采油菌B36的室内研究

从胜利油田油水样中分离出一珠细菌B36 ,该菌耐温耐盐性良好 ,能以烃类作为唯一的碳源。该菌 5 0℃时在含有混合石蜡 (>C16原油馏分 )及其他营养物的培养基中摇床培养 12h后 ,培养液中菌数高达 7× 10 5个 /mL ,培养液表面张力由 6 1mN/m降至 32mN/m ,pH值由 7.0降至 5 .4。由培养 36h的上述培养液中分离出黄色粉末状表面活性物质 ,其产量为 0 .6 5 g/L ,经鉴定为脂肽。该菌分别与原油和混合石蜡在不含混合石蜡的培养液中培养 6d后 ,含水原油 5 0℃粘度由 6 5 .6mPa·s降至 15 .3mPa·s,6 0℃界面张力由 30 .6mN/m降至 1.2mN/m ,无水原油凝固点由 4 4℃降至 36℃ ,初馏点下降 ,终馏点升高 ,可馏出物 (轻组分 )由 4 5 .1%增至 5 7.8% ;混合石蜡 2d降解率为2 .1% ,6d降解率达 2 5 .8%。B36是一种有应用前景的采油微生物     

基于复配菌的原油降黏效果分析

为解决稠油黏度高、流动性差的问题，将一株降黏菌D-8与一株表面活性剂产生菌B-12进行复配得到复配菌DB8-12，并研究DB8-12的生长特性及其对原油降黏效果的影响。研究结果表明：D-8和B-12按3∶2比例复配，按3%接种量接种，在pH值为7.5，温度为35℃下培养3d后具有最大菌体光密度值；复配菌液按体积比为30%与原油进行混合，在45℃恒温水浴中及摇床转速为140r/min下振荡培养3d后即可达到最佳降黏效果，原油黏度由2120mPa·s降至810mPa·s，降黏率达61.8%；经复配菌作用后，原油大粒径所占比率显著降低，小粒径所占比率明显升高，宏观表现为原油黏度降低，流动性明显提高。DB8-12在原油中生长繁殖快、用量少、耗时短，可改善稠油的流动性能，能有效降低稠油开采及输送成本，具有较高的实用价值。该项研究对微生物降黏开采及输送技术的拓展研究具有重要意义。     

SH降黏剂对郑王稠油油水界面性质及乳状液稳定性的影响规律研究

以郑王稠油采出液为研究对象,配制航空煤油模拟油-水乳状液,研究了滨南利津联合站所用的SH降黏剂（非离子和阴离子表面活性剂复配而成）对油水界面张力、zeta电位、界面扩张流变性和乳状液稳定性的影响,分析了油水界面性质与模拟油-水乳状液稳定性的关系。结果表明,SH降黏剂质量分数由0增至0.05%时,油水界面张力、油滴的zeta电位变化较小,而扩张模量由16.18 mN/m迅速降至4.60 mN/m,弹性模量由13.76 mN/m降至3.54 mN/m,黏性模量由85.12 mN/m迅速降至29.46 mN/m,脱水率由4.4%迅速增至83.1%,此时界面膜强度的减小是影响乳状液稳定性的主要因素,扩张模量越小则乳状液稳定性越差;当SH降黏剂加量由0.05%增至0.3%时,界面张力由48.93 mN/m降至35.50 mN/m,zeta电位绝对值由7.83 mV逐渐降至3.95 mV,扩张模量、弹性模量、黏性模量逐渐增至7.38、6.42、36.52 mN/m,脱水率降至60.0%。SH降黏剂加量在低于0.3%的范围内,扩张模量与模拟乳状液的脱水率有很好的关联,可以用扩张模量表征模拟油-水乳状液的稳定性。     

