大尺寸自由曲面部件组合测量现场全局标定优化方法与应用

为了解决全局测量与局部精度控制的矛盾,为大尺寸复杂尺寸测量提供科学依据,研究了集成激光跟踪仪与光学扫描仪的组合测量及其全局标定。在扫描仪固定机构上建立了基坐标系,为激光跟踪仪提供了位姿观测基准。通过变换标定系统各组件的相对位姿以获取冗余观测数据,采用测量平差优化技术完成了扫描仪基坐标系与自身测量坐标系间的坐标转换关系的标定。此过程在测量之前完成,降低了对测量过程的干扰。利用激光跟踪仪实现了光学扫描仪的实时位姿监测,结合基坐标系标定结果实现了局部视角测量数据的统一转换。基坐标系的标定在测量之前完成,全局标定无需中介标定装置的辅助,减少了坐标转换环节并提高了测量精度与效率。对比实验表明,提出的全局标定与测量技术可有效地控制整体测量误差,能够满足飞机装配质量的在线检测需求。     

四路激光跟踪干涉三维坐标测量系统自标定与仿真

介绍了四路激光跟踪干涉三维坐标测量系统的工作原理，由于系统具有冗余特性，可以实现系统的自标定。重点研究了系统自标定的原理，采用初始动点的概念代替初始长度，建立了正确的自标定模型。提出了系统的标定和测量过程相互统一的新特征。最后综合运用各种数值算法对自标定模型进行了计算机仿真。仿真结果表明，激光跟踪干涉仪的测量误差对自标定参数的计算结果有重大影响。因此，自标定过程中需要保证激光跟踪干涉仪的测距精度。     

激光跟踪仪多基站转站精度模型与误差补偿

为实现大空间域激光跟踪仪的高精度测量,本文针对由转站误差导致的激光跟踪仪分时多基站测量精度难保证的问题,提出了基于多站位下单台激光跟踪仪测量误差的转站误差模型与转站参数修正的补偿方法。首先分析了激光跟踪仪测量误差的来源以及具体形式,阐述了激光跟踪仪测量误差影响空间任意点测量精度的具体形式;其次分析了激光跟踪仪的随机测量误差和系统测量误差对多基站转站参数求解精度的影响。在此基础上,建立了考虑随机、系统测量误差的激光跟踪仪多基站转站误差模型和转站参数误差补偿模型。蒙特卡洛仿真结果表明:当激光跟踪仪的长度测量误差为0.5μm/m,角度测量误差为5μm+6μm/m时,最大转站误差为0.174 7mm,补偿后最大转站误差为0.04mm,转站精度提高了77%。分时多基站转站测量实验结果表明:直接转站测量时最大转站误差为0.054 2mm,补偿后转站误差为0.033 1mm,转站精度提升了38.9%。激光跟踪转站补偿后测量精度有明显的提高。     

基于非水平位移的激光跟踪仪测角误差标定方法

激光跟踪仪因测量范围大、精度高等优势被广泛应用于大型航空构件的大尺寸测量.然而,随着测量范围的增大,其测量精度将受到测角误差的严重影响.为了实现激光跟踪仪测角误差的准确评估,提出了一种基于非水平位移的激光跟踪仪测角误差标定方法.以空间任意运动位移为约束,采用三坐标测量机与高精度位移台分别对空间任意位移的角度与长度进行高...     

面向特大型齿轮的激光跟踪多站位定位

提出了面向特大型齿轮的激光跟踪多站位定位测量方法以提高特大型齿轮激光跟踪在位测量系统的齿轮定位精度并精确确定测量仪器与被测齿轮位置与姿态的关系。根据激光跟踪仪多站位测量提供的冗余数据优化求解空间两点间共线方程,建立了特大型齿轮激光跟踪多站位测量模型。然后,提出了利用奇异值分解修正多站位测量模型解析矩阵条件数的方法。 实验结果表明,使用多站位测量模型求得的不同站位待测点间距离的标准差的均值为0.008 mm,明显小于直接在不同站位下测量的标准差均值0.024 mm,表明多站位测量模型具有良好精度控制效果。本文的研究提高了齿轮定位时所需测量点的三维测量精度,为特大型齿轮激光跟踪多站位测量系统建立齿轮坐标模型提供了可靠的数据来源。     

