含多级液压缸的大型液压举升系统时间最优轨迹规划

采用分段线性控制方法控制含多级液压缸的大型液压举升系统时,由于加速度不连续,易在举升过程中产生较大冲击。为消除举升过程中多级液压缸换级碰撞带来的液压冲击,提出了采用分级规划的策略。对每一级进行轨迹规划时,为保证举升过程的平稳性,采用B样条函数对举升负载的轨迹进行规划。在综合考虑工程实际中的液压系统压力、流量及负载横向过载约束的基础上,建立了举升系统的时间最优轨迹规划模型。针对解析法计算多级液压缸的最大速度和驱动力困难等问题,通过引入罚函数,提出一种改进的粒子群优化算法求解时间最优轨迹规划模型。含二级液压缸的某大型液压举升系统的仿真结果表明,提出的分级规划策略和时间最优轨迹规划方法是有效的。     

Time Optimal Trajectory Planning for Large Hydraulic Driven Lift Svstem with Multistage Hvdranlic Cvlinder

采用分段线性控制方法控制含多级液压缸的大型液压举升系统时,由于加速度不连续,易在举升过程中产生较大冲击.为消除举升过程中多级液压缸换级碰撞带来的液压冲击,提出了采用分级规划的策略.对每一级进行轨迹规划时,为保证举升过程的平稳性,采用B样条函数对举升负载的轨迹进行规划.在综合考虑工程实际中的液压系统压力、流量及负载横向过载约束的基础上,建立了举升系统的时间最优轨迹规划模型.针对解析法计算多级液压缸的最大速度和驱动力困难等问题,通过引入罚函数,提出一种改进的粒子群优化算法求解时间最优轨迹规划模型.含二级液压缸的某大型液压举升系统的仿真结果表明,提出的分级规划策略和时间最优轨迹规划方法是有效的.     

模块举升车液压控制系统设计与研究

针对核电厂重型模块安装时水平搬运和垂直吊装的需要,研制了模块举升液压系统及整车调平液压系统,重点解决举升过质心后液压缸进入负值负载状态下的液压系统回路设计问题,首先采用两级举升的方案增强了系统稳定性,接着选择带机械锁紧的后支腿液压缸避免了模块举升至过质心状态后给液压回路带来较高压力,消除了高压引起管路爆裂带来的安全隐患,同时通过举升角度的实时反馈加比例流量阀输出流量控制确保在举升时多级缸全程伸出速度的一致性。整个系统经实际试验考核,证明其使用效果较好,整个模块举升工作过程具有很好的鲁棒性与可靠性。     

液压抽油机动态功率匹配研究

基于二次调节技术蓄能器储能式液压抽油机在工作时,悬点速度不稳定,与负载液压缸相连的变量泵/马达输入或输出的功率和与蓄能器相连的变量泵/马达输出或输入的功率不匹配,导致电机功率不稳定,甚至电机反转。根据系统能量转化关系提出基于前馈控制的动态功率补偿原则,仿真结果表明:两个周期内电机功率波动减小,且在悬点速度变化过程中不会逆向运转向电网供电,实现了与蓄能器相连的变量泵/马达排量自适应调节。抽油机悬点载荷受随机的不确定干扰时,采用降维观测器重构负载扰动,并通过前馈控制消除负载扰动对系统输出的影响。仿真结果表明:该控制减小抽油杆速度的超调量,提高了速度稳态精度,实现了与负载液压缸相连的变量泵/马达排量自适应调节。     

基于反馈控制的再省力千斤顶液压系统设计

传统液压千斤顶举升速度提高必然导致压下手柄所需的作用力增加,而减小压下手柄的作用力即提高省力程度时又会使其举升速度降低。针对传统液压千斤顶举升重物时存在的再省力与提速互相矛盾的缺陷,设计一种再省力千斤顶液压系统。将操作缸由传统系统的单作用缸变为双作用缸,运用反馈控制原理将系统输出即举升缸输出的高压油通过蓄能器引到系统输入端即操作缸的有杆腔,引入有杆腔的高压油对操作缸活塞产生向下的液压力,从而使压下手柄的作用力减小。详细介绍了系统节能、再省力设计方案,并分析了控制油路原理,得到所设计的再省力千斤顶液压系统可在不影响举升速度的前提下达到进一步省力、节能的效果,并可减小系统油箱体积。     

220t电动轮自卸车举升液压缸的设计及仿真分析

重型矿用电动轮自卸车是大型露天矿山普遍采用的高效运输设备。通过分析220t电动轮自卸车举升系统的工作特点以及整车对举升液压缸的行程、强度等要求,设计三级双作用液压缸。应用SOLIDWORKS软件建立液压缸的三维模型,然后利用SOLIDWORKS与ANSYS之间的接口将三维模型导入ANSYS软件中进行有限元分析。仿真分析结果表明,上耳环与缸盖的接合处以及活塞与活塞杆的联接处是应力比较大的区域,整个举升液压缸的设计能满足220 t电动轮自卸车的静载荷要求。     

采棉机动力换挡行驶传动系统设计与试验

针对采棉机作业工况复杂,提出一种由静液压无级变速与机械式有级变速组配式动力换挡无级调速行驶传动方案。建立采棉机田间采摘、田间运输和公路运输3种工作模式控制逻辑,确定3种模式速度范围。构建动力传动方程,确定采棉机设计参数和液压系统元件选型。搭建采棉机样机进行速比特性田间试验,分析调速特性与变量泵效率特性。结果表明：通过变量泵和变量马达联合调控以及改变机械式有级变速箱传动比,可实现采棉机在田间采摘模式时恒转矩输出,在运输模式时恒功率输出;采棉机田间采摘速度范围为0~8.5 km/h,田间运输速度范围为0~14.5 km/h,公路运输速度为0~27.5 km/h;可实现采棉机全程作业无级调速,满足其行驶动力需求。     

一类单缸剪升机构的变截面支臂强度仿真优化

以单液压缸输入方式剪刀架举升机构为例,构建了统一精确的机构支臂力学分析模型,基于等强度的思想,以截面高度H作为优化变量,在满足应力要求的条件下,确定了变截面支臂的结构尺寸,并利用有限元软件对支臂进行强度仿真优化,为今后的实验研究和其他研究奠定了基础。     

一类单缸剪升机构的变截面支臂强度仿真优化

以单液压缸输入方式剪刀架举升机构为例,构建了统一精确的机构支臂力学分析模型,基于等强度的思想,以截面高度H作为优化变量,在满足应力要求的条件下,确定了变截面支臂的结构尺寸,并利用有限元软件对支臂进行强度仿真优化,为今后的实验研究和其他研究奠定了基础。     

双偏心轮式超高压自变量径向柱塞泵的设计

在分析现有变量泵缺点的基础上设计了一种新型的双偏心轮式超高压自变量径向柱塞泵,介绍新泵的整体结构,给出确定变量机构的输入扭矩与输出压力之间函数关系式的实验方案,同时设计了变量泵的液压控制回路。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.