超声端点衍射法测量在役管道母材疲劳裂纹高度

为保证核电站反应堆冷却剂系统管道在役时运行状态的良好,需要有效和准确地检测出该类管道内外壁母材疲劳裂纹高度。文章着力介绍了母材疲劳裂纹高度的检测原理、检测方法、试块设计、超声波探头参数的选择。经过大量的试验和现场检测,证明了根据管道规格,制作相应的对比试块和性能验证试块,采用5 MHz 45°横波斜探头,对于自身高度大于2 mm的裂纹缺陷,利用端点衍射法进行测量可得到准确的裂纹自身高度。     

新型能源自给式管道机器人的原理设计与研究

管道机器人可以对管道进行低成本高效率的检测和维护。目前的管道机器人受到能源供给的限制,不能长时间远距离进行工作。本文以新型无缆管道机器人的能源供给方式为基础,详细论述了新型能源自给式管道机器人总体结构设计,发电蓄能部分结构设计、支撑轮组件的设计和导向机构设计,这些设计为建立新型能源自给式管道机器人的模型并进行速度控制奠定了基础。     

油气管道裂纹涡流检测探头的研制

分析了基于涡流传感技术的油气管道裂纹检测机理,开发了一种裂纹检测系统,研制不同结构参数的检测探头,对含裂纹试件进行扫查。试验结果表明,环形激励线圈的高度和匝数对探头的检测能力影响显著,减小线圈高度、增加匝数有利于提高探头的裂纹检测性能;研制的涡流检测探头可实现宽1 mm裂纹的有效检出。     

特殊结构铆钉原位涡流检测的探头设计

通过对机匣上特殊结构铆钉原位检测方法的分析,从检测实际情况出发,提出使用涡流方法对其进行原位检测。结合铆钉结构对涡流检测探头进行设计,并制作带有一定尺寸人工缺陷的对比试件进行测试。试验表明,所设计探头有较高的灵敏度和信噪比,可以满足铆钉裂纹的涡流原位检测。     

厚壁大径管对接焊缝根部缺陷的一纵一横双探头超声波衍射法定性定量检测

针对大直径厚壁管道对接焊缝根部缺陷的定性定量难点,提出了采用一纵一横双探头超声波衍射法进行检测的方法。该方法利用横波斜探头发射声束入射到管道根部,若根部存在缺陷,将产生衍射波。通过对置于管道焊缝表面的纵波直探头接收到的衍射波进行分析,可得到缺陷的深度。再结合斜探头测得的水平位置等数据以及衍射波形特征,可实现根部缺陷的定性和定量。试验总结出对裂纹、未焊透、未熔合、焊瘤、内凹以及错边六种缺陷的定性判据,并归纳出缺陷定性的分类流程。所介绍的检测方法对于大直径厚壁管道焊缝,尤其是只能进行单侧单面检测的管道焊缝具有实际检测应用价值。     

基于聚焦探头的带包覆层管道复杂结构部位脉冲涡流检测研究

脉冲涡流检测技术在带包覆层管道腐蚀缺陷检测中展现出优势而引起广泛关注。本研究设计了一种脉冲涡流聚焦探头,通过有限元仿真与试验,研究其在复杂结构部位中的检测能力。仿真结果显示,设计的脉冲涡流聚焦探头能有效聚集磁场与涡流场能量,有利于对局部缺陷与复杂结构中的缺陷进行检测。通过探究聚焦探头在提离10~50 mm下对管道焊缝及各种尺寸局部缺陷的检测灵敏度,分析其检测能力与提离检测极限,以及在检测过程中的信号特征。结果表明,聚焦探头在提离50 mm下仍能检出尺寸为40 mm×40 mm×1 mm（长×宽×深）的方形局部腐蚀缺陷,焊缝信号的凸起特征、缺陷信号的下凹特征与仿真结果相印证。     

一种地面钢质管道损伤涡流磁场检测系统设计

针对解决地面钢质管道的损伤检测问题,提出一种基于涡流磁场检测原理的无损检测技术,设计了新型检测探头和矫正探头组成差分结构,对探头参数进行计算,优化探头结构,搭建实验平台,完成了一种涡流磁场管道检测系统设计.采用有限元仿真研究方法,分析了在检测探头激励磁场的作用下,管道在缺陷处的三轴磁场变化规律及电势变化情况.通过开展室...     

阵列涡流和低频电磁检测技术对管道裂纹缺陷的有效性分析

阵列涡流和低频电磁作为新的涡流检测技术,常被用于检测工件裂纹缺陷。为了研究其在工业管道检验中对裂纹类缺陷的有效性,采用阵列涡流和低频电磁检测系统对管子上预制的裂纹缺陷进行检测。结果发现：阵列涡流可以直观地显示缺陷的位置、形貌,得到缺陷相对的大小,对表面裂纹类缺陷较为敏感,可以检测出与探头移动方向垂直2mm长的裂纹缺陷;低频电磁能有效发现内壁较大的裂纹缺陷,在本试验条件下,可发现5mm长,3mm深以上的裂纹缺陷,检测结果受管件规格、裂纹缺陷的长度和深度影响。     

用于管道三维检测的摄录机器人

法国上市了一种用于检测管道内表面缺陷的机器人，该机器人配备有摄录系统，专为最长１km、直径１３０～８００mm的管道进行尺寸与缺陷检测。该机器人在管道内采用高分辨率的激光彩色摄录系统，进行三维放大观察、检测，并确定裂纹之类缺陷的位置。为了长期监控，还设有检测数据贮存系统。用于管道三维检测的摄录机器人@曹福永     

蒸汽发生器传热管检查旋转探头设计和应用

常规Bobbin探头涡流检测技术难以发现蒸汽发生器传热管的裂纹性缺陷,为解决该问题,设计了旋转探头。旋转探头不仅解决了裂纹性缺陷检测难题,还具备缺陷定性能力,且信号输出为C扫图,直观易懂。本文概述了旋转探头的设计原理、数据分析方法以及缺陷特征。并基于设计的人工缺陷,研究了旋转探头缺陷定位、定性和定量方法。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。