A biomarker survey of urinary deoxynivalenol in China: the Shanghai Women's Health Study

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin found on wheat, maize and barley. In ecological surveys in China, DON and other trichothecenes have been implicated in acute poisoning episodes and linked with the incidence of esophageal cancer. In order to better understand exposure patterns, this pilot survey provided a combined measure of urinary un-metabolised or free DON (fD) and its glucuronide metabolite (DG) in a subset of 60 samples taken from the Shanghai Women's Health Study cohort, China. Samples were collected in 1997/1998 from women age 40–70 years. Urinary fD+DG combined was detected in 58/60 (96.7%) samples (mean 5.9?ng DON/mg creatinine; range nd – 30.5); a similar frequency, and a mean level approximately half, of that previously observed for women in the UK. Wheat consumption was approximately 25% of that consumed by western diets; thus DON contamination of wheat may be higher in Shanghai than the UK. The de-epoxy metabolite of DON, a detoxification product observed in animals, was not detected, suggesting that humans may be particularly sensitive to DON due to a more restricted detoxification capacity.     

关于上海市高中生饮料健康消费研究——瓶子里的健康(上)

人们每天都需要喝水,而喝水的形式却各有不同.从日常的饮料出发,通过对上海市高中阶段学生的抽样调查问卷研究,发现高中生的性别、学校、家庭教育三者着重影响了学生饮料消费,而在瓶装水的选择、功能性饮料和咖啡的饮用上则存在误区;建议社会、学校与家庭三方联手,共同创造健康的饮料饮用环境,走出误区,倡导健康的饮品消费.     

A survey of the occurrence of deoxynivalenol in wheat from 1986-1988 harvests in the USSR

The occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON; vomitoxin) in wheat from 1986-1988 harvests in the USSR was surveyed. A significant frequency of DON contamination (81.3% of samples analyzed) was observed. A correlation between levels of DON contamination and percentage of Fusarium-damaged kernels was demonstrated. It was shown that DON contamination did not exceed the maximum tolerated level (MTL) established in the USSR (1.0 mg/kg) if samples contained no more than 0.6% of Fusarium-damaged kernels.     

A survey of free and conjugated deoxynivalenol in the 2008 corn crop in Ontario, Canada

BACKGROUND: Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), one of the most important mycotoxins produced by many Fusarium species, is found as a common contaminant of crops worldwide. Recent studies have described the presence of conjugated forms of DON (glycosides and fatty acid). The aim of the current study was therefore to investigate the natural occurrence of free and conjugated DON in Canadian corn. RESULTS: Free and conjugated DON was determined by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 86 corn samples collected from the 2008 crop in Ontario, Canada. Free DON concentrations determined by ELISA were similar to values determined in most samples using GC‐MS. Conjugated DON was detected in 72 samples. Levels of free DON ranged from 0.17 to 14.00 µg g^?1 using GC‐MS. The highest levels of free DON were found in corn samples from the southern and southwestern regions of Ontario, while samples from eastern regions were less contaminated. Conjugated DON was found mainly in corn from the east‐central region, with five of six samples showing high levels of conjugated DON (up to 43% increase in DON following acid hydrolysis). Low levels of conjugated DON (≤10% increase in DON following acid hydrolysis) were detected in the majority of corn samples from the southwestern region (nine of 19 samples) and from the central region (16 of 36 samples). CONCLUSION: The current survey emphasizes the frequency of conjugated DON in Ontario grown corn and the potential challenges in understanding the hazard posed by DON‐contaminated foodstuffs and feedstuffs. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

A survey of the occurrence of nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in food stuffs and health foods in Japan

By adopting a rapid and sensitive method for simultaneous detection of nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin, DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), the natural occurrence of these mycotoxins in Japan in retail marked cereal flours, popcorn and health foods (totalling 76 samples) was surveyed. Significant contamination by NIV and DON was observed in commercial wheat and barley flours, and partially milled grains which are consumed as rice ingredients. Of particular interest was the presence of DON in popcorn imported from the United States, and the high-level contamination of NIV and ZEN in job's-tears (Hatomugi in Japanese), a widely marketed health food.     

