Quality Characteristics of Restructured Beef Steaks Manufactured by Various Techniques

Beef (9–11% fat) was restructured with each of six mechanical treatments including chunking, fiberizing, slicing, chunking + slicing, slicing + water, and tenderizing each in combination with addition of 0.5% sodium chloride (salt)/0.5% phosphate, 0.5% Na-alginate/0.5% Ca-lactate, 0.5% Na-pectate/0.5% Ca-lactate, or no additives (control). Beef steaks restructured with salt/phosphate had lower (P<0.05) purge losses: higher binding force and bind scores than control products. Steaks restructured with Na-alginate/Ca-lactate had lower cooking losses and higher bind scores than controls. Use of Na-pectate/Ca-lactate did not improve (P>0.05) purge loss, cooking loss, binding force or sensory properties. Chunked meat or mixtures of chunked and sliced meats in combination with salt/phosphate or Na-alginateica-lactate resulted in steaks with acceptable bind and textural properties.     

Initial Fish State and Mixing Time Effects on Textural Characteristics of a Restructured Catfish Product

A restructured catfish product similar to a corn dog was developed using tumbled catfish from low cost fillets. The product when made from fresh fillets, was more tender but had tougher skin than when made from frozen fillets. Mixing more than 5 min resulted in a more rubbery and tougher product as demonstrated by higher Instron peak load and longer relaxation time.     

Crosslinking Kinetics of Thermally Preset Alginate Gels

The Sharp-Interface model was used to describe the crosslinking kinetics of thermally preset calcium alginate gel at constant temperature. The model assumes diffusion of calcium ions through a preformed gel of sodium alginate and a selected carrier, and an instantaneous reaction between the calcium and sodium alginate. The proposed model was experimentally verified using two different carriers at the following concentrations: agar 0.6(g/100 mL)-0.8(g/100 mL), and gelatine 4(g/100 mL); sodium alginate concentrations were 1(g/100 mL) and 1.5(g/100 mL), while a 2(g/100 mL) calcium lactate solution was used as calcium ion source. The diffusion coefficient of calcium ion was determined using a cell diffusion model. The model can be used to predict processing effects on food gels.     

不同汽蒸工艺对甘薯薯块口感和抗氧化能力的影响

对‘心香’和‘渝紫’2 个品种的薯块采取温度（100、110、121 ℃）×时间（15、25、35 min）9 组组合工艺汽蒸,然后进行感官的评价和质构特性、β-胡萝卜素、抗坏血酸、花青素、总酚和类黄酮含量及抗氧化能力的测定。结果表明：100 ℃×35 min、110 ℃×25 min和121 ℃×15 min 3 个处理薯块的综合口感显著优于其他处理（P＜0.05）;其中,121 ℃×15 min处理能够减少甘薯薯块抗坏血酸、β-胡萝卜素和酚类物质的损失,保持较高的抗氧化能力。因此,高温短时汽蒸处理有利于提高甘薯薯块的食用口感和保持较高的抗氧化能力。     

A Comparative Study of the Characteristics of French Fries Produced by Deep Fat Frying and Air Frying

Air frying is being projected as an alternative to deep fat frying for producing snacks such as French fries. In air frying, the raw potato sections are essentially heated in hot air containing fine oil droplets, which dehydrates the potato and attempts to impart the characteristics of traditionally produced French fries, but with a substantially lower level of fat absorbed in the product. The aim of this research is to compare: (1) the process dynamics of air frying with conventional deep fat frying under otherwise similar operating conditions, and (2) the products formed by the 2 processes in terms of color, texture, microstructure, calorimetric properties, and sensory characteristics. Although, air frying produced products with a substantially lower fat content but with similar moisture contents and color characteristics, it required much longer processing times, typically 21 min in relation to 9 min in the case of deep fat frying. The slower evolution of temperature also resulted in lower rates of moisture loss and color development reactions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies revealed that the extent of starch gelatinization was also lower in the case of air fried product. In addition, the 2 types of frying also resulted in products having significantly different texture and sensory characteristics.     

