基于高温流化技术改良红小豆的蒸煮品质

以红小豆为原料,采用高温流化技术(流化温度215?℃、流化处理时间55?s、进料速率62?kg/h)对其进行处理,通过分析红小豆籽粒结构、淀粉结构、糊化特性以及水分吸收、迁移和分布情况,探究高温流化技术改良红小豆蒸煮品质的机理.结果表明,红小豆经过高温流化处理后,籽粒致密结构变得疏松、子叶相邻细胞间毛细孔直径增大、部分...     

Effect of Storage on the Biochemical Structure and Processing Quality of Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis)

Storage of adzuki beans and other pulse grains causes biochemical and physical changes that affect the hydration properties of the beans. This affects the quality of products made from the beans such as the Japanese bean paste “ann.” Storage, particularly under unfavourable conditions, leads to the “hard shell” phenomenon, where beans fail to imbibe water when soaked and remain hard, and the “hard-to-cook” phenomenon where the seeds hydrate normally, but the cotyledon fails to hydrate and soften during cooking. The hard shell phenomenon is attributable to impermeability of the seed coat to water, which is due to biochemical changes in the seed coat, such as the formation of protein-tannin complexes, and biophysical changes such as reduction in size or closure of the straphiole aperture in the hilum area—the main area for water entry into the adzuki bean. The hard-to-cook phenomenon is due to changes in the cotyledon tissue, which include formation of insoluble pectinates, lignification of the cell wall and middle lamella, interaction of condensed tannins with proteins and starch, and changes to the structure and functionality of the cellular proteins and starch.     

薏仁米储藏过程中蒸煮品质及质构特性的研究

以贵州兴仁薏仁米作为实验材料,研究了薏仁米储藏一年(储藏温度25 ℃,相对湿度40%)过程中蒸煮品质及质构特性的变化。结果表明:随着储藏时间的延长,薏仁米质构特性中的硬度、压缩功、胶着性和咀嚼性变化明显,均呈先升后降的趋势;弹性、弹力和内聚性在储藏过程中无明显变化规律且变化幅度较小。薏仁米蒸煮指标中的加热吸水率、浸渍吸水率、透光率随储藏时间的延长呈上升趋势,碘蓝值和pH呈下降趋势。对薏仁米质构特性和蒸煮指标的相关性分析表明,薏仁米的部分质构特性与蒸煮指标间具有显著的相关性,反映随着储藏时间的延长,薏仁米蒸煮品质及耐储性的逐渐下降。因此,部分质构指标(硬度、压缩功、胶着性和咀嚼性)和蒸煮指标可对薏仁米的储藏品质进行评价。     

红小豆蒸煮过程中的糊化特性及微观结构

采用质构仪、快速黏度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等对不同蒸煮时 间的红小豆硬度、糊化特性及微观结构进行了系统研究,并对其基本组分、硬度、结晶度、糊化度以及糊化特性进 行相关性分析。结果表明,随着蒸煮时间的增加,红小豆淀粉、蛋白质含量、糊化特性、硬度以及结晶度均呈现显 著降低（P＜0.05）后又趋于平缓的趋势,糊化度变化趋势相反,脂肪无显著变化（P＞0.05）。蒸煮过程中红小豆 叶肉细胞横截面的组织结构发生明显变化,细胞间隙变大,轮廓消失,淀粉颗粒完全暴露,呈现较为光滑、规则的 椭球形颗粒。红外光谱图中表征淀粉构型敏感带的吸收峰强度减弱,指纹区的部分吸收峰减弱甚至消失,X射线衍 射、红外光谱扫描两种方法都证明了蒸煮过程中淀粉结构的变化。相关性分析表明,红小豆淀粉含量、糊化度、糊 化特性、硬度以及结晶度之间具有极显著的相关性（P＜0.01）。     

Characteristics of lipid components,fatty acid distributions and triacylglycerol molecular species of adzuki beans (Vigna angularis)