一株提高原油采收率嗜热菌株的性能评价

从胜利油田产出液中分离得到一株嗜热菌NA-3,经鉴定为芽胞杆菌属。该菌为革兰氏阳性菌,杆状,兼性厌氧,有运动性,菌体大小为(0.5~0.8)μm×(1.4~2.5)μm。最适生长温度为70℃,最适生长pH为7.0~8.0,耐受矿化度可达10 g/L。能产酸和生物表面活性剂,可使培养液的表面张力从72 mN/m降至34 mN/m,pH值从7.0降至5.2。试验表明,NA-3菌液在物理模拟条件下经多轮次驱替仍能提高采收率,微生物提高采收率累计可达11~15个百分点,在微生物采油方面将有很好应用前景。     

微生物与弱凝胶复合驱油配伍性

为了推动宝力格油田巴19断块弱凝胶调驱和微生物驱复合驱油实验研究,对弱凝胶与微生物的配伍性进行了实验分析。芽孢杆菌Chang和Jian分离自巴19断块地层水,这两株菌对原油的降解率分别达到160 mg/d和138 mg/d、降黏率达到50.5% 和66.3%,形成的原油乳状液油滴平均粒径为38.22 μm和18.54 μm。经测定,两株菌均能代谢产生脂肽类表面活性剂,产量分别为682 mg/L和476 mg/L。微生物和弱凝胶的配伍性实验发现,菌株Jian对弱凝胶的成胶性能没有影响;在弱凝胶调驱的现场使用浓度内,Jian的生长代谢、乳化分散(表面张力为40.78 mN/m、乳化原油平均粒径为22.46 μm)、降黏(降黏率为132 mg/d)和降解(降解率为63.6%)能力也没有明显降低。弱凝胶和微生物复合驱油在弱凝胶驱的基础上可提高采收率7.26%,在微生物驱基础上可提高采收率12.67%,说明菌株Jian与该弱凝胶复合驱油具有良好的配伍性。     

MEOR菌的产气性能研究

实验所用采油菌包括混合菌种和单一菌种共8种，均为兼性菌，分别由海水，油层水，油田和炼厂污水，原油和土壤中筛选得到，最佳生长温度范围不同，低限＜25－35℃,高限38－50℃，在一种培养基中加入不同的5种单一碳源和实验菌中，在30℃，空气帽下静态培养24小时，8种菌均能利用蜜糖和青海ZQ22井原油产气，均不能利用固态（＞C30）石蜡产气，6种菌能利用液态石蜡产气，3种菌能利用大港Dg-1井原油产气，原油烃分布表明，QZ22井原油低碳数烃含量高于在高碳数烃含量低于Dg-1原油，两种原油都不含＜C10烃，由QZ22井原油和土培中培养出的假单胞杆菌B，最佳生长温度25－38℃，能利用除固态石蜡以外的所有实验碳源产气，产气量较大，在同一培养基中以体积比2：5的糖蜜＋QZ22原油为混合碳源，在上述培养条件下菌种B生长迅速，产气量为培养基体积的47．8％，生长时消耗O2，产气主要为CO2及少量C3－C5烃，不产甲烷。     

驱油微生物

从华北油田采出液分离得到一株采油菌LQ1。实验表明,该菌株能降低原油的含蜡量、凝固点、粘度、界面张力和发酵液的pH值,含蜡量从32.4%降至28.5%,凝固点从36℃降至31℃,粘度从151.5 mPa·s最终降为79.4 mPa·s,界面张力13.6 mN/m降为8.4 mN/m,pH由7.2降为6.1。物理模拟驱油实验表明,该菌株能大幅度提高高温稠油藏的原油收率,对四个油藏采收率提高幅度分别为3.2%、6.8%、9.4%和11.5%。该菌株经16SrDNA序列分析鉴定为嗜热脂肪地芽孢杆菌Geobacillus stearothermophilus。     

