传统ODN遇瓶颈智能ODN系统提升光纤管理水平

ODN作为基于PON设备的FTTH光缆网络,是FTTH光缆网络中非常重要的组成部分,其份额约占整个FTTH工程投资的一半,它是光纤接入网中设置在光线路终端(OLT)和光网络单元(ONU)之间线路及设备的总称,用来分配光信号功率.ODN在PON工程中为OLT和ONU之间提供光信号传输的物理通道,主要由OLT设备和ONU设备之间的光纤光缆、光连接器、光分路器,以及配线箱、接头盒等所有无源光纤、无源设备组成的网络.目前,ODN正在走向智能化.     

无源光网络技术及其应用

无源光网络（PON）是依赖光功率分路器达到网络资源共享的一种网络结构，是目前光接入网（OAN）的一种传输体制。与有源光网络系统（SDH、PDH）相比，重要的实现了无源光分支，设备投资少，安装简单，运行维护费用低。其特有的测距技术，增减ONU站点方便，特别适应复杂地形的需要。PON系统根据接入链路要求由一个局端（OLT）和多个远端（ONU）以及无源光分配网（ODN）构成。 一、双向传输技术 在PON系统中，OLT与ONU的信号交换采用上行信号和下行信号予以解决的，OLT至ONU的下行信号的传输进程一般来说较为简单，通常采用…     

EPON中纯数据型ONU的设计方案与简单测试

一个典型的EPON (以太网无源光网络)系统由OLT(光线路终端)、POS(无源光纤分支器)、ONU(光网络单元)组成。ONU处于EPON系统中的用户端,主要在OLT的控制下,完成相应的功能。它通过TDMA(时分复用)方式进行数据的上行传输、突发发送和数据接收。ONU根据扩展用户端口的不同,可划分为纯数据型、数据加语音型和三网合一型。本文介绍了EPON中纯数据型ONU的系统组成,并通过实例说明了其设计方案和在未与OLT对接的情况下如何进行简单的测试。     

Ethernet PON中变长数据包的实现

描述了在以太网无源光网络(EPON)系统中光线路终端(OLT)到多个光网络单元(ONU)的下行数据和ONU到OLT上行数据如何实现变长数据包的发送。与异步传输模式无源光网络(ATM—PON)相比，变长数据包减少了传输时的开销。另外，利用时分复用的上行数据不存在共享介质网络中带冲突检测的载波侦听多路存取技术(CSMA／CD)的距离限制。同时也研究了如何提高时隙的利用率问题。     

GPON系统中光收发一体模块的设计技术

介绍了GPON(以太无源光网络)系统对OLT(光线路终端)和ONU(光网络单元)光收发一体模块的技术要求,给出了OLT和ONU收发一体模块的基本工作原理和设计方法,同时给出了ONU和OLT光收发一体模块的设计框图.     

EPON系统中ONU端口环路检测方案及实现

在以太网无源光网络(EPON)系统中,光网络单元(ONU)用户端口成环将会造成同一个无源光网络口下所有的业务中断。首先分析了EPON系统中ONU侧用户端口可能造成环路的主要原因及危害;然后提出了分别在OLT侧和ONU侧构造特殊报文进行环路检测的方案,并简要比较了它们的优缺点;最后对OLT侧环路检测方案的设计实现进行了重点描述。实践证明,采用OLT侧特殊报文检测方案能够有效地发现和防止ONU侧用户端口环路。     

基于PAS SOFT的OAM软件实现

在以太网无源光网络系统中,传统的简单网络管理协议SNMP已经不能胜任局端(OLT)对终端(ONU)的运营、管理、维护.而以太网OAM(运行管理和维护)技术,直接运行在链路层而不依赖于上层的网络拓扑结构和网络承载的具体业务类型,是以太网进入运营商领域不可或缺的技术.为此,基于IEEE802.3ah工作组提出的OAM协议,...     

一种跨OLT的PON保护技术

目前已经实现的无源光网络(PON)保护方案通常保护的是光线路终端(OLT)的PON媒体接入控制器(MAC)到光网络单元(ONU)的PON MAC之间的光路,无法对OLT整体设备进行保护.文章介绍了一种跨OLT的PON保护方案:ONU同时在两台OLT上注册,两台OLT之间通过传输控制协议(TCP)方式使配置和状态等信息周...     

