江垭水库洪水单位过程线的推求方法

以江垭水库某次洪水过程为例,探讨了洪水单位过程线的推求。由实际降雨量和流量过程线进行分析,并做了基本假定;所选的降雨洪水过程超过三个时段,且有一个最大值,故采用试错法进行推求,给出了推求过程及方法。将推求成果与降雨径流相关图配合使用,可对洪水过程进行预报。     

Clark单位线法的分布式改进

Clark单位线法是一种分散型集总式的单位线模型。基于Clark单位线的线性性质,可以将单一线性水库分别平移至不同等流时单元进行调蓄,建立相应的单位线,并按不同等流时单元传播滞时分别进行推移叠加,从而改进成为一种分布式的单位线模型表述形式。该分布式单位线模型演算参数取值方法包括2种:整体算术平均与逐级算术平均。将改进后的分布式单位线模型应用于沿渡河子流域时段单位线的推求,并与他人采用传统Clark单位线法计算得到的时段单位线进行了比较,结果表明对Clark单位线法的分布式改进是合理的。研究成果为以后进一步将Clark单位线法分布改进应用于水文响应单元提供了基础。     

流域汇流单位线时段转换应用分析

当流域汛期雨情报讯时段在特殊情况下出现变化时,流域汇流单位线必须事先进行时段转换后才能用于实际洪水预报。以实测水文原始数据为依据,根据示例流域在水文预报工作中的特殊需要,采用s曲线法对流域汇流单位线进行了实例转换和应用分析。分析成果符合相关行业规范精度标准,提出了分析成果的具体使用条件和应用范围,成果能够作为备选方法用于实际工作之中。     

Estimation of the Velocity Parameter of the Geomorphologic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph

The problem of estimation of the velocity parameter in the exponential distribution geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph (ED-GIUH) is investigated in this study. The main difficulty in applying the ED-GIUH model is the estimation of this parameter. In the present study, the ED-GIUH model is applied to six watersheds in Indiana, U.S.A. The relationships between the velocity parameter and climatic as well as basin geomorphologic parameters are investigated. The results of the study indicate that the velocity parameter is related to effective rainfall depth, total basin area and cumulative slope; it does not depend on runoff characteristics. Therefore, the ED-GIUH model can be used for estimating discharge hydrographs from ungauged watersheds.     

Synthetic Unit Hydrograph for Al Fara'a Catchment in the West Bank

Abstract

Synthetic unit hydrographs are frequently used to estimate hydrograph characteristics when observed data are not available. A number of synthetic unit hydrograph approaches are available, but the ones that found widespread use are those based on models of Snyder, Clark, and the U.S. Soil Conservation Services (SCS). The major goal of the study is to develop a synthetic unit hydrograph for Wadi Al Fara'a Catchment, which is un-gauged and considered one of the West Bank's most important catchments. Unfortunately, none of the wadis in the West Bank are gauged and flow records are not available; therefore, it is hoped that this method will be applied successfully for Wadi Al Fara'a catchment and the results can hopefully to be applied to all West Bank catchments, which will facilitate estimation of potential runoff in the whole West Bank.     

Sensitivity Analysis of the GIUH based Clark Model for a Catchment

For estimation of runoff response of an ungauged catchment resulting from a rainfall event, geomorphologicalinstantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) approach is getting popularbecause of its direct application to an ungauged catchment. Itavoids adoption of tedious methods of regionalization of unithydrograph; wherein, the historical rainfall-runoff data of anumber of gauged catchments are required to be analyzed. In thisstudy, the GIUH derived from geomorphological characteristics ofa catchment has been related to the parameters of Clark IUH modelfor deriving its complete shape. The DSRO hydrographs estimatedby the GIUH based Clark model have been compared with the DSROhydrographs computed by the Clark IUH model option of the HEC-1package and the Nash IUH model by employing some of the commonlyused error functions. Sensitivity analysis of the GIUH basedClark model has been conducted with the objective to identify thegeomorphological and other model parameters which are moresensitive in estimation of peak of unit hydrographs computed bythe GIUH based Clark model. So that these parameters may beevaluated with more precision for accurate estimation of floodhydrographs for the ungauged catchments.     

