工艺参数对电镀镍铜合金镀层成分及相结构的影响

采用由200 g/L NiSO4·6H2O、10 g/L CuSO4·5H2O、80 g/L Na3C6H5O7·2H2O、0.2 g/L C12H25SO4Na和0.5 g/L糖精钠组成的镀液,在10~60 mA/cm2、pH=2.5~5.0和25~50°C条件下电沉积制备了NiCu合金镀层。探讨了镀液pH、电流密度、温度等工艺参数对镍铜合金镀层相结构和组成的影响。结果表明,NiCu合金镀层的铜含量随电流密度或温度升高而增大。但随pH增大,镀层铜含量降低,pH小于4.0时,NiCu合金镀层中含有单质铜。     

氨基磺酸盐体系复合电沉积镍-钴-氧化钇工艺的正交优化

通过正交试验对超声波辅助复合电沉积Ni–Co–Y2O3工艺进行优化,得到最佳镀液组成和工艺参数为:Ni(NH2SO3)2·4H2O100 g/L,Co(SO3NH2)2·4H2O 20 g/L,H3BO3 40 g/L,纳米Y2O3 3.0 g/L,p H 4.2,温度40°C,电流密度5 A/dm2,超声波功率300 W,时间1.25 h。在最优工艺下所得Ni–Co–Y2O3复合镀层细致、平整,含0.98%(质量分数)的Y2O3颗粒,显微硬度为538.85 HV,耐磨性较优。     

超声对化学镀Ni-P层的微观形貌影响

研究了超声波条件下在Q235钢表面进行化学沉积Ni-P的工艺;利用扫描电镜(SEM)和X-线衍射(XRD)对镀层成分、表面形貌及厚度进行了分析。结果表明,Q235钢表面化学镀Ni-P的最佳工艺参数为:硫酸镍(Ni SO4·6H2O)30g/L,次亚磷酸铵(NH4·H2PO2·H2O)32g/L,乳酸(C3H6O3)30g/L,柠檬酸(C6H8O7·H2O)10g/L,无水乙酸钠(CH3COONa)20g/L,p H值4～5,温度80～85℃,化学镀时间90min;超声波可显著地提高化学镀Ni-P合金的镀速,明显地降低镀层的孔隙率,所得镀层更为均匀致密,且Ni-P合金化学镀层为非晶态合金,光亮、均匀,与基体结合面平整。     

镍-铝颗粒复合电镀工艺

以不锈钢为基体,电沉积制备镍–铝复合镀层。研究了电流密度、pH、搅拌速率、镀液中Al颗粒含量及温度对镍–铝复合镀层外观和Al含量的影响。复合镀的较佳工艺参数为:NiSO4·7H2O(150±2)g/L,NH4Cl(15±1)g/L,H3BO3(15±1)g/L,C12H25SO4Na(0.10±0.01)g/L,明胶0.5g/L,Al颗粒30g/L,消泡剂适量,温度(30±2)°C,pH4.5,电流密度2.5A/dm2,搅拌速率150r/min,时间90min。在较佳工艺下,所得镀层的Al含量为4.4%～5.2%(质量分数),表面较为均匀,但略显粗糙。     

高磷化学镀镍磷合金工艺优化

采用正交试验对化学镀镍–磷合金镀液的添加剂进行优化。基础镀液组成和工艺条件为:NiSO4·6H2O26 g/L,NaH2PO2·H2O 30 g/L,CH3COONa·3H2O 16 g/L,柠檬酸21.5 g/L,88%乳酸5 m L/L,OP-10 5 mg/L,p H 4.80±0.2,温度(88±2)°C,时间2 h。探讨了添加剂苯骈三氮唑(BAT)、苯并咪唑(BMI)、氨三乙酸(NTA)和硫酸高铈对镀速、镀层光泽度和磷含量的影响。4种添加剂的最优组成为:BAT 1.0 mg/L,BMI 10 mg/L,NTA 0.5 g/L,Ce(SO4)2·4H2O 6 mg/L。采用该组合添加剂进行化学镀Ni–P合金时,镀速为10.92μm/h,镀层光泽度和磷含量分别为225 Gs和12.96%,表面均匀、致密、平整。     

专利实例

电镀镍及其合金两则　2 0 0 35 0 1 无硼酸镀镍电解液一种无硼酸的镀镍电解液组成如下 :Ni SO4·6H2 O 2 0 0～ 360 g/L;Ni Cl2 · 6H2 O 30～ 90 g/L;Ni3 ( C6H5O7) 2 · 1 4H2 O2 4～ 42 g/L;C6H8O7· H2 O1 2～ 2 1 g/L;以水为溶剂。溶液的 p H值为 3～ 5。(日本专利 ) JP2 0 0 1 1 72 790 - A2 ( 2 0 0 1 - 0 6- 2 6)2 0 0 35 0 2 　　保护性 Ni- W合金镀层电解液提出了获得高耐蚀性 Ni- W合金镀层的方法和电解液。电解液组成和工艺条件如下 :硫酸镍 2 5～35 g/L;氯化镍 3～ 5 g/L;钨酸钠 8～ 5 0 g/L;柠檬酸钠 2 5～ 1 5…     

