基于正则化的机床热误差自适应稳健建模算法

通过建立预测模型对机床热误差进行补偿,是有效解决热误差造成机床精度下降问题的常用方法。本文提出一种基于正则化的数控机床热误差自适应稳健建模算法,能够在建模过程中自适应选择温度敏感点(TSPs),并具有高预测精度和稳健性。首先基于结构风险最小化原则对热误差建模稳健性机理进行分析,进而利用正则化算法中LASSO解的稀疏性实现自适应TSP选择。然后基于不同实验条件的热误差数据,分析所提建模算法的预测效果,并与常用的多元线性回归、BP神经网络和岭回归算法进行比对分析。结果表明,本文所提建模算法具有最高的预测精度和稳健性,分别为5.22和1.69μm。最后,利用所建立的预测模型进行热误差补偿实验,以验证本文所提建模算法的实际补偿效果。     

数控机床热误差补偿模型稳健性比较分析

数学模型的精度特性和稳健性特性对数控机床热误差补偿技术在实际中的实施性影响不容忽视。对数控加工中心关键点的温度和主轴z向的热变形量采用多种算法建立了预测模型,对不同算法拟合精度进行分析。同时进行全年热误差跟踪试验,获得了机床在不同环境温度和不同主轴转速的试验条件下的敏感点温度和热误差值。以此为基础,对各种预测模型的预测精度进行比较验证不同模型的稳健性。结果表明,多元线性回归算法的最小一乘、最小二乘估计模型以及分布滞后模型在改变试验条件时预测精度下降,而基于支持向量回归机原理的热误差补偿模型仍能保持较好的预测精度,稳健性强。这为数控机床热误差补偿模型的选择提供了具有实用价值的参考,具有很好工程应用性。     

加工中心主轴热误差数值建模方法的探讨

在测量加工中心主轴系统的温度场和热误差数据的基础上,研究了温度变化与主轴热误差之间的关系,并用不同的回归方法建立了两者的多元线性回归模型。经研究分析,利用偏最小二乘回归法进行建模,具有较强的预测能力和较为理想的精度,可以满足加工中心热误差实时补偿的应用要求。     

[误差建模及精度保证方法]一种五轴数控机床热误差建模方法

针对五轴数控机床多个发热源叠加导致的较为复杂的热误差测控难题,提出了一种五轴数控机床热误差建模方法,采用狮群优化算法优化最小二乘支持向量机（LSO-LSSVM）方法对热误差模型的重要参数进行求解,从而有效提高热误差预测模型的效率和精度。使用偏相关分析对大量温度传感器位置进行初步筛选,选取关联性较大的温度变量,根据选取的实测温度数据,分别采用多元线性回归、粒子群优化最小二乘支持向量机与LSO-LSSVM建模方法进行热误差建模,同时对各热误差模型的预测能力进行对比分析,结果表明：使用LSO-LSSVM建立的热误差预测模型的精度和鲁棒性都有很大的提高。对五轴数控机床主要部位实施热误差补偿测试,测试结果表明,采用LSO-LSSVM建模方法可使试件在X、Y、Z三个方向的误差分别减小35.3%、32.2%和43.9%。     

一种五轴数控机床热误差建模方法

针对五轴数控机床多个发热源叠加导致的较为复杂的热误差测控难题,提出了一种五轴数控机床热误差建模方法,采用狮群优化算法优化最小二乘支持向量机(LSO-LSSVM)方法对热误差模型的重要参数进行求解,从而有效提高热误差预测模型的效率和精度。使用偏相关分析对大量温度传感器位置进行初步筛选,选取关联性较大的温度变量,根据选取的实测温度数据,分别采用多元线性回归、粒子群优化最小二乘支持向量机与LSO-LSSVM建模方法进行热误差建模,同时对各热误差模型的预测能力进行对比分析,结果表明:使用LSO-LSSVM建立的热误差预测模型的精度和鲁棒性都有很大的提高。对五轴数控机床主要部位实施热误差补偿测试,测试结果表明,采用LSO-LSSVM建模方法可使试件在X、Y、Z三个方向的误差分别减小35.3%、32.2%和43.9%。     