炖制鸡肉感官评价与仪器分析指标的相关性

为构建鸡肉在传统中餐烹饪方式下的品质评价体系,对8 种炖煮鸡肉进行感官评价,同时用多种仪器对相关参数进行测定,探讨炖制鸡肉感官评分与仪器分析指标间的相关性。结果表明：8 种鸡肉样品的感官评价具有差异性,仪器分析各个参数之间也存在一定的差异性;鸡肉的咀嚼性和弹性与口感（有嚼劲）和整体感觉呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,可有效评价感官指标中的口感（有嚼劲）和整体感觉;肌苷酸含量与滋味（鲜香感）呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,可评价鸡肉的鲜香感;总脂肪含量和蒸煮损失率与多汁感呈极显著相关（P＜0.01）,可有效评价鸡肉的多汁性。     

钙源及海藻酸钠/多孔玉米淀粉配比对其凝胶特性的影响（网络首发、推荐阅读）

采用氯化钙滴注法和碳酸钙内源固化法制备不同多孔淀粉含量的海藻酸钠凝胶,并分析了凝胶硬度、析水率、溶胀特性、结晶结构、微观结构等性质。结果表明：钙源和海藻酸钠/多孔淀粉配比（质量比r值）显著影响凝胶性质,r较高时（r=4∶2或5∶1）,碳酸钙诱导形成形状均一、结构致密凝胶块,硬度较大,析水率低,氯化钙诱导形成形状均一、具有致密外壳的凝胶珠。不同的凝胶结构使凝胶珠在初期溶胀较慢,最终的溶胀率较高;而凝胶块在初期溶胀较快,最终的溶胀率稍低。两种方法制备的凝胶具有结肠液中溶胀率高、胃液中溶胀率低的特点,具有良好的pH响应性。微观结构分析表明,海藻酸钠与多孔淀粉之间具有良好的相容性。研究结果对开发制备pH响应型生物活性物质递送载体有借鉴意义。     

重组鹿肉制品工艺参数优化与特性研究

本研究以鹿肉、猪肉为原料,研制开发重组鹿肉制品.首先通过单因素试验研究各功能性添加物[谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TG)、大豆蛋白、食盐、复合磷酸盐]和加工条件(酶作用温度、酶作用时间)对重组肉重组特性的影响.结果表明TG用量、大豆蛋白用量、食盐用量和酶作用温度对重组特性影响较大,酶作用时间和复合磷酸盐用量的影响较小.然后基于Bo...     

Textural Properties and Sensory Quality of Processed Sweetpotatoes as Affected by Low Temperature Blanching

Sweetpotatoes (SP) stored for 9–12 mo after harvest were cut into cylindrical pieces and, following factorial experiments and response surface design, were blanched at 50–80°C for 15–274 min. Instrumental textural properties were measured by uniaxial compression and texture profile analysis. Samples of selected blanching treatments were canned in syrup for textural and sensory evaluations. Both blanching temperature and time had significant effects on firmness. Optimal temperature for maximal firmness retention was about 62°C. For canned SP, the 62°C blanched samples were more intact (2–3-fold) and firmer (2–7-fold) than controls. Sensory texture and overall acceptability were greatest for samples blanched at 62°C for 30 or 45 min before canning.     

脂肪添加量对熏煮香肠质构的影响

研究了不同脂肪添加量(0%、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%)对熏煮香肠质构品质的影响。结果表明:随着脂肪添加量的增加,熏煮香肠的感官硬度逐渐下降,感官弹性先升高后下降,感官质构总分逐渐下降,但添加量20%、30%、40%的感官质构总分差异不显著(P>0.05);熏煮香肠的机械测定硬度、胶着性、回复性、内聚性、咀嚼性随着脂肪添加量的增加逐渐减小(P<0.05),而脂肪添加量对熏煮香肠的黏着性无显著影响(P>0.05)。硬度与脂肪含量呈现较好的线性关系:硬度值=-1 075.9×脂肪添加量+7 875.5(R2=0.932 8);依据质构机械测定值建立的Fisher线性判别方程能准确判别熏煮香肠的脂肪添加等级。     

罐头米饭的感官品质评价模型研究

本论文以16种不同的大米为原料,制成罐头米饭,通过检测大米的理化指标以及对罐头米饭进行感官评价和力学测定,提出了罐头米饭的感官品质评价模型.实验结果表明,大米的胶稠度、蛋白质含量两项指标与罐头米饭的大部分感官指标评价结果呈非常显著的相关性;仪器测定的粘着性与弹性两个指标与多项感官指标评价结果呈正相关.     