PON业务常见故障的处理

无源光网络(PON,Passive Optical Network)采用无源光分/合路器或光耦合器分配/汇聚各光网络单元(ONU,Optical Network Unit)信号的光接入网。PON系统系由光线路终端(OLT,Optical Line Terminal)、光分配网(ODN,Optical Distribution Network)、光网络单元(ONU)组成的信号传输系统,简称PON系统。目前主流PON综合接入系统根据采用的技术分为以太网无源光网络(EPON,Ethernet Passive Optical Network)和吉比特无源光网络(GPON,Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks)。     

PEOTN的组网应用探讨

对运营商综合承载基础架构进行分析,提出基础架构网络演进思路及分层建设思路。对各种颗粒度的业务进行承载分析,提出各种网络制式传输系统的网络承载定位。通过某本地网PEOTN(分组增强型光传送网)的实际组网案例及板卡的配置模型分析PEOTN业务承载模式。对PEOTN核心汇聚到综合接入层的场景建设进行分析,提出PEOTN承载移动基站回传电路、专线电路、OLT(光线路终端)上行电路的思路。     

A low complexity mechanism for congestion notification in rural IPSec‐enabled heterogeneous backhaul networks

Management in wireless backhaul networks is a challenging task, especially in rural and isolated environments. In these scenarios, the backhaul network usually consists of a set of heterogeneous wireless links that provide limited and variable bandwidth to the access networks, often 3G/4G small cells. Because of the highly constrained nature of this type of backhaul network, intelligent and joint management in both the backhaul network and the access network is crucial in order to avoid performance degradation caused by traffic congestion. In order to avoid the saturation in the backhaul network, access networks should consider the backhaul state when taking decisions in the admission control and scheduling procedures. However, no standardized mechanisms currently exist for sharing management information between both networks. In this work, we propose to use the Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) bit in the outer IP headers present in the Iuh 3GPP IPSec‐enabled interfaces in order to notify the backhaul congestion state to the access network. We analyze for the referred scenario, compatibility and security details, validating our approach by running numerically simulations and implementing the notification mechanism. Our low complexity approach offers 2% accuracy and backhaul update latency lower than 10 ms during 80% of the time, which makes the solution appropriate for admission control and scheduling intervals in small cells.     

“MeshUp”: Self-organizing mesh-based topologies for next generation radio access networks

The phenomenal growth in wireless technologies has brought about a slew of new services. Incumbent with the new technology is the challenge of providing flexible, reconfigurable, self-organizing architectures which are capable of catering to the dynamics of the network, while providing cost-effective solutions for the service providers. In this paper, we focus on mesh-based multi-hop access network architectures for next generation radio access networks. Using short, high bandwidth optical wireless links to interconnect the various network elements, we propose a non-hierarchical, multi-hop access network framework. We study two generic family of mesh-based topologies: GPeterNet, a graph theoretic framework, and FraNtiC, a fractal geometric architecture, for arbitrary access network deployments. The performance of these topologies is analyzed in terms of different system metrics – topological robustness and reliability, system costs and network exposure due to failure conditions. Our analysis shows that a combination of different mesh-based multi-hop access topologies, coupled with emerging wireless backhaul technologies, can cater carrier-class services for next generation radio access networks, providing significant advantages over existing access technologies.     

一种多射频、多信道无线mesh网络的信道分配算法

宽带无线接入网得到广泛应用,廉价的数据回程带宽是决定宽带无线接入网成功应用的重要因素。丈中设计了一种使用多射频、多信道、方向性天线的新型无线mesh数据回程网,提出了一种基于连接图的等价变换来实现该无线mesh网络信道分配算法。仿真结果表明,文中提出的信道分配算法有效地减少链路间干扰,提高了网络性能。     

Channel Assignment Strategies for Multiradio Wireless Mesh Networks: Issues and Solutions