基于迁移学习的异工况下机床热误差建模方法

机床热误差预测模型在不同工况下难以保持高预测精度是导致热误差实际补偿效果差的重要原因，对此本文提出一种基于迁移学习的异工况下机床热误差建模方法。首先利用核均值匹配算法获取不同工况下机床温度数据间的迁移权重，从而提出基于迁移学习的热误差建模方法；对不同工况下热误差数据进行差异显著性检验，并利用本文所提方法建立热误差预测模型，分析建模效果；然后比对分析本文所提建模方法与常用建模方法的实际预测效果，最后进行补偿验证实验以证明本文所提方法的有效性。结果表明，本文所提基于迁移学习的建模方法能够有效提升建模效果，其中迁移学习结合LASSO算法针对不同工况下热误差数据的预测精度和稳健性分别达到3.73和1.14μm,补偿后机床X/Y/Z 3个方向热误差分别保持在-2.3～3.1μm、-3.4～3.9μm和-3.3～4.6μm范围内。     

数控机床温度敏感点变动性及其影响

数控机床热误差补偿技术中的核心问题是建立能够反映机床温升与热误差之间的数学模型,其精度和稳健性则取决于模型自变量能否准确地反映机床温度场分布特性,即温度敏感点选择结果是否准确和稳定。通过对Leaderway-V450型数控加工中心主轴Z向的多批次空转数据进行分析发现,温度敏感点存在变动性特征,导致自变量间多重共线性程度发生变化,进而对模型的预测精度和稳健性产生严重影响。由于主成分回归算法具有消除自变量共线性影响作用,故提出采用该算法进行建模,并通过实际机床进行实践检验。结果表明,采用主成分回归算法建模,显著降低了温度敏感点变动性对模型预测精度的影响,能保证模型具有很好的预测精度和稳健性。     

三坐标测量机动态误差混合建模方法

为了建立高精度的三坐标测量机相关性动态误差修正模型,应用偏最小二乘回归法和支持向量机研究动态误差混合建模方法,分析了三坐标测量机的动态误差来源及特点,介绍了偏最小二乘回归法和支持向量机的基本原理及算法,编制了相应的混合建模软件.应用双频激光干涉仪设计了测量机动态误差实验装置,进行了相应的误差分离实验.应用偏最小二乘法确定测量机动态误差主要影响因素,得出坐标变量y、z和x是主要影响因素、测量速度v是次要影响因素的结论.结合主要影响因素分析结果,应用支持向量机和动态误差实验数据建立了测量机的空间动态误差模型,并进行比对和验证,应用混合建模方法建立的修正模型精度可以达到±0.02 μm,高于未利用偏最小二乘法±0.75 μm的建模精度,完全可以用于三坐标测量机相关性动态误差的高精度建模.     

基于OE-CM算法的机床主轴热误差建模与补偿分析

针对机床热误差建模过程中,误差信息不透明、数据特性不全面等不利因素,根据机床主轴热误差实验数据,分别采用GM(1,n) 模型和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)模型建立主轴热误差预测模型并进行线性叠加,然后采用预测有效度算法调整模型加权系数,建立了最优有效度复合预测模型（OE-CM）以获取最佳预测效果。在VXC-560型三轴数控机床上进行在线实验建模,实验结果表明：OE-CM具有预测精度高、鲁棒性好等特点,整体预测效果优于灰色GM(1,n)模型和LS-SVM模型,适合在复杂工况条件下对机床主轴热误差进行预测和补偿,为提高机床热误差补偿精度建立了理论模型。为了验证该预测模型的有效性,对所研究的机床主轴进行热误差在线补偿,机床主轴Z向最大误差从23.8μm减小到8μm,减幅达到66.4%,较好地提高了机床精度,具有一定的工程化推广前景。     

直线轴热定位误差解耦与分步建模研究

针对直线轴热定位误差同时与位置、温度相关,传统建模方法工作量大、效率低且变工况下预测精度较差等问题,本文提出一种直线轴热定位误差解耦与分步建模方法。首先,基于最小二乘线性拟合对多工况下测量的热定位误差解耦,获得仅与温度相关的斜率参数与截距参数;其次,分别使用绝对温度和相对温度作为输入变量对斜率参数和截距参数回归建模,得到二者与温度的映射关系,结合斜率与截距,建立热定位误差模型;最后,基于建立的模型对全新工况下的热定位误差进行了预测,可实现最大残差1.6μm,相比直接建模方法预测精度显著提升,表明了模型的有效性。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.