿心电的基线漂移和噪声,得到清晰的胎儿心电。应用合成心电信号和临床心电信号完成实验,在胎儿心电和母体心电QRS波完全重叠情况下,提取出清晰的胎儿心电。实验结果验证了方法的有效性。     

使用时频盲源分离和小波包去噪的胎儿心电信号提取

提出一种使用时频盲源分离(TFBSS)和小波包去噪的胎儿心电信号提取新方法。首先通过重排时频谱时频盲源分离方法进行胎儿心电信号的初次提取,并将初次提取得到的母体心电信号和噪声对应的各路分量置零,其余分量由混合矩阵进行重构;然后再利用重排时频谱的时频盲源分离方法对重构信号进行胎儿心电信号的二次提取,得到含噪声的胎儿心电信号;最后通过小波包去噪抑制胎儿心电信号中的基线漂移和噪声。在胎儿心电信号和母体心电信号的QRS波无重叠、部分重叠或完全重叠的情况下,通过该方法能有效抑制母体心电信号和噪声的干扰,提取胎儿心电信号。实验结果表明该方法能提取清晰的胎儿心电信号。     

An algorithm for extracting fetal electrocardiogram

The extraction of fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) from the composite maternal ECG signal is discussed. This problem can be modelled from the perspective of blind source extraction. An important and primary work is done by Barros and Cichocki, who propose an FECG extraction method for the noisy-free mixing model. However, it is realistic to extract the FECG from noisy measurements. Therefore, we propose a new algorithm for the FECG extraction with additive noise. Theoretical analysis and simulation results confirm the validity of the proposed algorithm.     

心电模板构造方法及其在心电去噪中的应用

针对强噪声心电去噪,提出了基于心电模板的去噪方法。首先,将小波变换模极大值方法和信号相干平均技术相结合,构造出心电模板信号。然后给出了两种基于心电模板的强噪声心电去噪方法：直接重建法和间接相关法。最后将该方法与基于小波软、硬阈值去噪方法进行了对比,结果显示所得信号波形平滑度更好、信噪比更高。基于心电模板的去噪方法能够有效去除心电强噪声,为心电弱特征信息成分的准确提取奠定了基础。同时研究提供的心电模板构造方法也可用于其他准周期性生理信号,为强噪声生理信号去噪提供了一种有益思路。     

Noninvasive fetal ECG estimation using adaptive comb filter

This paper describes a robust and simple algorithm for fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) estimation from abdominal signal using adaptive comb filter (ACF). The ACF can adjust itself to the temporal variations in fundamental frequency, which makes it qualified for the estimation of quasi-periodic component from physiologic signal, such as ECG. The validity and performance of the described method are confirmed through experiments on real fetal ECG data. A comparison with the well-known independent component analysis (ICA) method has also been presented.     

自适应小波尺度谱阈值在膈肌信号降噪的应用

膈肌肌电信号是人体微弱的生物电信号,此信号常受到心电信号的严重干扰。为了提高阈值在膈肌肌电信号降噪的准确度,提出了一种小波尺度谱阈值自适应的降噪算法。该算法先对膈肌肌电信号进行小波变换,再把小波系数转化为小波尺度谱,然后确定心电干扰位置,并且根据心电邻域小波能量自动调整阈值从而去除心电干扰。通过对膈肌肌电信号进行实验分析,并且与小波阈值方法进行对比,结果表明该方法降低了心电干扰并且保留了膈肌肌电信号的特征。     

A Windows Application for Real-Time Fetal ECG Analysis

Analysis of the fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) from abdominal recordings may be used as a noninvasive technique to assess fetal well being. Consequently, interest has arisen in the development of a real-time fetal ECG monitoring system. In this paper, we present a Windows user interface developed for our antenatal FECG analysis system. The program (FECGV1), written in C++, consists of three principal modules: System Setup, Real-Time FECG Analysis, and Result Review. By adopting the Windows' graphical user interface and object-oriented programming methodology, the system software accomplished the goals of visualization, easy use, extensibility, and user adaptability. Preliminary clinical application has shown that this approach provides a strong basis for a solution to real-time antenatal FECG analysis.     

