不同海况下近海超大型风力机动力学响应及结构损伤分析

以超大型DTU 10 MW单桩式近海风力机为研究对象,通过p-y曲线和非线性弹簧建立桩-土耦合模型,选取Kaimal风谱模型建立湍流风场,基于P-M谱定义不同频率波浪分布,并利用辐射/绕射理论计算波浪载荷,采用有限元方法对不同海况下单桩式风力机进行动力学响应、疲劳及屈曲分析。结果表明：不同海况波浪载荷作用下塔顶位移响应及等效应力峰值远小于风及风浪联合作用,其中风浪联合作用下风力机塔顶位移响应及等效应力略小于风载荷;波浪载荷对风载荷引起的单桩式风力机动力学响应具有一定抑制作用,此外相较于波浪载荷,风载荷为控制载荷;风载荷与风浪联合作用下风力机等效应力峰值位于塔顶与机舱连接处,波浪载荷风力机等效应力峰值位于支撑结构与桩基连接处;仅以风载荷预估风力机塔架疲劳寿命将导致预估不足;随着波浪载荷的增大,风力机失稳风险加大,波浪载荷不可忽略;不同海况下,风浪联合作用局部屈曲区域位于塔架中下端,在风力机抗风浪设计时,应重点关注此处;变桨效应可大幅降低风力机动力学响应、疲劳损伤及发生屈曲的风险。     

基于中国实测地震有效持续时间的风力机地震动力学研究

基于我国实测地震,对10 MW单桩陆上风力机在地震及湍流风载荷作用下的结构响应和局部损伤特性进行研究。采用阿里亚斯强度计算有效地震持续时间,从而对风力机进行时域分析。采用壳单元精细有限元模型,构建考虑湍流风、地震及土-构耦合效应的多物理场模型,开展10 MW单桩式陆上风力机的结构动力学研究。结果表明：湍流风载荷和地震载荷分别为影响风力机塔顶前后向位移和塔顶侧向位移的决定因素;地震载荷不同会导致地震诱导结构屈曲模态发生变化。     

基于精确桩土模型的桁架式大型海上风力机地震动力学响应分析

为更精确研究桁架式大型海上风力机在地震载荷作用下的结构动力学响应,建立桩土模型,描述土体物理性质与桩-土间的相互作用,以桁架式支撑结构的美国可再生能源实验室(NREL)5 MW海上风力机为研究对象,建立有限元模型并分析在湍流风与地震联合作用下的动力学响应.结果 表明:相较于湍流风,地震作用对桁架式海上风力机动力学响应的...     

基于粘滞阻尼器的单桩式海上风力机结构振动控制

为探究湍流风与地震联合作用下单桩式海上风力机的结构动力学响应与振动控制,以单桩式NREL5 MW海上风力机为研究对象,采用有限元法建立三维壳模型并基于二次开发将体等效线性模型集成于ABAQUS中,通过附加粘滞阻尼器对地震诱导风力机振动进行控制.结果表明:粘滞阻尼器能够大幅降低地震导致的风力机塔顶振动,但对湍流风引起的塔...     

考虑冲刷的单桩式海上风力机动力响应研究

为了研究复杂海洋环境下桩周冲刷对海上风力机动力响应的影响,以美国可再生能源实验室5 MW海上风力机为研究对象,建立风力机塔架-单桩-土体有限元模型,计入风浪和地震荷载对冲刷情况下的单桩式海上风力机进行动力响应研究。对比分析不同冲刷深度以及冲刷坡角对风力机系统固有频率和动力响应的影响。研究表明：当冲刷深度增加到二倍桩径时,风力机一阶固有频率降低至转子1P频率附近,容易引起共振;在风浪荷载以及风浪、地震联合荷载作用下,冲刷坡角不变,风力机最大位移与弯矩随着冲刷深度增加而增大,疏松土质条件下的增量大于紧密土;保持冲刷深度不变,冲刷坡角的变化对风力机动力响应影响较小。     