胶质降解和生物乳化在稠油降黏中的作用

芽孢杆菌QB26是一株高温解烃菌,能以胶质为唯一碳源生长,在以2%胶质为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中,55℃好氧振荡培养14d,胶质降解量可以达到45.96%;同样培养条件下,该菌发酵液可以较好地乳化等体积的稠油（55℃条件下黏度为1146 mPa·s）,稠油降黏率达到66.49%。该菌与一株假单胞菌T-1复配（V_QB26 ∶ V _T-1 =1：1）后作用稠油,可以显著改善稠油的乳化效果（乳化稳定性增强,平均乳化粒径为17.88 μm,减小粒径67.3%）,此时的稠油乳化黏度为5.11 mPa·s,仅为初始黏度的0.45%。物理模拟驱油实验结果表明,该体系在均质岩心和非均质岩心中提高模拟油藏的原油采收率分别为14.4%和22.38%,达到了降解胶质和生物乳化的双重降黏效果,大幅度提高了原油的流动性。     

微生物对含蜡原油的除蜡降黏效果

为提高含蜡原油的开采与运输效率,挖掘高效嗜蜡菌,笔者以石蜡为唯一碳源,从石油污染土壤中分离出一株嗜蜡菌,对其进行优化培养后,考察了该嗜蜡菌对大庆含蜡原油的除蜡降黏效果,并对其代谢产生的生物表面活性剂性能进行测定。结果表明：该嗜蜡菌能代谢产生脂肽类表面活性剂,具有较强的疏水性及乳化性能;其与含蜡原油作用7 d后,含蜡原油蜡质量分数降低43%、黏度下降18%。该嗜蜡菌对含蜡原油具有一定除蜡降黏作用,可以提高原油流动性能。     

水溶性降黏剂和油溶性降黏剂对油水界面膜的影响

为揭示水溶性和油溶性降黏剂对采出液破乳脱水的影响,研究了聚氧乙烯醚型水溶性降黏剂（SH）和不饱和酸酯聚合物型油溶性降黏剂（SL）对胜利油田陈庄稠油采出液破乳的影响,通过扩张流变法和扫描电镜从界面膜角度分析了两种降黏剂对稠油采出液稳定性的影响机理。结果表明,SH浓度由0 增至3 g/L 时,采出液油水界面扩张模量由20.09 mN/m降至3.02 mN/m,脱水率由47.62%增至66.67%,界面黏性模量和弹性模量降低,相角由18.43o增至29.43o,SH分子可增大沥青质之间及胶质与沥青质之间的距离,使界面膜强度减小。SL 浓度由0增至3 g/L 时,油水界面扩张模量由20.09 mN/m增至34.76 mN/m,脱水率由47.62%降至6.80%,界面黏性模量降低的同时弹性模量增加,相角由18.43o降至9.83o,SL可增强沥青质分子之间的相互作用,沥青质表面呈现“鱼鳞”形状的规则排布,结构紧密,界面膜强度增强。SH有利于稠油采出液破乳脱水,而SL不利于稠油采出液破乳脱水。图12 参14     

Application of Biosurfactants to Wettability Alteration and IFT Reduction in Enhanced Oil Recovery From Oil–Wet Carbonates

To obtain potentially applicable microorganisms to an effective in situ microbial enhanced oil recovery operation, bacteria that were compatible with the harsh conditions of a petroleum reservoir were isolated from a crude oil sample. The application of an oil spreading technique showed that all of the isolates were capable of producing biosurfactants from both the glucose and crude oil as carbon sources. The secreted biosurfactants could at least reduce the surface tension 20 mN/m and for one of the isolates; the surface tension value dropped below 40 mN/m. In addition, the contact angle measurements revealed that the produced biosurfactants could effectively alter the wettability of the oil saturated rock samples. At last, the effect of isolates and their biosurfactants on improving oil production from oil saturated rock samples was investigated. It was observed that the presence of bacteria in the system could increase the amount of produced oil in comparison with the case where cell free biosurfactants were utilized.     