海藻酸钠与钙离子对大米淀粉糊化的影响

为了探究海藻酸钠与钙离子对大米淀粉糊化的影响,分别采用快速黏度分析仪和流变仪测定了大米淀粉在海藻酸钠和钙离子存在下的成糊特性与淀粉糊状态,并用扫描电子显微镜观察了大米淀粉的糊化显微结构。结果表明,钙离子对大米淀粉的成糊特性无显著性影响;海藻酸钠将体系黏度提高了135%,并使大米淀粉糊呈现似液状态(tanδ1);在体系水分蒸发脱离的条件下,海藻酸钠与钙离子形成了网状凝胶结构,并使大米淀粉糊呈现稳定的似固状态(tanδ1)。因此,海藻酸钠与钙离子能够在大米淀粉糊化过程中形成浓缩诱导型胶凝,从而使大米淀粉糊的结构状态相对固定化。     

银耳多糖对低脂酸奶发酵、质构及感官品质的影响

为提高低脂酸奶的品质,将银耳多糖(0.37、0.74、1.11、1.48、1.85 mg/mL)添加到酸奶中,考察对低脂酸奶微生物数量、发酵时间及酸奶品质的影响。结果表明,随着银耳多糖浓度的增加,酸奶中保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌数量逐渐增加,发酵时间显著降低(p<0.05);银耳多糖在低浓度(0.37和0.74 mg/mL)时酸奶的感官评分最佳;且银耳多糖浓度在0.37 mg/mL时酸奶的持水力、硬度及脆度显著提高(p<0.05)。综合实验结果,适量银耳多糖(0.37 mg/mL)的添加可增加发酵细菌的数量,缩短发酵时间,改善低脂酸奶的持水力和质构,提升低脂酸奶的感官品质,并拓宽银耳多糖的应用范围。     

凝胶软糖质构特性的感官评定与仪器分析研究

针对目前广州市场上不同品牌的凝胶软糖的质地特性进行感官评定与仪器分析的相关性研究。选用9种市售凝胶软糖,采用质地剖面检验法进行感官评定,质构仪(TPA模式)进行仪器分析,对感官评定与质构仪测定结果进行相关性分析。研究表明,凝胶软糖的仪器分析能很好地反映感官质构,其中质构仪测定出的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性与对应的感官指标有显著的相关性。选取主要仪器分析指标为自变量,感官评定指标为因变量,进行逐步回归分析,得到具有统计意义的感官硬度和感官弹性的预测方程。表明TPA质构分析和感官质构评价均能较准确地测定和反映目前市售凝胶软糖的质构。为利用质构仪测定定量表达凝胶软糖的感官质构提供理论依据。     

红树莓海藻酸钙凝胶硬化工艺优化及其罐头品质分析

以红树莓为主要原料,通过响应面分析法建立海藻酸钙凝胶硬化红树莓果粒工艺模型,确定最佳工艺条件为海藻酸钠1.24%、抽空时间Ⅰ 41 min、氯化钙0.32%、抽空时间Ⅱ 31 min,此条件下红树莓果粒硬度为451.18 g,感官分数为90.23分。红树莓、蓝莓和草莓罐头品质比较分析表明:各罐头V_C含量由高至低依次为草莓、红树莓、蓝莓罐头,差异显著(p<0.05);红树莓和蓝莓罐头总酚含量差异不显著(p>0.05),但显著高于草莓罐头(p<0.05);红树莓罐头V_C和总酚保留率高于其它罐头;红树莓罐头还原糖、总酸和可溶性固形物含量均显著低于其它罐头(p<0.05)。经硬化的红树莓罐头更有效地保留了其营养成分。