Deoxynivalenol: Rationale for development and application of a urinary biomarker

Mycotoxins are common dietary contaminants in most regions of the world. The frequency of exposure to the various families of mycotoxins is often dependent on geographic location, national wealth and related agricultural and regulatory infrastructure, combined with diversity of diet and degree of food sufficiency. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a Fusarium mycotoxin that frequently contaminates wheat, corn and barley in temperate regions. A number of acute poisoning incidences have been linked to DON-contaminated foods and chronic exposure to lower levels of DON has been predicted in many regions. DON is a potent animal toxin and exposure in humans may cause gastroenteritis, growth faltering and immune toxicity. An ability to conduct accurate exposure assessment at the individual level is required to fully understand the potential health consequences for humans. To date, such exposure biomarkers have been lacking for many important mycotoxins, including DON. To better assess exposure to DON at the individual level, we have developed a robust urinary assay, incorporating immunoaffinity column (IAC) enrichment and LC–MS detection. Further refinement of this urinary assay, by inclusion of ¹³C-DON as an internal standard, was then undertaken and tested within the UK. DON was frequently observed in urine and was significantly associated with cereal intake. A dietary intervention study demonstrated that avoiding wheat in the diet markedly reduced urinary levels of DON. This biomarker requires further validation but our initial data suggest it may provide a useful tool in epidemiological investigations of the potential health consequences of this common environmental toxin.     

Deoxynivalenol: rationale for development and application of a urinary biomarker

Mycotoxins are common dietary contaminants in most regions of the world. The frequency of exposure to the various families of mycotoxins is often dependent on geographic location, national wealth and related agricultural and regulatory infrastructure, combined with diversity of diet and degree of food sufficiency. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a Fusarium mycotoxin that frequently contaminates wheat, corn and barley in temperate regions. A number of acute poisoning incidences have been linked to DON-contaminated foods and chronic exposure to lower levels of DON has been predicted in many regions. DON is a potent animal toxin and exposure in humans may cause gastroenteritis, growth faltering and immune toxicity. An ability to conduct accurate exposure assessment at the individual level is required to fully understand the potential health consequences for humans. To date, such exposure biomarkers have been lacking for many important mycotoxins, including DON. To better assess exposure to DON at the individual level, we have developed a robust urinary assay, incorporating immunoaffinity column (IAC) enrichment and LC-MS detection. Further refinement of this urinary assay, by inclusion of (13)C-DON as an internal standard, was then undertaken and tested within the UK. DON was frequently observed in urine and was significantly associated with cereal intake. A dietary intervention study demonstrated that avoiding wheat in the diet markedly reduced urinary levels of DON. This biomarker requires further validation but our initial data suggest it may provide a useful tool in epidemiological investigations of the potential health consequences of this common environmental toxin.     

Screening survey of deoxynivalenol in beer from the European market by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Deoxynivalenol (DON) was analysed in 313 beer samples collected from the European retail market using a commercially available immunoassay kit (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA). The incidence rate was about 87%, while most samples (73%) had contamination levels lower than 20 ng ml^-1. The contamination ranged between 4.0 and 56.7 ng ml^-1, with an average of 13.5 ng ml^-1. A statistically significant correlation between alcohol levels and DON contamination was found, as well as a significant difference between bottom, top and spontaneous fermenting beers. Twenty-seven beer samples were compared using a second ELISA kit and a good correlation was obtained between the two kits (r = 0.93). Although when compared with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry the ELISA tended to overestimate the results, a good correlation (r = 0.94) between the two methods was observed. Monitoring of DON in beer is important considering that DON production is dependent on the weather and that it can contribute significantly to the tolerable daily intake of DON, especially for frequent beer consumers.     

A survey of fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and aflatoxins contamination in corn-based food products in Argentina.