伺服系统对10 MW单桩式近海风力机地震响应影响

为研究伺服系统对10 MW单桩式近海风力机地震动力特性的影响,以DTU 10 MW风力机为原型,建立考虑伺服系统的单桩式近海风力机模型,通过p-y曲线法构建分布式弹簧土-构耦合模型,并基于中国实测地震数据和风力机实际运行环境构建湍流风-波浪-地震伺服系统多物理场计算平台,研究其在不同状态下的动力特性。结果表明：无地震载荷作用时,当平均风速大于额定风速,风力机变桨伺服系统有效缓解了塔顶振动,并减弱了气动载荷对塔基弯矩的影响;地震载荷使风力机塔顶位移明显增加,平均增加71.66%,变桨伺服系统对塔顶位移的作用效果被削弱,使发电机转速发生更剧烈波动;地震及波浪载荷对塔基弯矩的影响很大,风浪震作用较仅湍流风载荷作用下风力机塔基弯矩最大值平均增加131.24%,不能忽略波浪载荷对塔基弯矩的影响。     

海上风力机多场平台构建及地震动力学研究

为研究大型海上风力机在地震、湍流风、波浪及海流等复杂环境载荷作用下的动力学响应,建立了考虑多环境载荷和土-构耦合效应的精细支撑结构有限元模型,并基于模态法验证了有限元模型的精度和考虑土-构耦合效应的必要性,同时研究了大型风力机的结构响应。结果表明：结构的动力特性受土-构耦合效应影响显著;在地震载荷作用下,结构多个自由度响应激增;由于湍流风、波浪及海流载荷作用,导致支撑结构受外载荷形成阻尼效应影响更为显著;在研究地震动力学响应时,湍流风载荷、浪流载荷不可忽略。     

地震及风-浪载荷作用下大型10 MW桁架与单桩风力机响应对比研究

以某10 MW桁架式海上风力机为研究对象,基于p-y曲线和Q-z曲线描述柔性土壤与桩基间的相互作用,构建桁架及单桩风力机的有限元模型,研究2种结构在地震及风-浪载荷作用下的结构动力学响应及承载特性。结果表明：桁架及单桩结构在风-浪载荷作用下,塔顶做偏心往复运动;地震的作用导致单桩结构塔顶侧向扰动偏心更严重,但桁架结构扰动幅度更大且应力卸载更快;桁架结构相较于单桩结构更稳定,但需要对局部承载压力部分进行降载。     

大型海上风力机地震冲击角动力学响应分析

为研究海上风力机在不同地震冲击角下的动力学响应,基于p-y曲线法构建土-构耦合模型,基于DTU 10 MW 单桩式近海风力机建立有限元模型,研究地震冲击角变化对大型海上风力机地震动力学响应的影响。结果表明：0°和90°地震冲击角下风力机结构受载荷响应最剧烈;当地震冲击角为锐角时,塔顶前后向和侧向位移幅值均下降,总应变能集聚现象显著缓解;地震冲击角为15°和30°时风力机等效应力均值相对其他角度有明显下降。因此,主动调整风力机叶轮朝向以调整地震冲击角可能成为风力机受地震冲击后降低损害的有效控制方式。     

不同桩-土耦合效应对风浪联合作用下风力机动力学响应及结构损伤影响分析

以近海DTU 10 MW大型单桩式风力机为研究对象,利用Kaimal风谱模型与P-M谱分别建立湍流风场并定义波浪分布,基于绕射理论计算波浪载荷。选用东海某风电场土壤参数建立桩-土耦合效应模型,对比分析风浪载荷下基于不同桩-土耦合效应的风力机动力学响应、疲劳寿命及稳定性。结果表明：桩-土耦合效应对风浪载荷下风力机动力学响应起阻尼作用,将大幅降低其动力学响应,在抗风浪研究中,桩-土耦合效应不可忽略,否则将过度估计动力学响应;基于线性桩-土耦合效应与非线性桩-土耦合效应的风力机动力学响应、疲劳损伤及1阶屈曲因子相差较小,而较之于非线性桩-土耦合效应,风浪联合作用下多土层桩-土耦合效应风力机动力学响应略剧烈,疲劳寿命及1阶屈曲因子略小。     