不同微生物对青海原油的降解效果

为研究不同微生物在实验条件下对青海原油的降解情况,筛选优良菌种,以此探讨微生物降解原油的机理。在实验条件下选用3种不同的菌种,以青海原油为唯一碳源,在37℃时摇床培养6d,培养液表面张力值都下降,菌种B的培养液表面张力值由55.3 mN/m降至47.4 mN/m;对经微生物作用后的原油中饱和烃进行了气相色谱分析,发现3种微生物都使原油中的长链烷烃含量相对增加,短链烷烃含量相对减小,菌种B使原油的Pr/nC17比值由0.542增加到3.262,Ph/nC18比值由1.351增加到10.748,正构烷烃优先降解。研究表明,菌种B是一种有应用前景的采油微生物。     

Using biosurfactant producing bacteria isolated from an Iranian oil field for application in microbial enhanced oil recovery

Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is a useful technique to improve oil recovery from depleted oil reservoirs beyond primary and secondary recovery operations using bacteria and their metabolites. In the present study, the biosurfactant production potential of Bacillus licheniformis microorganisms that were isolated from oil samples of Zilaei reservoir in the southwest of Iran was explored under extreme conditions. Growth media with different temperatures of 40, 50, 60, and 70°C; salinities of 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%; and yeast extract concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g/L were used to find the optimum growth conditions. The results demonstrated that bacteria grown in a mineral salt solution with temperature of 50°C, salinity of 1 wt% and yeast extract concentration of 1 g/L has the highest growth rate and therefore, these conditions are the optimum conditions for growing the introduced bacterium. This isolate was selected as the higher biosurfactant producer. The obtained biosurfactants by bacteria isolated in a medium with these conditions could reduce the interfacial tension of crude oil/water system from 36.8 to 0.93 mN/m and surface tension of water from 72 to 23.8 mN/m. The results of the core flooding tests showed that the tertiary oil recovery efficiency due to the injection of microorganisms was 13.7% of original oil in place and bacteria could reduce the oil viscosity by 41.242% at optimum conditions. Based on these results, the isolated microorganism is a promising candidate for the development of microbial oil recovery processes.     

复合驱油菌株提高安塞低渗透油田采收率实验

从安塞油藏环境中分离到两种高产生物表面活性剂的优良驱油菌株,经鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌DN001和枯草芽孢杆菌DN002. 通过室内和现场试验评价了驱油微生物及其复合菌株降低表面张力和界面张力的能力、对原油的乳化性能以及对当地油藏的环境适应性。结果表明,复合菌株发酵液可将水的表面张力从72 mN/m降低到25.1 mN/m,并且发酵液的油水界面活性较高,平衡界面张力为0.954 3 mN/m.筛选的微生物菌体在安塞油田油藏环境中可大量繁殖。室内驱油模拟实验表明,经复合微生物驱替作用后,采收率可提高17.38%,说明筛选的菌株驱油性能较强,微生物驱油室内评价结果为其在安塞油藏现场应用提供了可靠的试验依据。     

壬基酚聚氧丙烯醚硫酸盐-Na2CO3-桩西原油体系的油-水动态界面张力

 合成了壬基酚聚氧丙烯醚硫酸盐(NPPS)表面活性剂。以NaCl质量分数0.5%的盐水为模拟地层水， 分别配制了NPPS、Na₂CO₃及Na₂CO₃-NPPS复配物与桩西原油的混合体系，测定了体系的油-水动态界面张力。结果表明，单独使用Na₂CO₃或NPPS都无法使盐水-桩西原油体系的油-水界面张力降到0.01mN/m以下。采用NPPS与Na₂CO₃复配，协同效应明显，当体系中Na₂CO₃的质量分数大于0.35 %时，仅需质量分数0.0025 %的NPPS，体系油-水界面张力即可以降至10 ^-4 mN/m以下。     