Fatty acid (FA) distributions and molecular species of triacylglycerols (TAG) isolated from total lipids extracted from adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) were analysed by a combination of AgNO₃-TLC and GC, and were investigated in relation to the content of endogenous antioxidants determined by HPLC. δ-Tocopherol was present in the highest concentration (30.5 mg/kg beans), and γ-tocopherol in small amounts (12.8 mg/kg beans). The major lipid components were phospholipids (74.3%), TAG (13.5%), hydrocarbons (4.6%) and steryl esters (4.0%), whilst other components were also present in minor proportions (0.5–1.3%). Seventeen different molecular species were detected. The major TAG components were SMD (5.0%), S₂T (19.2%), SD₂ (13.7%), SMT (9.3%), MD₂ (4.5%), SDT (7.0%), D₃ (8.8%) and ST₂ (15.8%) (where S, M, D, and T denote a saturated FA, a monoene, a diene, and triene, respectively). These results would be useful to both consumers and producers for manufacture of traditional adzuki foods in Japan.     

贮藏、加工、烹调对十字花科蔬菜中硫苷物质含量的影响

十字花科芸薹属蔬菜在日常生活中极为普遍,其含有丰富的硫代葡萄糖苷物质。本文综述了不同贮藏条件、加工方法、烹调方式对不同种类十字花科蔬菜中的硫代葡萄糖苷物质的影响。     

Isolation and characterization of a cyanidin-catechin pigment from adzuki bean (Vigna angularis)

Adzuki bean is used to prepare many kinds of foods in east Asia, and the seed coat contains water-soluble anthocyanins, catechins, and flavonols. In the present study, ethyl acetate-soluble purplish pigments were isolated from adzuki bean. Pigments of soaked adzuki bean were extracted with 1% HCl in methanol. Ethyl acetate-soluble purple pigments were obtained from the methanol soluble components. Purple pigments 1 and 2 were purified from the ethyl acetate-soluble pigments by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative reversed-phase HPLC. NMR and mass spectra suggested that pigment 1 was a condensation product of cyanidin and (+)-catechin, in which 5-hydroxy and C-4 positions of the cyanidin moiety were substituted by the addition of 5-hydroxy and C-6 positions of the (+)-catechin moiety, respectively. Pigment 2 was an isomer of pigment 1. It is suggested that pigments 1 and 2 contribute to the purplish-red colour of foods prepared using adzuki bean.     

Modelling the effect of temperature on the hydration kinetic of adzuki beans (Vigna angularis)

The Aw reduction is a widely used technique to preserve grains, which hydration kinetics needs to be studied in order to obtain optimized processes. This work evaluated the hydration kinetic of Adzuki beans, a widely consumed grain by the oriental culture, modelling its behaviour as function of temperature. The grains were soaked in water and the moisture over the time was evaluated at temperatures of 25–70 °C. The grain behaviour during water uptake showed an initial lag phase, with a low water absorption rate. Therefore, the hydration kinetic was evaluated using a sigmoidal model (R² > 0.99). When soaking temperature was increased the hydration rate increased and both the lag phase and the moisture at the equilibrium decreased. These behaviour were, then, modelled as function of the soaking temperature (R² > 0.99). The obtained results are potentially useful for future studies on product development, food properties and process design.     

不同运输条件对脆皮肠贮藏特性的影响

为了保证灌肠类低温肉制品的安全性,采用脆皮肠为原料,模拟冬季、春季、夏季3 个季节的运输温度对产品进行运输,运输半径分别为200、500 km,通过测定其理化、微生物等指标研究不同运输条件对脆皮肠贮藏特性的影响。结果表明：运输过程除对水分含量有一定影响外不会直接造成产品质量的劣变,但是会影响产品的贮藏特性,缩短产品货架期;比较而言,运输温度对产品微生物指标、pH值、色泽的贮藏稳定性影响较显著,运输半径对产品水分、质构的贮藏稳定性影响较显著。     

小苏打对糙米蒸煮及食用品质的影响

探讨小苏打对糙米饭蒸煮特性——糙米饭的外观形貌、微观结构、色度、质构特性和米汤中支链淀粉分支链长分布的影响。研究表明：小苏打溶液蒸煮糙米可使糙米皮层发生皱缩或破裂,使糙米粒的吸水率和膨胀率分别从10.03%、212.30%显著提高至15.32%和224.50%,糙米蒸煮时间显著缩短。与BR-0.0糙米饭相比,添加小苏打蒸煮的糙米饭,其颗粒表面褶皱及裂纹结构更加明显、露白增多且黄色加深。米汤中淀粉的支链淀粉B2、B3、A链比例从7.834、2.458、24.922分别降低至6.81、1.893、24.036;其硬度从1 270.76 g降低至983.72 g;黏度的绝对值由85.79 g·s升高至113.71 g·s。糙米饭的综合感官评分增加,明显提高了糙米饭的食用品质。本研究表明蒸煮糙米时添加适宜质量浓度的小苏打可显著改善糙米饭的蒸煮食用品质。     

