基于避障工作空间的平面机器人机械臂的路径规划（英文）

针对多关节机械臂的运动避障问题,提出了一种基于避障工作空间路径规划方法。首先,利用基于射线和相交点的计算机图形学方法建立避障空间(简称为OAPW);其次,在避障空间内,利用D-H坐标方法和MATLAB Robotics工具箱建立了一个具有3个转动关节的机械臂模型;再次,通过最短路径的性能指标规划出最短路径。考虑到运动机械臂与障碍物之间的干涉问题,因此利用障碍物膨胀化方法规划出安全距离的最短路径。最后,运用运动学正反解和插值运算实现机械臂在无障碍物、避障、安全距离避障3种情况下的仿真。     

改进人工势场法的机械臂避障路径规划

针对人工势场法在机械臂避障路径规划中易陷入局部最小值等问题，提出一种改进人工势场法的机械臂避障路径规划方法。首先，对机械臂连杆及障碍物进行包络体建模，将避障碰撞检测问题转化为圆柱体与球体、圆柱体与长方体的最短距离求解；其次，提出在机械臂关节空间建立目标点的引力场和斥力场，在笛卡尔空间建立引力场相结合的算法，并采用快速随机搜索树法(RRT)解决传统人工势场法局部极小点的问题；最后，采用MATLAB开展仿真与实验，结果表明该算法规划目标位置平均误差为0.010 m,相较于传统的算法更接近于目标位置，可实现机械臂逃离局部极小点并完成避障路径规划。     

基于改进伪距离法的C-空间障碍计算方法

针对非结构环境中多关节机器人工作空间到参数空间的映射问题,提出一种基于改进伪距离法的C-空间障碍计算方法。对传统伪距离法进行改进,在考虑机械臂几何尺寸的情况下,得到相应的C-空间障碍;使用平移和旋转齐次坐标变换方法,求解倾斜障碍物的C-空间障碍;使用Matlab仿真验证了三关节机器人空间模型的有效性。研究结果为机器人实时避障路径规划提供了基础。     

基于快速扩展随机树的机械臂路径优化算法研究

针对传统快速扩展随机树算法在关节空间对机械臂进行路径规划难以得到机械臂笛卡尔空间下最短路径的问题,提出改进的快速扩展随机树算法(DL-RRT),在笛卡尔空间对机械臂进行路径规划,得出机械臂笛卡尔空间下的最短路径.同时采用三次样条插值算法对所得轨迹拟合优化,使机械臂末端运动轨迹连续光滑,保证机械臂平稳快速的运行,减少运动...     

NMPC算法下六自由度机械臂避障轨迹规划

针对机械臂在空间避障轨迹规划的需求,提出一种基于NMPC的六自由度机械臂避障轨迹规划算法。与以往的避障算法相比,该避障算法在规避障碍物的同时可以对运动轨迹精度进行控制。首先,建立六自由度机械臂自主防撞最优控制模型。其次,为了保证系统的时效性,对复杂的六自由度机械臂系统进行线性化处理,并且通过剪切搜索的方法来寻找最优解。最后,使其在满足控制约束和轨迹约束的前提下,达到自主避障效果。通过MATLAB对该算法进行仿真验证,结果表明：该方法能够有效地规划出满足机械臂性能要求的无障碍运动轨迹,实现机械臂在动态环境下的防撞控制,有效提高机械臂的运行安全。     

基于ROS的机械臂运动规划研究

为提高多自由度串联机械臂在作业过程中的工作效率及安全性问题,提出一种基于ROS平台的机械臂运动规划方法。以ABB机器人为研究对象,进行正逆运动学分析。通过MoveIt配置包构建机器人的三维可视化模型,对机器人进行笛卡尔空间下的直线和圆弧规划实验。为提高机器人运动安全性和关节运动的平滑性,自定义一种线性插补算法后集成到MoveIt中进行运动仿真实验。实验结果显示机器人各关节运动轨迹平滑,稳定性高,表明此插补算法的可行性。最后进行机械臂的避障仿真实验,在MATLAB中对快速扩展随机树（RRT）算法和双向快速扩展随机树（RRT-Connect）算法进行对比实验,仿真证明：RRT-Connect算法速度快,路径短,更能提高机械臂在复杂路径下的规划效率。     

Q-learning算法下的机械臂轨迹规划与避障行为研究

机械臂运动和避障中存在轨迹偏差,要通过适当控制算法加以纠正确保实际轨迹趋近于理想轨迹。提出基于改进Q-learning算法的轨迹规划与避障方案,分别构建状态向量集合和每种状态下的动作集合,利用BP神经网络算法提高模型的连续逼近能力,并在迭代中不断更新Q函数值;路径规划中按照关节旋转角度及连杆空间移动距离最小原则,实现在合理避障同时轨迹偏差度最低。仿真结果表明:提出的控制算法收敛性速度快,路径规划效果优于传统规划方案,偏移成本最低。     

5-DOF仿人型机械臂关节空间轨迹规划研究

文章以5-DOF仿人型机械臂为研究对象,讨论了工业机器人轨迹规划方法及相关问题。对该机械臂进行了运动学分析,建立了机械臂运动学方程,并针对典型搬运作业方式,以距离最优为目标选取空间梯形路径关键点,设计了基于关节空间五项多项式插值算法的轨迹规划方法,利用Robotics Toolbox工具箱进行机械臂虚拟建模及关节空间轨迹规划仿真。经验证,相对于传统矩形路径作业方式,该方法可以更好完成工业机器人搬运作业的轨迹规划问题,对进一步结合工艺参数研究工业机器人控制系统具有必要的理论及实践意义。     

基于改进人工势场法的机械臂路径规划北大核心

针对传统人工势场法对机械臂进行路径规划时存在局部最小值等问题,对人工势场法进行改进。首先,建立机械臂碰撞模型,确保实现有效碰撞检测;其次,重新定义传统算法的引力斥力函数,解决引力过大而斥力作用弱化导致碰撞以及障碍物与目标点距离过小造成目标不可达的问题;最后,提出一种基于椭圆模型的策略跳出算法局部最小值陷阱和局部震荡,最后进行了仿真验证。结果表明,改进后的人工势场法简单可靠,避免了原算法的局部最小等问题,能快速有效地实现机械臂避障路径规划。     

基于ROS的6自由度机械臂运动轨迹规划

针对多关节机械臂作业效率和安全性的运动规划问题,以开源机器人操作系统ROS为仿真平台进行了机械臂运动规划研究。利用Solidworks建立机械臂模型,经SW2URDF生成XML格式描述的机器人URDF文件。利用ROS Moveit!中的设置助手Moveit!Setup Assistant完成了运动规划相关文件的配置。在轨迹规划方面利用Moveit!框架下C++接口,在三维可视化平台Rviz中实现了笛卡尔空间直线与圆弧插补。在路径规划方面,采用快速扩展随机树(RRT/rapidly exploring random tree)和双向扩展平衡的连结型双树(RRTConnect)路径规划算法,完成了高维空间和复杂约束的无碰撞路径规划。仿真结果表明RRTConnect算法收敛速度快,搜索能力强,能够有效解决复杂环境下的路径规划问题,保证机器臂运动安全。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.