高精密转台标定方法研究

针对特定情况下高精密大型转台定位精度的标定问题,提出了一种采用激光跟踪仪标定的方法,首先分析影响标定方法精度的因素,通过优化测量参数及采样策略,建立基于激光跟踪仪的最优标定系统,拟合激光跟踪仪测得点所在的三维平面,通过坐标变换将测量点转换到二维平面上,拟合转换后的数据得到圆心坐标,最后计算相邻测量点与圆心连线的夹角,与理论值进行比较,从而确定转台的定位精度。实验表明,标定系统的精度满足要求。该标定方法简单可靠,提高了高精密大型转台的标定效率。     

四路激光跟踪柔性坐标系统绝对零位标定

在激光跟踪干涉三维坐标测量系统中,系统的标定精度直接影响着系统最终测量精度。由于自标定方法的标定精度不高,为了提高系统标定精度,并给出系统的绝对零位值,提出了一种直线法标定思想,利用一个普通的激光干涉仪,测量出目标点沿直线运动的位移量,然后计算出坐标系统的基点坐标和绝对零位值。考虑到基点和目标点的位置布局对系统标定精度的影响,分析并确定了一种优化布局方案,并对其进行仿真。仿真结果表明,目标点对称分布的布局所标定出来的基点坐标和绝对零位值精度较高。     

基于线激光车体旋转扫描系统标定方法

在轨道车辆车体三维尺寸检测过程中,为实现线激光扫描系统多个视角位置扫描数据拼合,需要精确标定出扫描仪激光平面参数和扫描系统的转轴参数;为此,提出了基于多视约束系统标定方法。该方法充分利用了图像数据样本和多视几何约束,对扫描系统的激光平面和转轴参数进行精确标定,有效地保证了测量系统整体标定精度;同时实现了多个视角位置采集三维数据的精确拼合。     

采用互扫描法自动标定工作空间定位系统

针对工作空间定位系统(wMPS)现有标定技术效率低,标定程序复杂且须依赖外部测量设备等问题,本文在在研究wMPS测量原理的基础上提出了一种采用互扫描技术的自动标定方法。该方法结合该系统的扫描激光平面测量原理及使用特点,通过在基站上安装已知坐标的接收传感器,采用互扫描技术完成自动标定。文中以两台基站为基础,详细阐述了该方法的数学原理,并给出了基于几何约束的平差模型及其迭代解法。依托天津大学研发的wMPS实验平台对本方法进行了验证,并与基准尺标定法进行了比对。实验结果显示,采用本方法可以实现系统的自动标定,在距离基站5m内的测量空间内可获得0.6mm的坐标测量精度。该方法在保证系统测量精度的同时大大提高了系统的测量效率。     

基于激光跟踪仪的数控机床几何误差辨识方法

激光跟踪仪作为一种三维测量仪器在工业测量中得到广泛应用,利用激光跟踪仪采用多站分时测量方法实现数控机床几何误差的快速、高精度检测.该方法通过控制机床按设定的路径在3D空间进给,一台激光跟踪仪先后在不同的基站位置对机床相同的运动轨迹进行测量,基于全球定位系统(Global positioning system,GPS)定位原理,确定基站的相对空间位置与各测量点的空间坐标,然后辨识出机床的各项几何误差.通过建立多站分时测量机床精度的数学模型,给出多站分时测量的算法原理,并推导出机床各项误差的分离算法,同时通过仿真验证该误差分离算法的可行性.试验表明,激光跟踪仪采用多路分时测量方法在4h内完成对一台数控铣床的精度检测,并分离出铣床的各项误差,该方法具有快速、精度高等优点,在中高档数控机床的精度检测中具有一定的应用前景.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.