不同熬制方法对鸡汤品质的影响

为探讨鸡汤的加工工艺与鸡汤品质之间的关系,以乌黑鸡为原料,分别用砂锅煲汤、高压煮制和常压煮制的方法,在不同煮制时间下加工鸡汤,研究其感官品质、氨基酸态氮含量、总氮含量、pH值和嘌呤核苷酸含量的变化规律.结果表明:相同煮制时间下,砂锅煲汤感官品质最佳,氨基酸态氮和次黄嘌呤核苷酸含量最高,总氮含量与高压煮制时相当;相同煮制方法条件下,煮制时间最长的实验组感官品质最佳、氨基酸态氮含量、总氮含量和次黄嘌呤核苷酸含量最高;不同煮制时间和煮制方法对鸡汤pH值无显著影响.实验得出煮制鸡汤的最佳方法是砂锅煲汤60min.     

不同熟制方式对兔肉品质的影响

该研究以煮制、酶解后煮制、高压煮制和烤制4种方式对兔肉进行加工,探讨不同熟制方式对兔肉质构特性、游离氨基酸含量、风味物质种类及含量的影响.结果表明,酶解后煮制的兔肉游离氨基酸含量最高;不同熟制方式的兔肉质构特性有明显差异.对4种熟制方式兔肉的挥发性风味物质进行分析,共鉴定出58种挥发性风味成分,主要为烃类、醛类、醇类、...     

不同烹饪处理对芹菜感官和营养品质的影响

以本芹、西芹为原料,研究4种烹饪方法(漂烫、蒸、微波、炒)对芹菜感官品质和营养品质的影响。研究了不同烹饪加热方式对两种芹菜的硬度、色泽、叶绿素、抗坏血酸、多酚类物质和抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明:烹饪处理后,西芹的硬度和色泽得以较好地维持,感官品质优于本芹,但其功能成分、营养价值均低于本芹。漂烫处理有明显的护色作用,但营养成分损失较大。相比于漂烫、微波和炒,蒸能够更好地保持芹菜的脆性和绿色色泽等感官品质,且抗坏血酸保留率最高,本芹、西芹分别为84.95%、73.90%。微波和油炒使芹菜中总酚含量增加,抗氧化能力升高。烹饪后,黄酮类化合物含量显著降低(P<0.05)。人们在日常食用芹菜时,应根据自己的需求选择合理的烹饪方法。     

收获时间、储藏温度及时间对粳稻南粳5055储藏品质的影响

通过定时检测七个月储藏期的南粳5055含水率、脂肪酸值、发芽率及表面颜色等理化指标,分析收获时间和储藏温度及时间三个因素对南粳5055储藏品质的影响。结果表明,收获时间与储藏温度及时间都对储藏过程中的粳稻含水率及脂肪酸值等重要指标有极显著影响（P < 0.01）,但收获时间对其发芽率影响不显著（P > 0.05）;收获时间、储藏温度及时间与粳稻表面颜色具有较高关联性。不同温度下储藏的粳稻脂肪酸值变化符合化学反应一级动力学模型,比较不同收获时间的南粳5055脂肪酸值增加的活化能（Eα）发现,抽穗后42～66 d收获的粳稻中48、54 d收获的粳稻反应活化能较高。研究表明,除储藏温度和时间外,收获时间也对南粳5055储藏品质有重要的影响。     