强非线性波作用下海上风机动力特性模型试验研究

目的  单桩式基础是目前近海海上风电场应用最广泛的支撑结构。中国海洋环境多为浅水和中等水深,受到非线性波浪影响较为明显。与行进波相比,聚焦波可以在短时间内形成一个作用在桩柱上、比常规波浪力大的冲击力,从而影响海上风机的运行性能和疲劳寿命。文章旨在探究强非线性波浪作用下海上风机单桩基础荷载特性,掌握聚焦波与基础相互作用规律,为工程设计提供参考。 方法  文章采用水池模型试验的方法对NREL 5 MW单桩海上风机开展研究,缩尺比例为1∶80。结合我国东部沿海风电场的海洋环境条件,选取了三种典型聚焦波模型,通过浪高仪器和测力天平分别记录了不同工况下单桩周围波浪爬高和底部受力变化情况。 结果  结果表明：桩基所受的水平波浪力具有很强的瞬态性;单桩基础所受水平波浪力在聚焦波的作用下会突然增大,在波谷会受到反向冲击力。 结论  文章揭示了聚焦波引起的海上风机单桩基础荷载变化规律,证实了非线性波浪对于风机基础动力特性的重要影响,相关成果具有较高的理论和工程应用价值。     

Seismic Centrifuge Modelling of Offshore Wind Turbine with Tripod Foundation

The development of offshore wind energy is fast as it is clean, safe and of high efficiency. The harsh marine environment raises high demand on the foundation design of offshore wind turbine. Earthquake loading is one of the most significant factors which should be considered in the design phase. In this paper, a group of earthquake centrifuge tests were conducted on a physical wind turbine model with tripod foundation. The seismic responses of both wind turbine model and foundation soil were analyzed in terms of the recorded accelerations, pore water pressures, lateral displacements and settlements. The results were also compared with those measured in the previous research on mono-pile foundation. It is demonstrated that the tripod foundation can provide better resistance in the lateral displacement and structural settlement under earthquake loading.     

An Assessment of Wind Turbine Characteristics and Wind Energy Characteristics for Electricity Production

This work is an analysis of wind turbine characteristics and wind energy characteristics of four regions around Elazig, Turkey, namely Maden, Agin Elazig and Keban. Wind speed data and wind direction in measured hourly time-series format is statistically analyzed based on 6 years between 1998 and 2003. The probability density distributions are derived from time-series data and distributional parameters are identified. Two probability density functions are fitted to the measured probability distributions. The wind energy characteristic of all the regions is studied based on the Weibull and the Rayleigh distributions. Using the Weibull probability density function, we estimated the wind energy output and the capacity factor for six different wind turbines between 300 and 2300 kW during the six years. It was found that Maden is the best region, among the regions analyzed, for wind energy characteristic and wind turbine characteristic.     

某近海风电场风机基础选型设计

目的  自2022年起,海上风电的国家补贴将全面退出。海上风电机组基础是风电机组的支撑结构,对海上风电场的安全运行起着至关重要的作用。在平价上网、“30·60”双碳目标和国家“十四五”能源规划等政策的指导下,合理地选择、设计海上风电机组基础,是海上风电场降本增效的有效手段。 方法  文章以某近海风电场风机基础选型设计为例,综合国内海上风电场的建设经验,进行基础型式比选;首先选择单桩基础、导管架基础和高桩承台基础3种基础型式进行初选,然后结合该近海风电场的海洋水文和地质条件,分析不同风机基础型式的适用水深及优缺点,从结构安全性、施工可行性、工期及工程经济性等方面进行了综合比选。 结果  研究表明：风机基础型式的选择与水深、土层地质条件、风电机组固有频率、施工安装设备能力、施工工期、工程造价等几个因素有关。单桩基础结构型式优良、施工可行、工期最短、经济性最优,优势明显。 结论  推荐该近海风电场风机基础采用单桩基础方案。     

