2124铝合金TL取向疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值

用降载法测得了2124铝合金TL取向应力比R=0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7下的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值,用线性拟合法得到da/dN=C1△Kn1中的C1和n1值,将其带入裂纹扩展速率da/dN-△K表达式中,并按标规定取疲劳裂纹扩展速率(da/dN)=10-7 mm/cycle时的△K值为疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值△Kth,分析了应力比对裂纹扩展门槛值的影响.     

7475-T7351铝合金厚板的疲劳性能

通过金相显微镜(OM)、取向分布函数(ODF)及扫描电镜(SEM)研究25 mm厚7475-T7351铝合金板材的疲劳性能和裂纹扩展速率。结果表明:板材的疲劳强度存在各向异性,横向疲劳强度为300 MPa,纵向疲劳强度为310 MPa,疲劳寿命均大于1×107 cycle。板材在Kt=1、应力比R=0.1和应力强度幅度?K=30 MPa·m1/2条件下,纵向疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/d N为2.73×10-3~4.41×10-3 mm/cycle,横向疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/d N为5.76×10-3~8.22×10-3 mm/cycle。疲劳裂纹主要在次表面的含O、Na、Cl非金属夹杂物处及粗大第二相处萌生,在疲劳裂纹扩展区可观察到大量疲劳条带,在瞬时断裂区,断口呈小韧窝和解理断裂的混合形貌。     

2524铝合金不同应力比下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为

研究了不同应力比(R=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.5)对2524-T3铝合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响,并结合扫描电镜(SEM)下裂纹的断口形貌特征进行了分析。结果表明:应力比R对疲劳裂纹扩展寿命和速率存在明显影响,在恒定最大载荷条件下,应力比越小则裂纹扩展寿命越短;当应力强度因子范围△K相同时,应力比越大,裂纹扩展速率da/dN越快。利用Paris公式对数据进行回归分析,da/dN-△K曲线呈收敛趋势,进一步采用Elber模型进行拟合,从裂纹闭合的角度解释了应力比R对裂纹扩展速率的影响,结果表明该模型能够较好地描述2524-T3铝合金在不同应力比下的疲劳特性。疲劳断口呈现出早期裂纹扩展、稳定扩展和快速扩展3个阶段,不同应力比下,疲劳辉纹间距和二次裂纹数量存在明显差异。     

应力比对E690高强钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展影响的试验研究

因E690高强钢具有耐腐蚀、强度高等特点,被广泛使用在海洋工程装备中,而腐蚀疲劳是其主要的失效形式,其中应力比对裂纹扩展的影响不可忽视。选取应力比R为0.1、0.3和0.5,在空气和腐蚀环境中对E690高强钢进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验。通过对各个条件下的试验数据进行处理,得到相应的da/d N-ΔK曲线。利用Paris、Walker两种不同的模型分析了应力比对裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明:E690高强钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率随着应力比的增大而变大;裂纹扩展门槛值K_(th)随着应力比的增大而减小;Paris模型的拟合效果较好,Walker模型的失真会随应力比的增大而加剧。     

2124铝合金全范围裂纹扩展速率表达式

研究了2124铝合金TL取向不同应力比下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为、疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值,并计算了不同应力比下的临界应力强度因子.分析了应力比对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响,并用有效应力强度因子和有效门槛值对全范围裂纹扩展速率表达式进行修正,得到了描述2124铝合金TL取向疲劳裂纹扩展全范围的表达式.该公式能够很好表征不同应力比下2124铝合金TL取向的疲劳裂纹扩展行为.     

AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为

文中研究了AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为。结果表明,在1%NaCl溶液(质量分数)中,AZ31镁合金接头各区域的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值和强度均低于在空气环境中的结果,但裂纹扩展速度较高。在空气环境下,在裂纹扩展起始阶段,母材区域门槛值最低,裂纹最容易扩展,而在裂纹稳定扩展区域,焊核区域的裂纹扩展速率最快,为da/dN=7.80×10~(-6)(ΔK)~(2.78),前进侧热力影响区的裂纹扩展速率最慢,为da/dN=1.94×10~(-5)(ΔK)~(1.73)。在腐蚀疲劳环境下,母材区域的门槛值最小,最容易发生扩展行为,进入稳定扩展阶段时,后退侧热力影响区扩展最快,为da/dN=3.12×10~(-4)(ΔK)~(1.71),焊核区域扩展最慢,为da/dN=2.78×10~(-4)(ΔK)~(1.50)。AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头各区域的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展机理主要是裂纹尖端的阳极溶解和氢脆机理。裂纹扩展路径曲折复杂,裂纹中部发现裂纹"闭环"和分叉形貌,裂纹尾部细小,出现裂纹"跳跃"情况,裂纹尖端附近的施密特因子分布不均匀,裂纹尖端附近的组织整体呈现较软的取向,裂纹总是沿着易于滑移的软取向组织扩展。     

HT60高拉力钢在人工海水中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展特性

对高拉力钢HT60的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展特性和门槛值区域特性,采用紧凑拉伸试件在人工海水中进行了实验和研究,结果表明:在空气中的da/dN与ΔK_(cff)关系可以作为在海水中的da/dN与ΔK关系的一个偏保守的预测;在高应力比的高ΔK区域,由于应力诱起溶解促进了裂纹扩展的加速;该裂纹开口应力强度因子K_(op)仅反映了裂纹表面同腐蚀生成物接触的结果,从而导致了K_(op)在裂纹尖端的偏大的估计结果。     

2Cr13钢的疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展行为

通过对2Cr13钢进行疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展速率试验,获得该钢在两种不同调质处理下的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命Ni的回归方程、疲劳裂纹萌生门槛值以及裂纹扩展速率da/dN表达式。结果表明,与970℃淬火+710℃回火×6h工艺相比,2Cr13钢在970℃淬火+640℃回火×5h处理后的缺口疲劳裂纹萌生抗力有所改善;当应力强度因子较低时,在640℃×5h回火时的2Cr13钢的疲劳裂纹扩展抗力稍好一些;当应力强度因子较高时则反之。     

不同应力比和腐蚀环境条件下X80钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率研究

在空气和不同浓度H₂S环境中对X80管线钢进行了应力比为0.1和0.3的低频腐蚀疲劳试验,以获得疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN与应力强度因子幅值ΔK之间的Paris表达式,研究X80钢在不同条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率。结果表明：腐蚀环境能加速X80钢的裂纹扩展,当H₂S浓度为100 mg/L时,含H₂S环境中裂纹扩展速率是空气中的2.9倍;随着H₂S浓度的增大,裂纹扩展速率呈指数增大;随着应力比的增大,平均应力增大,裂纹闭合效应减小,裂纹尖端完全张开,材料与腐蚀介质接触面积增大,导致裂纹扩展速率增大。     

铸造Ti-6Al-4V钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展特性的研究

按照GB6398-1986试验标准,采用紧凑拉伸试样(CT)测定了铸造Ti-6Al-4V钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN,采用扫描电镜(SEM)等现代技术对断口形貌进行观察,分析了不同应力比(R值)条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展特性。结果表明,应力比R对铸造Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的裂纹扩展速率影响较大,应力比R越大,裂纹扩展速率越大。在裂纹预裂区和快速扩展区的断裂机理主要是以微区解理断裂为主,稳态扩展区主要是以疲劳条带扩展机制为主,同时也存在微区解理断裂机制。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.