煮制工艺对中国对虾品质的影响

以多酚氧化酶相对酶活力、水分含量、持水力、虾青素含量、蛋白质含量及提取率、色差、质构、感官评分和扫描电镜等为指标,研究不同煮制工艺(柠檬酸质量浓度和煮制时间)对中国对虾品质的影响。结果表明,随着柠檬酸质量浓度的提高,虾头中多酚氧化酶完全失活的时间逐渐缩短,但柠檬酸质量浓度过高不利于虾体口感,故确定其最优质量浓度为4 g/L。随着煮制时间的延长,虾体中水分含量和持水力均逐渐下降,虾青素含量先上升后下降,总蛋白含量不断下降,其中肌原纤维蛋白和肌浆蛋白在煮制2 min时已大部分变性。煮制过程中,虾体L*值和a*值先升后降,b*值不断上升,硬度、内聚性和咀嚼性不断升高,弹性不断下降。感官评价结果显示,煮制4 min对虾各个单项评分最高,其感官总评分最高。扫描电镜结果表明,煮制过程中对虾肌纤维因受热逐渐发生变性,导致其整齐度下降、纤缝隙增大、维断裂程度加剧。综合上述指标,确定最佳煮制时间为4 min。本研究成果可为虾类制品生产企业完善生产工艺、提升产品品质提供理论依据。     

高温熟制杀菌对小龙虾品质及贮藏特性的影响

以小龙虾为研究对象,采用熟制杀菌一步到位的工艺对小龙虾进行加工。通过测定不同熟制杀菌条件下小龙虾的色差、pH值、质构及感官评分变化,分析不同熟制杀菌条件对小龙虾品质的影响,确定较佳熟制杀菌工艺。结果表明：杀菌温度和杀菌时间对小龙虾产品品质有显著影响（P＜0.05）,且杀菌温度越高、时间越长,影响越大;110 ℃、10 min杀菌工艺下小龙虾的弹性、硬度、咀嚼性显著优于其他组（P＜0.05）,黄度值显著低于其他组（P＜0.05）,且感官评分最高。因此,110 ℃、10 min杀菌工艺下的小龙虾品质最好,该工艺是最优熟制杀菌工艺。同时在该工艺条件下,即食小龙虾产品4 ℃贮藏条件下的货架期为35 d。     

不同米色小米营养品质与蒸煮特性研究

为探明不同米色小米间品质差异,本文选取5种具有色差代表性的小米(沁州黄、黄金苗米、白小米、黑小米和绿小米)进行研究。对原花青素、多酚、矿物质等营养成分,直链淀粉、糊化温度、胶稠度蒸煮特性进行测定分析。营养品质研究结果表明不同米色小米之间差异较大,深色小米(绿小米、黑小米)原花青素含量分别为0.295、0.261 mg/g,显著(P<0.05)高于其他米色小米,黄色小米(沁州黄、黄金苗米)总胡萝卜素含量在1.98~2.07 μg/g之间,显著(P<0.05)高于其它米色小米。黄色小米(沁州黄、黄金苗米)易于糊化,蒸煮品质较好,直链淀粉含量在28.53~29.01 mg/g之间,糊化温度在87.60~88.45 ℃之间,显著(P<0.05)低于其它米色小米,胶稠度在93.26~94.85 mm之间,显著(P<0.05)高于其他米色小米。相关性分析表明小米中总胡萝卜素与直链淀粉含量、糊化温度显著(P<0.05)负相关,相关系数为-0.96、-0.98,与胶稠度显著(P<0.05)正相关,相关系数为0.97。     

冻藏时间对不同部位羊肉品质的影响

研究新疆巴什拜羊不同部位肌肉,在－18℃冻藏0.5、1、2、7、15、30d后肉品质的变化。结果表明：在冻藏期间,肩肌、臀肌、背最长肌粗脂肪、总胶原蛋白含量及剪切力值差异显著(P＜0.05),而胶原蛋白溶解度无显著差异(P＞0.05)。冻藏时间对肩肌的解冻和蒸煮损失有极显著影响(P＜0.01),而对臀肌和背最长肌无显著影响(P＞0.05);对肩肌和臀肌的结缔组织滤渣有极显著影响(P＜0.01),而对背最长肌无显著影响(P＞0.05)。随着冻藏时间的延长,3个不同部位肌肉剪切力逐渐下降(P＜0.05)。背最长肌的水分含量、剪切力较低,粗脂肪含量较高,具有较好的嫩度。臀肌的剪切力最高,嫩度最差。