基于R峰配准重构的弱胎心电盲分离方法

利用盲分离技术从母亲腹心电中分离出胎心电在胎心电幅度较强的情况下是可行的,但如果胎心电过弱,盲分离中容易将胎心电视作噪声而无法正确分离.在胎心电过弱时,先对腹心电进行形态学滤波后检测胎心电的R峰,然后在配准胎儿R峰的前提下,平移、叠加并重构信号,最后对重构信号应用盲分离方法分离出较好的胎心电信号.实验证明,当胎心电微弱,直接盲分离容易将胎心电作为噪声而无法得到有效胎心电时,R峰配准重构可以有效地增强胎心电的信号强度,对重构后的信号进行盲分离可得到有效的胎心电,进而得到较精确的胎心率.     

基于回归支持向量机的胎儿心电提取

针对胎儿心电难以提取的问题,提出一种从母体腹壁混合信号中提取胎儿心电的方法.首先利用回归支持向量机(Support vector regression machine,SVRM)拟合母体心电传导至腹壁所经历的非线性变换,然后将母体心电经由所拟合的非线性变换得到腹壁混合信号中的母体心电干扰的最优估计,再从腹壁混合信号中减去母体心电干扰的最优估计得到含噪声的胎儿心电,最后通过小波包去噪技术抑制胎儿心电中的基线漂移和噪声,得到清晰的胎儿心电.在胎儿心电和母体心电QRS波完全重叠的情况下,通过该方法能够提取出清晰的胎儿心电.实验结果验证了该方法的有效性.     

A novel compression algorithm for electrocardiogram signals based on the linear prediction of the wavelet coefficients

This paper describes a new algorithm for electrocardiogram (ECG) compression. The main goal of the algorithm is to reduce the bit rate while keeping the reconstructed signal distortion at a clinically acceptable level. It is based on the compression of the linearly predicted residuals of the wavelet coefficients of the signal. In this algorithm, the input signal is divided into blocks and each block goes through a discrete wavelet transform; then the resulting wavelet coefficients are linearly predicted. In this way, a set of uncorrelated transform domain signals is obtained. These signals are compressed using various coding methods, including modified run-length and Huffman coding techniques. The error corresponding to the difference between the wavelet coefficients and the predicted coefficients is minimized in order to get the best predictor. The method is assessed through the use of percent root-mean square difference (PRD) and visual inspection measures. By this compression method, small PRD and high compression ratio with low implementation complexity are achieved. Finally, we have compared the performance of the ECG compression algorithm on data from the MIT-BIH database.     

心电信号去噪效果的评估与分析

心电信号是人体的主要生理信号之一,通过对心电信号的分析可了解心脏的健康状态,由于心电信号属于微弱低频信号,所以在采集过程中极易受到来自人体内部和外部的噪声干扰,影响心脏疾病诊断的效果。基线漂移、工频干扰和肌电干扰是心电信号采集过程中不能忽略的噪声干扰。对心电信号的相关去噪算法的效果进行对比分析。首先将模拟理想状态下的心电信号作为原始数据,同时模拟出心电信号中存在的基线漂移、工频干扰和肌电干扰。每种噪声干扰分别选择三种常用的去噪算法,采用信噪比、均方差和心电信号的频域特征的评估指标进行去噪效果的比较。在此基础上,提出了一种多噪声心电信号的去噪方法并给出去噪流程和效果。研究结果表明：（1）对于基线漂移、工频干扰和肌电干扰分别采用小波变换法、陷波滤波法和小波阈值法的去噪效果最好;（2）当心电信号含两种及两种以上噪声时,按照滤除基线漂移、工频干扰和肌电干扰的去噪顺序滤波效果最好。     

基于改进FastICA的胎儿心电提取算法研究

针对FastICA算法容易陷入局部最优,导致提取的胎儿心电往往含有较多噪声的问题.本文将修正BFGS法(MB?FGS)和混沌优化算法相结合来代替传统的牛顿迭代法,提出一种新的独立分量分析方法,并用于胎儿心电信号的提取.分别用合成信号和临床信号对该算法进行验证,实验结果表明本文提出的算法能提取出清晰并不含母体心电的胎儿心电信号,而且算法性能更优于FastICA.     