Next-generation wireless mobile communications will be driven by converged networks that integrate disparate technologies and services. The wireless mesh network is envisaged to be one of the key components in the converged networks of the future, providing flexible high- bandwidth wireless backhaul over large geographical areas. While single radio mesh nodes operating on a single channel suffer from capacity constraints, equipping mesh routers with multiple radios using multiple nonoverlap- ping channels can significantly alleviate the capacity problem and increase the aggregate bandwidth available to the network. However, the assignment of channels to the radio interfaces poses significant challenges. The goal of channel assignment algorithms in multiradio mesh networks is to minimize interference while improving the aggregate network capacity and maintaining the connectivity of the network. In this article we examine the unique constraints of channel assignment in wireless mesh networks and identify the key factors governing assignment schemes, with particular reference to interference, traffic patterns, and multipath connectivity. After presenting a taxonomy of existing channel assignment algorithms for WMNs, we describe a new channel assignment scheme called MesTiC, which incorporates the mesh traffic pattern together with connectivity issues in order to minimize interference in multi- radio mesh networks.     

Performance evaluation of the survivability schemes in WOBAN: a quality of recovery (QoR) method

The hybrid wireless optical broadband access network (WOBAN) is a combination of an optical backhaul and a wireless front‐end, which combine the huge amount of available bandwidth of optical networks and the ubiquity and mobility of wireless access networks with the objective of reducing their cost and complexity. Survivability is one of the most important issues in WOBAN. In this paper, the survivability schemes in WOBAN are addressed from a particular point of view of the quality of recovery (QoR) method. The QoR is a comprehensive measure to evaluate the survivability schemes in terms of availability, recovery time, redundancy, and bandwidth of backup path. The specific procedures to set up the analytical models for the survivability schemes in WOBAN are given based on the QoR concept, including abstract, normalization, and application. Besides, the weights assignment is provided to calculate the QoR value for the operators, home users, or business users with different requirements, which in turn offers the user‐perceptive quality of service. To verify the performance of the survivability schemes by the QoR method, extensive simulations are made under different WOBAN configurations. Numerical results show that for the intra‐domain survivability schemes, the wireless and optical mixed protection scheme is the best choice for failure recovery in WOBAN. The wireless scheme is the second choice for the solution, which emphasizes cost control, while for the solution that emphasizes the network performance, the 1:1 scheme is the second choice. The 1:N scheme obtains the worst QoR value as the splitter ratios increase. For the inter‐domain survivability schemes, optimizing backup optical networking units selection and backup fibers deployment scheme outperforms maximum protection with minimum cost scheme from the point of view of QoR. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spectrum allocation for wireless backhaul in heterogeneous ultra-dense networks

Wireless ultra-dense network (UDN) is one of the important technologies to solve the burst of throughput demand in the forthcoming fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. Reusing spectrum resource for the backhaul of small base stations (SBSs) is a hotspot research because of lower cost and rapid implementation with macro base stations (MBSs) in recent years. In heterogeneous UDN, the problem of spectrum allocation for wireless backhaul is investigated. In particular, two different spectrum resource reusing strategies for wireless backhaul are proposed in heterogeneous UDN with the limited bandwidth condition. Using a stochastic geometry-based heterogeneous UDN model, the success probabilities that mobile users communicate with SBSs or MBSs are derived under two different spectrum resource reusing strategies. In addition, the network throughput’s analytical expressions and the optimal ratio of spectrum allocation are derived. Numeral results are provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed strategies at throughput. Thus, the effectiveness of the strategy that mobile users can only communicate with SBSs is validated.     

Addressing the interdependence in providing fair and efficient bandwidth distribution in hybrid optical‐wireless networks