风电机组选型分析

介绍了双馈风电机组和直驱风电机组的工作原理和性能特点,并在此基础上对2种机组进行了定性分析和有关参数的定量比较,结合各自的实际运行情况,给出了风电场风电机组初步选型原则：双馈风电机组技术成熟．运行经验丰富,一段时期内可作为首选机型：技术经济条件允许时再结合具体情况考虑选用直驱尤其是永磁直驱风电机组,是未来风电场机型选择的新趋势。     

Wind energy development in west of Romania

The paper attempts the assessment of a part of design and erection activities in wind energy field, in western Romania, from Electromontaj S.A. one new 100 % private company.So I shall refer to achievements of construction and erection:First the 3 MW demonstrative wind farm in Banat Mountain, and second the programmes for erection of experimental small wind turbines for operation in isolated settlements, in the power range 0,5–10 KW, and erection PV/Wind Turbines/Battery Systems, in small villages where are many lonely houses, who haven't electricity, for first time in our country.     

Service reliability of offshore wind turbines

A probabilistic formulation is proposed to assess the performance of the support structure of offshore wind turbines based on their probability and expected time of exceeding specified drift thresholds. To this end, novel probabilistic models are developed to predict the mean and standard deviation of the drift ratio response of wind turbine support structures operating under day-to-day loads as a function of the wind turbine geometry and material properties, and loading conditions. The proposed models are assessed using a database of virtual experiments generated using detailed three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear finite element (FE) models of a set of representative wind turbine configurations. The developed models are then used in a random vibration formulation to estimate the probability and expected time of exceeding specified drift thresholds. As an example, the probability and expected time of exceeding specified drift thresholds are estimated for a typical offshore wind turbine at different wind speeds. A comparison is made between the results obtained based on the proposed models, those obtained using simulators commonly used in practice and detailed 3D nonlinear FE analyses.     

Offshore fatigue design turbulence

Fatigue damage on wind turbines is mainly caused by stochastic loading originating from turbulence. While onshore sites display large differences in terrain topology, and thereby also in turbulence conditions, offshore sites are far more homogeneous, as the majority of them are likely to be associated with shallow water areas. However, despite this fact, specific recommendations on offshore turbulence intensities, applicable for fatigue design purposes, are lacking in the present IEC code. This article presents specific guidelines for such loading. These guidelines are based on the statistical analysis of a large number of wind data originating from two Danish shallow water offshore sites. The turbulence standard deviation depends on the mean wind speed, upstream conditions, measuring height and thermal convection. Defining a population of turbulence standard deviations, at a given measuring position, uniquely by the mean wind speed, variations in upstream conditions and atmospheric stability will appear as variability of the turbulence standard deviation. Distributions of such turbulence standard deviations, conditioned on the mean wind speed, are quantified by fitting the measured data to logarithmic Gaussian distributions. By combining a simple heuristic load model with the parametrized conditional probability density functions of the turbulence standard deviations, an empirical offshore design turbulence intensity is determined. For pure stochastic loading (as associated with standstill situations), the design turbulence intensity yields a fatigue damage equal to the average fatigue damage caused by the distributed turbulence intensity. If the stochastic loading is combined with a periodic deterministic loading (as in the normal operating situation), the proposed design turbulence intensity is shown to be conservative. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湍流风与浮冰联合作用下近海风力机动力学响应

以NREL 5 MW近海风力机为研究对象,基于Kaimal平稳随机风速谱模型建立风力机全域湍流风,同时采用Matlock模型计算动态冰力,模拟风力机所受冰激振动,研究在风-冰联合环境载荷作用下近海风力机动力学响应。结果表明:冰激振动极大地加剧塔顶各向振动;频域上,冰激振动影响主要集中于塔架1阶固有频率和叶片1阶摆振频率,且相应峰值与冰厚呈正相关关系;受冰激振动作用,塔架各向剪切力明显增加,且塔顶和塔基附近增幅大于塔身中部。