Unconditional nonlinear stability for double-diffusive convection with temperature- and pressure-dependent viscosity

A linear and nonlinear stability analyses are carried out for a double-diffusive chemically reactive fluid layer with viscosity being a function of temperature and pressure. The linear stability analysis is studied when the stabilizing salt gradient acts against the destabilizing thermal gradient. The effect of reaction parameters and variable viscosity on the stability of the system is studied for heated below, salted above, and the heated and salted below models with Rigid–Rigid boundary conditions. Chebyshev pseudospectral method is applied to determine the numerical solutions.     

A nonlinear stability analysis for thermoconvective magnetized ferrofluid with magnetic field dependent viscosity

The generalized energy method which gives sufficient condition for the stability is developed for convection problem in a magnetized ferrofluid with magnetic field dependent (MFD) viscosity heated from below. The mathematical emphasis is on how to control the nonlinear terms caused by magnetic body and inertia forces. Both linear and nonlinear analyses are carried out and comparison of results shows a marked difference in the stability boundaries and thus indicates that the sub-critical instabilities are possible. The effect of various parameters on the sub-critical region has also been analyzed.     

微胶囊相变悬浮液物理稳定性实验研究

通过实验研究确定制备稳定的微胶囊相变悬浮液必须采用的最优化表面活性剂添加量和悬浮液pH值。采用全功能稳定性分析仪TURBISCAN LAb研究表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)添加量和悬浮液pH值对物理稳定性的影响。结果表明,当SDS质量分数太低,即颗粒表面改性不彻底时,稳定性较差;质量分数太高,容易形成表面活性剂胶束沉淀,并同时加速相变微胶囊颗粒上浮,破坏微胶囊相变悬浮液的稳定性,在选定的SDS质量分数范围内,最佳质量分数为0.2%~0.4%;pH值低于7时,溶液颗粒分散性提高不明显,并且出现加快分层现象;pH值过高时,溶液中OH-过多,压缩双电层厚度,减弱颗粒分散性,溶液稳定性提高受到抑制,在选定的pH值范围内,密胺树脂壳材的悬浮液最佳pH值为8。抑制悬浮液的分层和团聚现象对于其在传热和储热中的应用有重要意义,研究结果给制备稳定的悬浮液提供了可靠的依据。     

Unconditional nonlinear stability for double‐diffusive convection in a porous medium with temperature‐dependent viscosity and density

In this study, fluid flow in a porous medium is analyzed using a Forchheimer model. The problem of double‐diffusive convection is addressed in such a porous medium. We utilize a higher‐order approximation for viscosity‐temperature and density‐temperature, such that the perturbation equations contain more nonlinear terms. For unconditional stability, nonlinear stability has been achieved for all initial data by utilizing the or norms. It also shows that the theory of is not sufficient for such unconditional stability. Both linear instability and nonlinear energy stability thresholds are tested using three‐dimensional (3D) simlations. If the layer is salted above and salted below then stationary convection is dominant. Thus the critical value of the linear instability thresholds occurs at a real eigenvalue , and our results show that the linear theory produces the actual threshold. Moreover, it is known that with the increase of the salt Rayleigh number, R_c, the onset of convection is more likely to be via oscillatory convection as opposed to steady convection. The 3D simulation results show that as the value of R_c increases, the actual threshold moves towards the nonlinear stability threshold, and the behavior of the perturbation of the solutions becomes more oscillatory.     

Parametric studies on the storage stability and aging effect of biodiesel treated with Eucalyptus oil as a cost-effective green-antioxidant additive

Oxidation stability is one of the most significant fuel quality standards for biodiesel and mainly distresses the stability of biodiesel. Therefore, the present work aims to report the Eucalyptus oil (EO) as a natural green antioxidant additive to evaluate the oxidation stability of biodiesel produced from dairy waste scum, Bauhinia variegata and Butea monosperma oil. The obtained results have also been compared with the conventional synthetic antioxidant, butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). The oxidation stability of the biodiesel treated with these additives was evaluated using the professional biodiesel Rancimat instrument. Further, the fuel properties kinematic viscosity and acid value were measured during the storage period. The obtained results showed an increase in the induction period in the biodiesel sample treated with EO, indicating a protective effect and inhibiting the oxidation initiation step. As a result, the oxidation stability of dairy waste scum methyl ester (DWSME), B variegata methyl ester (BVME) and B monosperma methyl ester (BMME) was found to be ~10, ~8 and ~8 hours, respectively, during 90 days storage when the natural antioxidant EO with a concentration of 4000 ppm was used and these obtained values were in the limit of EN 14214 standard. Interestingly, these values were found to be on par with the oxidation stability of DWSME (~11 hours), BVME (~9 hours) and BMME (~9 hours), when the synthetic antioxidant BHT was used with a concentration of 3000 ppm during the 90 days storage. Although the addition of EO as antioxidant resulted in increase in kinematic viscosity and acid value of the biodiesel samples, those values well-fall in the ASTM 6751 standard limit. On the other hand, synthetic antioxidant BHT showed enhanced results as compared to the EO. However, the effectiveness of the proposed natural antioxidant additive (EO) is on par with the synthetic antioxidant (BHT), which can be replaced for cost-effectiveness, non-toxic and safer consumption of biodiesel as compared to synthetic antioxidant-treated biodiesel.     