结合ICA和PCA方法的胎儿心电提取

在生物医学信号处理领域,独立分量分析(PCA)和主分量分析(ICA)是两种广泛应用的方法。但是,这两种方法各有其优缺点。提出了一种新颖的方法,将ICA和PCA相结合,通过求相关的技术,分别取ICA和PCA方法的优点。将该方法应用于从母体腹部测得的多通道信号中提取胎儿心电信号的实验,得到令人满意的结果。研究结果表明,这种结合ICA和PCA的方法能够比较准确地分离出所需要的胎儿心电信号,进而可以对胎儿心电进行监护,因此在临床上具有一定的实用价值。     

Investigation of time, amplitude, and frequency parameters of a direct fetal ECG signal during labor and delivery

Direct acquisition and analysis of the fetal ECG signal during labor is important for monitoring the well being of the fetus. The results of the present study of the frequency, time, and amplitude parameters of fetal ECG signals can be used to develop algorithms for analyzing the fetal ECG during labor. The article was translated by the authors. This work was partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 03-01-00216.     

基于滑动窗口的ICA算法动态分离胎儿心电

在获取胎儿心电信号的研究中,国内采用ICA(独立成分分析)算法从孕妇腹部心电信号中分离胎儿心电,多使用批处理离线方式.研究了一种基于滑动窗口的infomax算法,可在线动态分离具有混合分布源的生物医学信号,并针对胎儿心电信号特性,改进了此算法中与分离矩阵更新相关的参数估计方式,降低算法整体运算量.实验结果表明,改进后算...     

Optimal selection of wavelet basis function applied to ECG signal denoising

Over the years ElectroCardioGram (ECG) signal has been used to assess the cardiovascular condition of humans. In practice, real time acquisition and transmission of the ECG may contain noise signals superimposed on it. In general, the signal processing algorithms employed for denoising provide optimal performance and eliminate the high frequency noise between any two beats contained in a continuous ECG signal. Despite their optimal performance, the signal processing algorithms significantly attenuate the peaks of characteristics wave of the ECG signal. This paper presents a selection procedure of mother wavelet basis functions applied for denoising of the ECG signal in wavelet domain while retaining the signal peaks close to their full amplitude. The obtained wavelet based denoised ECG signals retain the necessary diagnostics information contained in the original ECG signal.     

基于小波变换的心电信号降噪处理

实测的心电信号不可避免地存在一些强干扰和噪声,为了实现准确地提取反映心电信号的特征信息,该文应用一维离散小波变换实现了对心电信号的降噪处理。实验研究结果表明,该方法能够有效地去除心电信号中的噪声,从而为心电信号特征信息的提取奠定了理论基础。     

NLMS与RLS算法的仿真比较及其在FECG提取中的应用

该文通过计算机仿真对比研究了归一化最小均方误差（NLMS）和递推最小二乘（RLS）两种自适应滤波算法,并将这两种算法用于胎儿心电图仪的自适应滤波器仿真设计中。该方法通过自适应滤波拾取理想的参考信号,再与腹部混迭信号相减抵消母亲心电图（MECG）,从而提取出胎儿心电（FECG）信号。计算机仿真实验结果表明,这两种算法都能通过有效抑制MECG及其它各种干扰以实现FECG的检测。相比之下,RLS算法具有良好的应用性能,除收敛速度快于NLMS以及稳定性强外,还具有更高的起始收敛速率;更小的权失调噪声,更大的抑噪能力,但其计算复杂度高于NLMS算法。     

基于小波变换的ECG信号压缩及其FPGA实现

小波变换在ECG信号处理中的应用得到了很多研究人员的关注。本文研究了5层5/3提升小波变换及其反变换的FPGA实现,并将其应用于ECG信号的压缩,在均方误差可控的范围内获得了较大的压缩比,并利用设计的硬核实现了信号的重建。     

An improved procedure for detection of heart arrhythmias with novel pre‐processing techniques

The objective of this study is to develop an algorithm to detect and classify six types of electrocardiogram (ECG) signal beats including normal beats (N), atrial pre‐mature beats (A), right bundle branch block beats (R), left bundle branch block beats (L), paced beats (P), and pre‐mature ventricular contraction beats (PVC or V) using a neural network classifier. In order to prepare an appropriate input vector for the neural classifier several pre‐processing stages have been applied. Initially, a signal filtering method is used to remove the ECG signal baseline wandering. Continuous wavelet transform is then applied in order to extract features of the ECG signal. Next, principal component analysis is used to reduce the size of the data. A well‐known neural network architecture called the multi‐layered perceptron neural network is then utilized as the final classifier to classify each ECG beat as one of six groups of signals under study. Finally, the MIT‐BIH database is used to evaluate the proposed algorithm, resulting in 99.5% sensitivity, 99.66% positive predictive accuracy and 99.17% total accuracy.