The convergence of optical and wireless technologies may offer a compelling network access infrastructure because these technologies combine major benefits such as large coverage in the wireless part and huge bandwidth in the optical part of the converged access network. The convergence of the passive optical networks with 4G wireless standards, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access and the Long Term Evolution, constitutes a quite attractive solution to meet the challenges of the modern bandwidth‐hungry access networks. One of the most important objective a modern access network has to address is the adequate bandwidth distribution to the final users. In addition, several other aims are emerged towards this goal, such as fairness and quality of service provisioning. The adversity of designing an efficient bandwidth distribution scheme for hybrid optical‐wireless access networks lies in the interdependence of both domains: the bandwidth distribution in the wireless domain depends on the optical transmission grant opportunities, while the bandwidth coordinator in the optical part has to be aware of the mobile user heterogeneity in the wireless domain. Moreover, the bandwidth decision‐making module in both networks has to be aware of providing a fair allocation independently of the number of mobile users or the traffic requests in the network. In this work, we endeavor to address the aforementioned challenges. A novel, fair, and efficient bandwidth distribution scheme is proposed for hybrid optical‐wireless access networks. By using weighted fairness provisioning techniques, the proposed scheme intends to alleviate the interdependence of the two domains, offering a fair and efficient bandwidth distribution to the mobile users. The weights are properly defined, by utilizing suitable optimization techniques such as the Lagrange multiplies, so as to incorporate the underlying features of each traffic requests, such as the population density and the propagation delay. Extensive simulation results indicate the capability of the proposed scheme, compared with other competitive allocation schemes, in provisioning a more efficient and fair bandwidth distribution in terms of latency, throughput, and packet drop ratio. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Capacity and delay of hybrid wireless broadband access networks

An optical network is too costly to act as a broadband access network. On the other hand, a pure wireless ad hoc network with n nodes and total bandwidth of W bits per second cannot provide satisfactory broadband services since the pernode throughput diminishes as the number of users goes large. In this paper, we propose a hybrid wireless network, which is an integrated wireless and optical network, as the broadband access network. Specifically, we assume a hybrid wireless network consisting of n randomly distributed normal nodes, and m regularly placed base stations connected via an optical network. A source node transmits to its destination only with the help of normal nodes, i.e., in the ad hoc mode, if the destination can be reached within L (L /spl geq/ 1) hops from the source. Otherwise, the transmission will be carried out in the infrastructure mode, i.e., with the help of base stations. Two transmission modes share the same bandwidth of W bits/sec. We first study the throughput capacity of such a hybrid wireless network, and observe that the throughput capacity greatly depends on the maximum hop count L and the number of base stations m. We show that the throughput capacity of a hybrid wireless network can scale linearly with n only if m = Ω(n), and when we assign all the bandwidth to the infrastructure mode traffics. We then investigate the delay in hybrid wireless networks. We find that the average packet delay can be maintained as low as Θ(1) even when the per-node throughput capacity is Θ(W).     

A survey on role of photonic technologies in 5G communication systems

A new generation of mobile communications has been evolving for every 10 years, keeping in mind the enormous data traffic, huge capacity requirements, excellent quality of service with minimal latency; there is a shift in paradigm toward the upcoming 5G technology which is expected to be rolled out by 2020 that promises to meet the requirements stated above. 5G is envisaged to be a merged framework of wide range of applications ranging from device-to-device communications, smart grid to Internet of Things and many more. In this survey paper, a brief discussion on the major pillars of 5G which are millimeter wave technology, massive MIMO, ultra-dense network, beamforming and full-duplex transmission are presented. This survey paper also focuses on the role of optics in 5G technology, sometimes commonly referred to as microwave photonics, an interdisciplinary research platform. Due to huge bandwidth and enormous capacity upgrade, optical fibers are considered to be ideal backhaul and fronthaul media rather than copper cables in order to support small cells and next-generation networks. These advantages of optical fiber technology enable integrated optical and wireless access technologies for 5G wireless communications an interdisciplinary area of research.

     

Connectivity evaluation and error performance of millimeter-wave wireless backhaul networks

The general trend in the backhaul link technology arena is the increasing use of high-speed microwave solutions. The ever-rising demand for high capacities at low cost has recently enhanced the interest in wireless backhaul networks. Evaluating the connectivity of the wireless multi-hop backhaul networks is a significant task. Taking into account the high frequency of operation, a novel analytical and engineering propagation model is presented for the calculation of connectivity. Furthermore, the minimum required node density in order to keep the network connected is also calculated. The sensitivity of network connectivity on frequency operation, transmission power, and climatic conditions is also investigated. Finally, the error performance of the backhaul network links is finally presented, and some very useful conclusions are drawn.