轴重及悬挂参数对大功率六轴交流传动机车运行平稳性的影响

增加轴重有利于大功率机车的黏着利用,同时也会使轮轨作用力增加。分别建立了一、二系静挠度相同的23 t、25 t和30 t轴重的C0—C0轴式大功率机车的物理模型,分析了轴重变化对机车运行平稳性的影响以及悬挂参数对不同轴重大功率机车运行平稳性的影响规律,为大功率机车的设计提供参考。     

Influence of thermophoretic deposition and viscous dissipation on magnetohydrodynamic flow with variable viscosity and thermal conductivity

In this study, we numerically explore the impact of varying viscosity and thermal conductivity on a magnetohydrodynamic flow problem over a moving nonisothermal vertical plate with thermophoretic effect and viscous dissipation. The boundary conditions and flow-regulating equations are converted into ordinary differential equations with the aid of similarity substitution. The MATLAB bvp4c solver is used to evaluate the numerical solution of the problem and it is validated by executing the numerical solution with previously published studies. The impacts of several factors, including the magnetic parameter, Eckert number, heat source parameter, thermal conductivity parameter, stratification parameter, Soret, Dufour, Prandtl number, and Schmidt number are calculated and shown graphically. Also, the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are calculated. Fluid velocity, temperature, and concentration significantly drop as the thermophoretic parameter and thermal stratification parameter increases. As thermal conductivity rises, it is seen that the velocity of the fluid and temperature inside the boundary layer rise as well. Also, the Soret effect drops temperature and concentration profile. The applications of this type of problem are found in the processes of nuclear reactors, corrosion of heat exchangers, lubrication theory, and so forth.     

基于最优控制的半主动悬挂机车非线性稳定性分析

半主动悬挂系统是我国目前高速列车悬挂系统发展的最佳形式,而采用天棚阻尼半主动悬挂控制策略恶化了轮对的稳定性性能,降低了临界速度。采用最优控制的方法,对车辆悬挂系统的半主动控制策略进行了优化研究,同时利用动力学仿真软件Simpack建立一个2Co轴式机车控制模型,并对优化后的控制策略进行了非线性稳定性分析。结果表明,采用最优控制的半主动悬挂控制策略,不但不会降低机车的非线性临界速度,而且还会使得其收敛速度明显加快,振动幅值也相应地变小。     

Influence of metal contaminants on oxidation stability of Jatropha biodiesel

According to proposed National Mission on biodiesel in India, we have undertaken studies on stability of biodiesel from tree borne non-edible oil seeds Jatropha. European biodiesel standard EN-14214 calls for determining oxidation stability at 110 °C with a minimum induction time of 6 h by the Rancimat method (EN-14112). Neat Jatropha biodiesel (JBD) exhibited oxidation stability of 3.95 h and research was conducted to investigate influence of presence of transition metals, likely to be present in the metallurgy of storage tanks and barrels, on oxidation stability of Jatropha methyl ester. It was found that influence of metal was detrimental to oxidation stability and catalytic. Even small concentrations of metal contaminants showed nearly same influence on oxidation stability as large amounts. Copper showed strongest detrimental and catalytic effect. The dependence of the oxidation stability on the type of metal showed that long-term storage tests in different types of metal containers for examining the influence of container material on oxidation stability of biodiesel may be replaced by significantly faster Rancimat test serving as an accelerated storage test.     

Influence of atmospheric stability on wind turbine loads

Simulations of wind turbine loads for the NREL 5 MW reference wind turbine under diabatic conditions are performed. The diabatic conditions are incorporated in the input wind field in the form of wind profile and turbulence. The simulations are carried out for mean wind speeds between 3 and 16 m s ^{? 1} at the turbine hub height. The loads are quantified as the cumulative sum of the damage equivalent load for different wind speeds that are weighted according to the wind speed and stability distribution. Four sites with a different wind speed and stability distribution are used for comparison. The turbulence and wind profile from only one site is used in the load calculations, which are then weighted according to wind speed and stability distributions at different sites. It is observed that atmospheric stability influences the tower and rotor loads. The difference in the calculated tower loads using diabatic wind conditions and those obtained assuming neutral conditions only is up to 17%, whereas the difference for the rotor loads is up to 13%. The blade loads are hardly influenced by atmospheric stability, where the difference between the calculated loads using diabatic and neutral input wind conditions is up to 3% only. The wind profiles and turbulence under diabatic conditions have contrasting influences on the loads; for example, under stable conditions, loads induced by the wind profile are larger because of increased wind shear, whereas those induced by turbulence are lower because of less turbulent energy. The tower base loads are mainly influenced by diabatic turbulence, whereas the rotor loads are influenced by diabatic wind profiles. The blade loads are influenced by both, diabatic wind profile and turbulence, that leads to nullifying the contrasting influences on the loads. The importance of using a detailed boundary‐layer wind profile model is also demonstrated. The difference in the calculated blade and rotor loads is up to 6% and 8%, respectively, when only the surface‐layer wind profile model is used in comparison with those obtained using a boundary‐layer wind profile model. Finally, a comparison of the calculated loads obtained using site‐specific and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) wind conditions is carried out. It is observed that the IEC loads are up to 96% larger than those obtained using site‐specific wind conditions.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.