分布式单位线在河北雨洪模型中的应用

因河北雨洪模型的汇流计算方法难以用于无资料流域,其汇流参数难以获得且不宜移用,为此,将基于数字高程模型的分布式单位线用于河北雨洪模型,并对峪门口流域4场较大洪水过程进行了模拟。结果表明:4场洪水洪峰流量相对误差均<5%,峰现时间误差均<2 h,确定性系数均>0.85,模拟效果令人满意。河北雨洪模型与基于流域地形地貌特征的分布式单位线相结合,可解决无资料流域,特别是山丘地区中小流域的洪灾预警预报等问题。     

Evaluation of the Adequacy of Statistical Distribution Functions for Deriving Unit Hydrograph

The unit hydrograph (UH) is one of the commonly employed techniques for the determination of flood hydrographs. Since the UH satisfies all the properties of a probability distribution function (PDF), it seems logical that PDFs can be employed for deriving the UH. In practice, the gamma distribution function has been commonly employed to derive the UH. In this paper, Beta (Beta), Exponential (EXP), Gamma (GM), Normal, Lognormal (LN), Weibull (WB), Logistic (LG), Generalized logistic (GLG) and Pearson Type 3 (PT 3) distribution functions were employed for the derivation of UH. Parameters of these distribution functions were estimated using the real coded genetic algorithm optimization technique. These distributions were tested on the 13 watersheds of different characteristics and it was observed that except for the EXP distribution function, most other distribution functions produced UHs which were in satisfactory agreement with observed UHs. However, three-parameter distributions GLG, PT 3 and two parameter LG were not capable of reproducing UHs for large watersheds having drainage areas of 3,360 and 4,300 km². For such large watersheds WB reproduced UHs satisfactorily. Combining the overall performance of the distributions over 13 watersheds, the order of ranking the suitability of distributions were as: GM > PT 3 > Beta ≥ GLG ≥ LN > WB.     

自适应差分进化算法在设计洪水过程线推求中的应用

针对设计洪水过程线分时段同频率放大法中手工修匀的不足,使用基于相似原理建立的一种推求设计洪水过程线优化模型,可以实现洪水过程的自动放大。文章采用自适应差分进化算法求解该模型,实例表明,该模型可以很好地控制设计洪水洪峰和洪量,有效保持了典型洪水模式,避免了人工修匀的任意性和复杂性,同时改进的差分进化算法可以更高效地完成优化过程。     

沭河流域洪水预报的产汇流组合方案优选

针对沂沭泗流域洪水预报问题,选择沭河流域重沟站洪水事件为研究对象,评估了两种产流方法和三种坡面汇流方法的不同组合下洪水模拟精度。 结果表明,CN 曲线数法是研究区最优的产流计算方法,斯奈德单位线和 SCS 单位线均适用于该流域的坡面汇流;CN 曲线数-斯奈德单位线组合是沭河流域最优的产汇流组合方案,洪水预报精度达到乙级以上。     

瞬时单位线汇流参数m1非线性改进方法探讨

针对瞬时单位线计算设计洪水过程中,对单位线汇流参数m1进行非线性改进的运用条件和改进公式中采用的临界雨强等参数的取值等进行探讨.     

日流量过程分维估计

探讨了日流量过程的分形特性，重点研究了分维估计方法．结果表明：分维数可以表征日流量过程的变化特性．分维估计方法较多，当前以计盒法为最好。     

浅谈经验单位线法在岩溶区洪水计算中的应用

由于缺乏实测水文资料,桂北、桂西片区域岩溶地区水利工程设计洪水计算一直都是个难题。介绍了采用经验单位线法计算岩溶地区设计洪水的方法及流程。     

Estimation of Sediment Yield for a Rain,Snow and Glacier Fed River in the Western Himalayan Region

Assessment of soil erosion, sediment transport and deposition of sediment in the reservoirs, irrigation and hydropower systems are considered essential for the land and water management. The magnitude of sediment transported by rivers has become a serious concern for the water resources planning. In the present study, an assessment of sediment yield has been made for the Satluj River, which flows through the western Himalayan region. Two approaches have been used for the assessment of sediment yield (i) relationship between suspended sediment load and discharge and (ii) empirical relationship. The first approach was used for Satluj Basin up to Suni (52 983 km²), Kasol (53 768 km²) and also for the intermediate basin between Kasol and Suni (785 km²). The sediment-discharge relationship was developed using daily data for a period of three years (1991–1993) for different basins and was applied for each basin for the years 1994 and 1996 for estimation of sediment yield. The second approach, which gives annual sediment yield, has been used for a small intermediate basin only because of data availability constraints. For estimation of the sediment yield using the empirical relationship, various geographical parameters such as land use, topographical etc. were generated using Geographic Information System (GIS) technique. The annual sediment yield for the intermediate basin was estimated for three years and compared with observed values. The trend of difference between computed and observed sediment yield suggested an effect of physical features of mountainous basins. The available empirical relationship was, therefore, revised by incorporating a basin parameter in the equation. This basin parameter represented an integrated effect of slope and spatial distribution of rainfall in the mountainous basin. Using the revised empirical relationship, the sediment yield was estimated for two independent years and a good correlation was found between computed and observed sediment yield.     

丹竹坪水电站黄沙坝址设计洪水的推求

丹竹坪水电站黄沙坝址设计洪水计算由于流量资料不足,又难以使用相关法来插补延长.只能用暴雨资料来推求工程设计洪水.通过历史洪水调查,分析黄沙河的洪水特性,根据其设计暴雨雨型,经过产流汇流分析计算和实测洪水单位线,采用瞬时单位线、历史洪水经验频率分析等方法,推算出黄沙坝址设计洪水.     