驱油用Gemini表面活性剂的合成与评价

本文以非离子型表面活性剂月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚和马来酸酐、反丁烯二酸为主要原料,合成了一种表/界面活性很高的阴-非离子型Gemini表面活性剂——羧化月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚马来酸双酯表面活性剂（CAPM）,并对其进行结构表征。对目标产物进行了表面、界面的性质以及真实砂岩微观模型驱替的研究。结果表明:在水中加入所合成的羧化月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚马来酸双酯表面活性剂CAPM后,水溶液的表面张力降低至27.08 mN/m,临界胶束浓度达0.163g/L,与原油间的油/水界面张力可降低至10^-3mN/m,并可以将砂岩中的原油有效驱替。图9表1参17     

混合烷基苯磺酸盐的制备、评价及分析

三次采油需要大量的高性价比磺酸盐类表面活性剂。以炼油厂馏分油为主要原料,AlCl3为催化剂合成混合烷基苯,再与发烟硫酸反应制备混合烷基苯磺酸盐,并评价合成样品的综合性能。结果表明,所制备的混合烷基苯磺酸盐与胜利油田Ⅰ、Ⅱ类油藏4个区块原油的界面张力达到了5×10^-3mN/m以下,对Ⅲ类油藏原油界面张力达到3×10^-2mN/m,且具有较宽的浓度窗口、较高的耐盐性能、较低的吸附性能、与聚合物较好的配伍性能,综合性能明显优于同类产品。红外光谱、质谱和碳数分布分析结果表明其组成比石油磺酸盐复杂,更接近于原油的组成。     

化学驱中动态界面张力现象对驱油效率的影响

本文测定了两种原油在不同化学驱配方下的油／水动态界面张力变化。通过一系列驱油效率实验，研究了动态界面张力最低值，稳态值，油、水相粘度的变化对驱油效率的影响。实验结果表明：动态界面张力平衡值的大小控制岩心驱替过程化学驱段塞提高采收率的能力。如果仅仅动态界面张力最低值达到超低，将难以获得高的采收率。在含有聚合物的复合驱中，由于协同效应的存在，启动残余油所需的界面张力值不必要达到１０＾－３ｍＮ／ｍ。聚合     

Studies of Biosurfactant for Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery by Using Bacteria Isolated From the Formation Water of a Petroleum Reservoir

Pseudomonas aeruginosa WJ-1, an indigenous rhamnolipid (RL)-producing bacterium, was isolated from petroleum-reservoir brines. The authors studied the effects of carbon and nitrogen sources, and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N, wt/wt) on RL production. The results demonstrated that waste sunflower oil (at 80 g/L) and NaNO₃ was optimum carbon and nitrogen source. The optimized C/N ratio was 8. RL production in 3,000 L intelligent fermenter showed that the maximum yield of RL was 50.2 g/L under optimum conditions. The surface tension of culture decreased from 67.59 to 24.5 mN/m. Physical simulation experiments on microbial enhanced oil recovery showed that the maximum oil recovery of strain WJ-1 and its biosurfactant in sand-packed column was 23.02%.     

Emulsifying action of Pseudomonas aeruginosa L6-1 and its metabolite with crude oil for oil recovery enhancement

Pseudomonas aeruginosa L6-1 was isolated from formation brine of Xinjiang Oilfield, China. Strain L6-1 showed perfect emulsification activity to crude oil and transformed mixture of crude oil and water into emulsion when crude oil was used as sole carbon source; thus, this method is a promising approach for emulsification and mobilization of residual oil in oil reservoirs and enhancement of its recovery. Average diameters of emulsified crude oil were between 1 and 8 µm. Interfacial tension of crude oil and water was reduced to 0.8 mN m^?1. Strain L6-1 produced 2.2 g L^?1 of rhamnolipid biosurfactant. Core flooding tests were carried out to investigate application potential of strain L6-1 for microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). Enhanced oil recovery efficiencies ranged from 9.23% to 12.58% in both core models, with and without oxygen injection. These results revealed that strain L6-1 is a candidate functional microorganism for MEOR application.