硫酸盐溶液体系三价铬镀铬添加剂的研究

在由70 g/L Cr2(SO4)3、30 g/L HCOONa·2H2O、15 g/L NH2CH2COOH、80 g/L K2SO4、120 g/L Na2SO4、60 g/L H3BO3、和0.05 g/L C12H25NaSO4组成的基础镀液中,研究了含硫添加剂SN、WS、SH、TS和有机胺类添加剂TH对三价铬镀铬工艺和镀层性能的影响。结果表明,5种添加剂均可改善镀液分散能力和覆盖能力,拓宽允许的阴极电流密度范围,提高阴极电流效率。基础镀液中添加不同添加剂时,所得铬镀层的耐蚀性、表面形貌和色泽有差异。SN、SH、TS、TH可用作三价铬电镀白铬添加剂,WS则适用于三价铬电镀黑铬。     

镍–铬–钴合金镀层的电沉积工艺与耐蚀性能

采用电沉积方法在Q235钢表面制备了Ni–Cr–Co合金镀层。探讨了不同三价铬盐,添加剂和糖精用量以及镀液pH和温度对镀层组成的影响,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)方法对镀层的晶体结构和表面形貌进行了表征,并对镀层进行了中性盐雾试验。结果表明,只有在硫酸铬和含添加剂的镀液中才能沉积出铬,在以下工艺条件下可以得到组成为10.25%Cr–21.20%Co–68.55%Ni的三元合金镀层:Cr2(SO4)3·6H2O 90 g/L,NiSO4·6H2O 10 g/L,CoCl21.5 g/L,添加剂8 g/L,糖精1 g/L,pH 2.5,镀液温度25°C,电流密度6 A/dm2。镀层为镍基固溶体晶体结构,平均晶粒尺寸为6.9~10.6 nm。在中性盐雾试验100 h后镀层表面光亮、无腐蚀,表现出优良的耐腐蚀性能。     

亚硫酸盐／硫代硫酸盐体系无氰镀铜

采用黄铜和不锈钢为基体,以SO2-3/S2O2-3为还原剂和配位剂,胺化合物为配位剂,研究了一价铜无氰镀铜工艺,其镀液组成和操作条件为:CuCl2·2H2O 16.0～21.3 g/L,SO32-/S2O2-3 0.475 mol/L,胺化合物0.76 mol/L,H3BO3 36 g/L,葡萄糖0.38 mol/L,光亮剂(有机胺类化合物)0.04 mL/L,温度40℃,pH 8(以KOH调节),搅拌,电流密度0.5～2.0A/dm2.讨论了温度、pH、铜离子质量浓度和光亮剂体积分数对镀层质量及电流效率的影响,分别采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射表征了镀层的表面形貌和结构.结果表明,控制合适的条件可使电流效率超过90%.使用本工艺电镀时,应采用较高的镀液pH,但镀液在存置时宜控制在较低的pH.添加剂能提高镀液的整平性能,使铜镀层只出现(111)和(200)晶面,光亮度提高,晶粒更细小、致密,颗粒分布均匀.     

高钴低镍合金电沉积工艺

介绍了一种氨基磺酸盐镀钴镍合金工艺,镀液组成为:Co(NH2SO3)2·4H2O 450 g/L,Ni(NH2SO3)2·4H2O 150 g/L,NiC12·6H2O18 g/L,H3BO3 35 g/L,十二烷基硫酸钠(K12) 0.04 g/L,丁二酸二己酯磺酸钠(MA80) 0.08 g/L,苯亚磺酸钠0.4 g/L,羟甲基磺酸钠0.25 g/L.用扫描电镜及能谱考察了阴极电流密度和镀液中Co/Ni质量比对钴镍合金镀层微观形貌及化学成分的影响,用表面张力仪测试了湿润剂(即K12和MA80)对镀液界面张力的影响,用极化曲线测量法分析了柔软剂(即苯亚磺酸钠和羟甲基磺酸钠)对镀液性能的影响,并研究了Co-Ni合金镀层的热稳定性.结果表明,电流密度对合金镀层成分的影响较大,镀液中Co/Ni质量比对镀层形貌的影响较小,Co-Ni合金遵循异常共沉积规律,所开发的添加剂效果良好.所得Co-Ni合金镀层结晶细致、韧性好,平整而无脆性及针孔,高温耐热性良好.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.