The presence of mycotoxins in corn-based foods available in Argentina was determined in order to make a preliminary exposure assessment. Thirty-eight samples [corn meal ('polenta') and corn flakes] of different local brands were analysed for zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and aflatoxins by TLC and fumonisins (FB1, FB2 and FB3) by HPLC. None of the 38 samples contained any detectable amount of aflatoxins (< 2 micrograms/kg), zearalenone (< 50 micrograms/kg) and deoxynivalenol (< 50 micrograms/kg). By contrast fumonisin contamination was found in 95% of the samples. The highest fumonisin levels were found in corn meal: FB1 (range positives: 60-2860 micrograms/kg; mean positive value: 556 micrograms/kg), FB2 (61-1090 micrograms/kg; 232 micrograms/kg) and FB3 (18-1015 micrograms/kg; 150 micrograms/kg). Low levels of fumonisin B1 were detected in 16/17 corn flakes samples (2-38 micrograms/kg). Total fumonisin levels in corn meal were more than 1000 micrograms/kg in 24% (5/21) of the samples. Although it is not the staple food in Argentina, maize consumption is very important, especially among children. A daily fumonisin intake of 11.3 micrograms/kg of body weight was estimated for child consumers (1-5 years old) based on an average consumption of 200 g of corn meal/day. Calculated at an average rate for all children (consumers or not) the intake estimate was 0.9 microgram/kg of body weight.     

A limited survey of Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in 1984 UK harvested wheat and barley

A limited survey for the occurrence of nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in 1984 UK-grown cereals (31 samples) have been carried out using a new procedure, which is a rapid and sensitive method for Fusarium mycotoxins. NIV, DON and ZEN were detected in 17 (55%), 20 (65%) and 4 (13%) out of 31 samples, and average levels in positive samples were 101 micrograms/kg, 31 micrograms/kg and 1 microgram/kg, respectively. Additional surveys on two wheat and eight barley samples harvested in Scotland have shown that 30%, 60% and 100% of the samples were contaminated with NIV, DON and ZEN, respectively. The contents averaged 391 micrograms/kg of NIV, 39 micrograms/kg of DON and 9 micrograms/kg of ZEN. The results of this survey show that UK-grown cereals were significantly contaminated with NIV, DON and ZEN in a similar way to that observed in Japan, Korea and China. This is the first evidence of the natural occurrence of NIV in UK cereals.     

行走中的时尚——谈中国女裤的发展

<正>曾经在西方,只有男士才穿裤子。裤子经历了各个时代,随着社会的发展,在几十年前才逐渐被女性采用。裤子成了西方妇女解放的重要象征。但在20世纪50年代的巴黎     

啤酒生产过程中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的控制研究

以感染镰孢霉属真菌的大麦为原料,确定了NaHSO3溶液浸泡的化学脱毒方法(浸泡浓度为10g/L和浸泡时间为50min)和在第一次浸麦阶段接种白地霉孢子106个/g大麦的微生物脱毒方法,并对比研究了两种脱毒方法的效果。对制麦和酿造过程中DON变化及相关理化指标的比较发现,添加白地霉G4的脱毒效果较NaHSO3溶液浸泡好,而采用NaHSO3溶液浸泡处理方法所制得的麦芽、麦汁和啤酒的理化指标相对较好。两种脱毒方式所制得的麦芽的理化指标均符合QB/T1686-2008中啤酒麦芽的要求,成品啤酒的常规理化指标均符合GB4927-2008中淡色啤酒的理化要求。     

高效液相色谱法测定粮食中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇

本文建立了一种使用岛津超高效液相色谱仪LC-30A快速测定粮食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的方法。玉米样品经磨碎后用水匀浆提取,提取液经过免疫亲和柱净化,超高效液相色谱LC-30A紫外检测器检测。试验结果表明：线性范围0.05~10.00μg/mL,相关系数大于0.999 9;标准样品的仪器检出限为0.016μg/mL,仪器定量限为0.05μg/mL;3个浓度标样的保留时间和峰面积相对标准偏差分别在0.041%~0.043%和0.11%~1.57%之间;玉米样品3个浓度加标回收率在81.2%~90.0%之间。该方法简便快速,且易操作。     

A survey of the occurrence of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in UK grown barley and in imported maize by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A UK survey for the occurrence of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in 87 samples of both feeding and malting barleys has shown levels of less than 0.02 mg kg^?1 in 90% of the samples. The barleys containing deoxynivalenol (0.02–0.36 mg kg^?1) were mostly feeding samples and showed no geographical trend within the UK. In contrast, for imported maize and brewers maize, only 25% of the samples showed levels less than 0.02 mg kg^?1 deoxynivalenol, the remainder ranging from 0.02-1.4 mg kg^?1 with ten samples (36% of the total number analysed) having levels greater than 0.1 mg kg^?1. All samples were analysed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (selected ion monitoring) of the TMS deoxynivalenol derivative. For two of the maize samples full mass spectra were obtained of the deoxynivalenol showing very good agreement with reference spectra and confirming the identity of the trichothecene.     