Evaluation of three unit hydrograph models to predict the surface runoff from a Canadian watershed

The predictability of unit hydrograph (UH) models that are based on the concepts of land morphology and isochrones to generate direct runoff hydrograph (DRH) were evaluated in this paper. The intention of this study was to evaluate the models for accurate runoff prediction from ungauged watershed using the ArcGIS^® tool. Three models such as exponential distributed geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (ED-GIUH) model, GIUH based Clark model, and spatially distributed unit hydrograph (SDUH) model, were used to generate the DRHs for the St. Esprit watershed, Quebec, Canada. Predictability of these models was evaluated by comparing the generated DRHs versus the observed DRH at the watershed outlet. The model input data, including natural drainage network and Horton's morphological parameters (e.g. isochrone and instantaneous unit hydrograph), were prepared using a watershed morphological estimation tool (WMET) on ArcGIS^® platform. The isochrone feature class was generated in ArcGIS^® using the time of concentration concepts for overland and channel flow and the instantaneous unit hydrograph was generated using the Clark's reservoir routing and S-hydrograph methods. An accounting procedure was used to estimate UH and DRHs from rainfall events of the watershed. The variable slope method and phi-index method were used for base flow separation and rainfall excess estimation, respectively. It was revealed that the ED-GIUH models performed better for prediction of DRHs for short duration (≤6 h) storm events more accurately (prediction error as low as 4.6–22.8%) for the study watershed, than the GIUH and SDUH models. Thus, facilitated by using ArcGIS^®, the ED-GIUH model could be used as a potential tool to predict DRHs for ungauged watersheds that have similar geomorphology as that of the St. Esprit watershed.     

上游水库调蓄对桂林水文站洪水预报的影响分析

随着上游川江、小溶江及斧子口水库的陆续建成,桂林水文站上游流域产、汇流条件已改变,原有的预报方案已不能满足洪水预报作业要求。为此,结合"2013.05"洪水,采用单位线法推求天然洪水过程,分析了上游水库调蓄对桂林水文站洪水预报的影响,探讨该流域洪水产汇流特性,以期优化桂林水文站洪水预报方案,提高洪水预报精度。     

伊洛河夹滩地区对伊洛河入黄洪水的影响

伊洛河河道两岸堤防的存在使夹滩地区的滞洪作用不同于天然滞洪区，它不仅对人黄洪水起滞洪削峰作用，而且对洪水总量还略有削减。不 同时期堤防的建设标准及河道条件不同，夹滩地区的滞洪作用也不同。经过1935、1937、1954、1958、1982年实测洪水资料的分析知，夹滩地区对入黄洪水的滞洪作用与洪水量经大小、洪水过程胖瘦、堤防决溢程度等因素有关，在现状堤防条件下，如何再发生1954、1958年量级的洪水，在确保洛洛北大堤安全的情况下，有计划地使用夹滩及南岸滞洪共滞洪，则夹滩地区对入黄洪水的削峰率可达20%～25%。但夹滩地区的容量有限，因此对洪水总量的滞蓄作用不大。     

洪水过程线为五边形的调洪解析计算

中小型水库调洪计算,如果设计洪水过程线为概化五边形模型,则防洪库容和相应的最大下泄流量可通过解析计算求得.推导中先假设洪水来临前库中水位为溢洪堰顶齐平并无闸门控制,为自由溢流,泄流过程线近似为直线.将洪水过程分为三个区,用解析方法建立各区的计算公式.     

基于流量-面积比值的小流域设计洪水计算方法对比研究

为确定分布式模型法、地区瞬时单位线法及推理公式法在估算山区小流域设计洪水过程中的适用性,基于洪峰流量-流域面积比值,以重庆市綦江区蒲河水系为研究对象,采用3种方法分别进行设计洪水计算,并与重庆市实测100 a一遇洪峰流量进行对比。结果表明:①当流域面积＜10 km²时,采用推理公式法更合理可靠;此时河道坡度较大,流域的产、汇流条件符合推理公式法假定条件,计算结果符合实际。②当流域面积为10~100 km²时,分布式模型法与地区瞬时单位线法均可合理计算设计洪水,但前者计算结果比后者更接近实测值。此类流域河道长、坡度平缓,流域的水动力在空间中可视为均匀的扩散;计算格栅单元间连续性强,各栅格向流域出口演算能合理反映真实的设计洪水过程。③当流域面积＞100 km²时,3种方法计算结果与实测值均有不同程度的偏离,但分布式模型法偏离程度最低,可作为设计洪水计算的首选方法。研究结果将有助于合理选择设计洪水计算方法,为类似山区小流域设计洪水计算提供参考。