规范市场 扶优治劣——2000年第一季度部分小食品及饮料产品质量国家监督抽查结果

<正> 为进一步规范市场,引导消费,促进产品质量的提高,国家质量技术监督局对饼干、膨化食品、油炸小食品、碳酸饮料、乳饮料等部分食品进行了国家监督抽查。 这次抽查了北京、桂林、黄石、洛阳等地区的部分经销企业,涉及55家生产     

五月女装:花开有声音

春季是女孩的季节,五月是花开的季节.女孩如花开,花开如女孩.碧绿中流淌着迷人的生机.服饰最敏感了,漾着细密的涟漪.在春天里徜徉,女孩把一种轻松与惬意轻轻播撒.与流水相伴,与绿色相依,流连于金灿灿的油菜地,痴迷在绯红万顷的桃林中,静心倾听花开的声音,于是留住一截袅袅的五月芳香.五月花开有声有韵,也正是因为有了美服饰与纯净心的女孩,而生出更多诗意.春与五月与女孩与服饰,那就是天地间的盛宴,那就是令人神往的诗意的花开梦幻.春天的五月,有些轻风,有些微雨,还有些灿烂阳光.有的女孩一身休闲服装,深蓝色的外套随意地系在腰间;有的女孩则是身背一个富有少数民族风情的彩色线织小包,那份洒脱、优雅有如春风轻轻吹来;有的女孩穿一件上衣,配同一色彩系列的裤子、鞋子、发卡、挎包、丝巾等,具有不凡的魅力.还有的女孩,下身着素净的白色裤装,上身则是花哨别致的上衣,或是素白T恤衫选配粉嫩色调的裙装,成为最IN装束.     

加强我国保健食品监督管理的探讨

本文探讨了从强化保健食品行业准入、保健食品功效成分审查的角度，通过信息共事、广泛宣传、信用档案、中立分析等手段，积极支持和鼓励保健食品消费者，通过法律手段维护自己合法权益，进而在审查、监督、维权三个环节，建立适合我国国情的全方位、多层次的保健食品监督管理机制。     

民国家庭装饰领域中的上海花纸行研究

研究民国花纸行的历史有利于认识当时家庭装饰领域中广泛使用的装饰材料。从历史文献入手,梳理民国时期上海各大报刊登载的花纸广告,对照当时与花纸相关的文本,进行历史研究。透过对历史材料的研究发现,上海花纸行的发展具有明显阶段性,自晚清时期即有雏形;在1920至1930年代,随着各大独立花纸行的激烈竞争而达到顶峰;1937至1945年为萎缩期;1945至1949年为恢复期,但已难及1930年代前后的盛况。其中,在1930年代左右,各大独立花纸行纷纷引进欧美花纸产品,并竞相杀价,使得花纸样式多元且价格低廉,从而有利于其在家庭装饰中的普及。花纸行兴盛的原因主要在于：其一,花纸本身价格低、样式多且裱糊方便,满足了家庭装饰“常换常新”的需求;其二,人们普遍认为家庭装饰是以家庭妇女为行动主体的,以墙壁装饰为重点的家庭美化活动。其三,当时家庭装饰行业的专业化水平较低,人们可以借助的装饰手段有限。     

呕吐毒素在小麦正常粒和赤霉病粒中的分布情况研究

选用不同梯度呕吐毒素含量的小麦样品10份,通过测定样品赤霉病粒去除前后的呕吐毒素含量,以确定呕吐毒素在正常小麦和赤霉病粒中的分布比例情况。结果表明:小麦中的呕吐毒素60%左右分布在赤霉病粒中,在正常麦粒中也有一定分布。     

酶联免疫法检测芽孢杆菌对小麦中呕吐毒素降解效果的研究

以小麦为样品,利用酶联免疫法对芽孢杆菌降解酶降解小麦中呕吐毒素进行分析。试验结果表明,降解酶浓度、反应温度和反应时间是影响降解酶降解DON的关键因素。在降解酶浓度50μg/mL、反应温度30℃、反应时间18 h、pH 8.5的条件下,降解率为88.1%。